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Y4 FA - Small ruminants > Liver Fluke Disease > Flashcards

Liver Fluke Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What type of climate increase fluke numbers?

A

Warm and wet

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2
Q

How does clinical and sub-clinical fluke disease present differently?

A

Clinical - sick sheep, sudden death
Subclinical - thin sheep, welfare and production loss

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3
Q

Liver fluke have developed resistance to?

A

Triclabendazole

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4
Q

How does rain affect the epidemiology of liver fluke?

A
  • Increases snail habitats
  • Allows the development of fluke eggs
  • Dispersal of cercariae from snails
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5
Q

What must the temperature be for miracidia to develop in eggs?

A

More than 10 degrees

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6
Q

UK conditions for fluke and eggs are at what times of the year?

A

Between spring and early winter

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7
Q

In the late summer, what takes place in the fluke cycle?

A

Large numbers metacercariae released from snails onto pasture

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8
Q

What is the consequence of large numbers of metacercariae being released from snails in the late summer?

A

Acute facsiolosis in sheep in autumn

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9
Q

When does Chronic fasciolosis occur?

A

Winter and spring as less metacecariae are ingested

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10
Q

Describe the summer infection of fluke

A
  1. in spring, eggs are excreted from infected sheep/overwintered eggs
  2. Miracidia infects snails
  3. in summer/autumn - cercariae and metacecariae are shed by snails
  4. Winter disease in sheep
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11
Q

Describe winter infection of fluke

A
  1. In autumn snails infected with miracidium hibernate
  2. in late spring, metacecariae infect sheep
  3. early summer acute disease of sheep
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12
Q

What are the signs of acute fluke disease?

A
  • Severe haemorrhage due to migration of immature stages through the liver
  • Sudden death
  • Weakness
  • Pale
  • Dyspnoeic
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13
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of chronic fluke disease

A
  • Smaller numbers metacercariae ingested over autumn and winter
  • Blood feeding adults in the bile ducts
  • Haemorraghic anaemia, hypoalbuminaemia
  • Hepatic fibrosis and cholangitis
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14
Q

What are the clinical signs of chronic fluke disease?

A
  • Anaemia
  • Weight loss
  • Sub mandibular oedema
  • Weight loss
  • Enlarged liver
  • Secondary clostridial infection - Black’s Disease
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15
Q

How can fluke be diagnosed?

A
  • Faecal egg counts
  • Coproantigen ELISA
  • Serum ELISA antibody test
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16
Q

What is a possible disadvantage of diagnosing fluke using a FEC?

A

False negatives in early infections and acute disease

17
Q

How long post infection do FEC detect fluke?

A

12 weeks

18
Q

How long post infection do coproantigen ELISA tests detect fluke?

A

10 weeks

19
Q

How long after infection do serum ELISA antibody tests detect fluke?

A

2-4 weeks

20
Q

Which drug against fluke can kill all stages?

A

Triclabendazole - but there is some resistance

21
Q

Name 2 alternative drugs that can be used for fluke

A

Albendazole
Closantel

22
Q

How can managing the environment help to control fluke?

A
  1. Assess farm for snail habitats and fence off - Muddy, wet fields, pooling of water, blocked ditches, rushes
  2. Improve the pasture - Drain, improve, or avoid at least late summer autumn
  3. Reduce stocking density in autumn
23
Q

How/in what ways can fluke be monitored on farm?

A
  • Have a guide to timing doses
  • Use forecasting
  • Post-mortem any animals that die of sudden death
  • Assess how well the drugs are working
24
Q

Describe how targeted drug treatments can be used to target fluke whilst helping prevent resistance?

A
  • Use Triclabendazole in the autumn against immature stages
  • Use Closantel in the winter against immatures and adults
  • Use albendazole in the late spring against adults
25
Q

When could additional treatments be given to high risk farms/high risk years?

A

Additional doses in November- immature stages (TCBZ)
Additional doses in June (for winter infection of snails) immature stages as well (TCBZ)

26
Q

How can fluke drug resistance be prevented?

A
  • Rotational use of drugs
  • Only use triclabendazoles when necessary i.e. autumn
  • Test for triclabendazole resistance
27
Q

How can you test for triclabendazole resistance?

A

Composite Faecal Egg Count Reduction Test

28
Q

Why is spring dosing against fluke important?

A

Against adults - prevents egg output and summer infection of snails

Y4 FA - Small ruminants (18 decks)

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