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Y4 FA - Small ruminants > Lameness in sheep 1 + 2 > Flashcards

Lameness in sheep 1 + 2 Flashcards

1
Q

List some causes of lameness in sheep

A
  • Footrot
  • Contagious ovine digital dermatitis
  • White line disease
  • Foot abscess
  • Interdigital hyperplasia
  • Over grown claws
  • Foreign body
  • Arthritis
  • Infections
  • Fracture
  • Muscular disease
  • Neurological
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2
Q

Why is benign footrot a problem?

A
  • Widespread in U.K 97% of flocks affected
  • Flock level problem
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3
Q

What is the main pathogenic cause of benign footrot?

A

Dichelobacter nodosus

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4
Q

What are the clinical signs of benign footrot?

A
  • Lame
  • Interdigital skin inflamed, discharge, smell
  • No horn under running
  • Damage to skin may predispose to bacterial infection (damp conditions underfoot, frost and/or mechanical damage from long grass, thistles)
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5
Q

What is footrot?

A

Interdigital dermatitis plus….
Progressive under - running of sole of hoof horn starting at medial aspect of sole and progressing laterally

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6
Q

What is the primary aetiological agent causing footrot?

A

Dichelobacter nodosus

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7
Q

What is another possible aetiological agent of footrot?

A

Fusobacterium necrophorum

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8
Q

What are the main risk factors for footrot?

A
  • Wet underfoot conditions
  • Warm
  • Muddy
  • Where they gather
  • Genetics
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9
Q

What is the treatment for benign footrot/interdigital dermatitis/scald alone no under-running of horn?

A

Topical treatment
Oxytetracycline spray
Foot bathing in antiseptic solutions e.g. formalin
Systemic antibiotics usually not necessary

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10
Q

Describe an appropriate foot bathing routine for benign footrot

A
  • Antiseptic needs to be exposed to infected inter-digital area to be effective (approx 2 minutes depend on product)
  • Feet clean beforehand
  • Solution correct concentration
  • Solution correct depth
  • Dry standing afterwards (concrete)
  • Repeat as necessary
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11
Q

What is the treatment for footrot (under-run horn)?

A
  • Treat as quickly as possible
  • Isolate lame sheep
  • Treat individuals/groups of sheep
  • Injectable long acting antibiotics best treatment
  • Long acting oxytetracycline or amoxicillin
    May require repeat treatments
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12
Q

Is trimming recommended for lame sheep? why?

A

Trimming and topical treatment is not recommended as a method to treat or control footrot
- Trimming diseased feet delay healing
- Trimming may spread disease hands and clippers
- Studies have shown that if you treat the infection with antibiotics the foot shape will return to normal alone

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13
Q

Describe the clinical appearance of contagious ovine digital dermatitis

A
  • ulcerative/proliferative lesions start at the coronary band
  • Progressive under running of the hoof wall
  • Hoof sloughs off
  • Often mixed infection in flocks with footrot
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14
Q

Describe grades 1 to 5 of contagious ovine digital dermatitis

A

Grade 1 = coronary band lesion only
Grade 2 = Less than 50% of horn capsule separated
Grade 3 = 50-100% of the hoof capsule off
Grade 4 = Healing but active lesion still present
Grade 5 = Healed

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15
Q

What are the risk factors for contagious ovine digital dermatitis?

A
  • Seasonal in later summer/early autumn
  • Large flock size
  • Lowland/lush pasture
  • Prevalence of footrot
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16
Q

How is contagious ovine digital dermatitis treated?

A
  • Isolate affected
  • LA amoxicillin (usually require repeat injections)
  • Treat until clinical cure
  • Macrolides licensed for sheep useful as long acting
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17
Q

How is contagious ovine digital dermatitis treated?

A
  • Isolate affected
  • LA amoxicillin (usually require repeat injections)
  • Treat until clinical cure
  • Macrolides licensed for sheep useful as long acting
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18
Q

What are some key features of managing infectious foot disease?

A

As soon as individual animal is seen lame it should be treated
- Welfare
- Disease spread
- Law!!

Contagious flock level problem often necessary to treat whole flock
Footrot massive risk factor for CODD so vital to control both together

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19
Q

What are the aims of the 5 point plan?

A
  • Reduce disease challenge
  • Build resistance
  • Establish immunity
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20
Q

What are the 5 points of the 5 point plan for infectious lameness disease control?

