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Psychological disorder > Substance use > Flashcards

Substance use Flashcards

1
Q

Whats the DSM 5 criteria for substance use disorder

A

Need 2 or more within a year:

  1. Taking more of the substance than intended
  2. Desire to cut down use but unable to do so
  3. Excessive time spent using/acquiring/recovering
  4. Craving
  5. Role disruption (e.g. at work)
  6. Interpersonal problems (e.g., arguments about use)
  7. Reduction of important activities (social, hobbies, work)
  8. Use in physically hazardous situations (e.g. driving)
  9. Keep using despite causing problems
  10. Tolerance
  11. Withdrawal
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2
Q

How many symptoms for Mild, moderate and severe substance use

A

Mild: 2-3

Moderate:4-5

Severe: 6+

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3
Q

What is tolerance?

A

Effects of the drug are less if usual amount taken

Larger doses are needed to produce the desired effect

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4
Q

What is withdrawal?

A

Negative psychological and physical symptoms when reducing or stopping use

Substance taken to relieve/avoid withdrawal symptoms, ie. f the person doesn’t consume the drug they feel worse

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5
Q

What are examples of withdrawal symptoms?

A

Sensitive to pain

Low mood

Anxiety

Sweating

Lack of appetite

Flu like symptoms

Vomiting

Insomnia

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6
Q

What are the 5 main categories of substances?

A

Depressants

Stimulants

Opiates

Hallucinogens

Other drugs of abuse

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7
Q

What do depressants do

Give examples

A

Behavioural sedation

Examples:
Alcohol
Sedatives
Anxiolytics

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8
Q

What do stimulants do

Give examples

A

Increases alertness and elevates mood

Examples:
Cocaine
Nicotine

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9