A
  1. Vaccinate twice yearly with footvax
  2. Treat lame sheep quickly
  3. Biosecurity
  4. Environmentally challenge
  5. Cull chronically lame sheep
21
Q

Describe the benefits of the footrot vaccine

A
  • Treats and Prevents footrot
  • Cure rates 70-100% reported
  • Very useful product on many farms, where struggling to keep on top of lameness particularly low staff numbers, large units and where prompt individual treatment isn’t feasible
22
Q

What are the 4 contraindications for FootVax

A
  • Oily adjuvant can cause injection site lumps
  • Not used prior to shearing
  • Not use close to lambing
  • Not use if sheep had moxidectin 1%
23
Q

Describe the dosing schedule for FootVax

A
  • Initial vaccination 2 doses 4-6 weeks apart
  • 6 monthly booster at risk periods
24
Q

What are some biosecurity considerations for managing infectious lameness disease

A

Bought in sheep
- Don’t buy in new diseases or new strains of disease.
- Isolate
Be aware of anthelmintic resistance
Treat scab
Check for footrot lesions
Treat all sheep with Footvax

25
Q

Describe how environmental hygiene can be used in the management of infectious foot diseases

A
  • Keep handling areas as clean as possible
  • Foot trimming equipment clean and disinfect
  • Wet muddy areas in the fields and housing can be good areas for disease to spread
  • Move buckets and feed troughs
  • Fix leaky water drinkers
  • Dry out gateways (hard core)
  • Bedding dry
26
Q

If a sheep has had 2-3 cases of lameness what should be done? Why?

A

Cull
- Some sheep harbor infection in their feet, spreading it in the flock
- Welfare
- Less likely to get pregnant, and rear healthy lambs
- More susceptible to other diseases

27
Q

Describe the features of white line disease

A
  • White Line separation common
  • Don’t cause lameness unless sensitive tissue affected - impaction with stones/mud, abscesses formed
28
Q

How is white line diseases treated?

A

No infection just separation of sole from wall
- Leave
- Can carefully trim out area of separation

Abscess
- Heat, pain, swelling affected claw
- May burst out at coronary band
- Trim if necessary to release pus, avoid damaging sensitive tissue

29
Q

What is the main causes of toe granulomas?

A

Over trimming – exposing sensitive laminae underneath

30
Q

How are toe granulomas treated?

A
  • Intravenous regional anaesthesia
  • Cut back granulation tissue
  • Cauterise disbudding iron to stop bleeding and ensure granuloma removed
31
Q

How do sheep with laminitis present?

A
  • Reluctant to stand due to lameness on all four limbs.
  • When standing, hold all limbs close together under the abdomen
  • The digits are warm to touch with increased digital pulses.
32
Q

What can predispose a sheep to laminitis?

A
  • Excess access to high energy or cereal-based feed
  • Acute disease such as metritis or mastitis
33
Q

How is laminitis treated?

A

NSAIDs
Address underlying cause

34
Q

What is the cause of a pedal joint abscess in sheep?

A

Extension of interdigital infection into the distal interphalangeal joint structures.
Pus then tracks abaxially across the distal interphalangeal joint to emerge at abaxial coronary band.

35
Q

What are the clinical signs of a pedal joint abscess?

A
  • Severely lame
  • Swollen foot
  • Widened interdigital space
  • Purulent discharging sinus maybe present on the abaxial coronary band.
36
Q

How is a pedal joint abscess treated?

A
  • Flush and antibiotics
  • Digit Amputation
37
Q

Where does digital amputation occur?

A

Between P1 and P2

38
Q

Which drugs are used for sedation and local anaesthesia in a digital amputation?

A

Sedation - xylazine im
LA - Procaine

39
Q

What is strawberry footrot and its causes?

A
  • Proliferative scab lesion distal limbs
  • Usually orf & Dermatophilus
40
Q

What is the cause of white muscle disease?

A

Selenium and vitamin E deficiency

41
Q

How does white muscle disease present?

A
  • Stiffness and reluctance to move.
  • Progressing over several weeks to inability to stand
  • Skeletal muscle maybe swollen and painful on palpation
42
Q

Which group of animals are most commonly affected by white muscle disease?

A

Groups of young, rapidly growing, lambs grazing pasture or crops deficient in vitamin E and selenium.

43
Q

How is white muscle disease diagnosed?

A

Raised glutathione peroxidase levels in blood

44
Q

How does a sheep with a fracture present?

A
  • Sudden onset lameness of varying severity but commonly non-weight bearing
  • Pain, swelling, and crepitus may accompany the site of closed fractures.
  • Pain, swelling, haemorrhage, crepitus and exposed bone will be seen in open fractures.
45
Q

What is the cause of rickets?

A

Vitamin D deficiency

46
Q

How does rickets present?

A
  • Lameness, stiffness.
  • Swollen joints, angular limb deformities
47
Q

How is rickets diagnosed and treated?

A
  • Dx Blood Vitamin D levels
  • Tx Vitamin D and calcium supplementation
48
Q

What is the agent that causes neonatal arthritis infections?

A

Streptococcus dysgalactiae

Y4 FA - Small ruminants (18 decks)

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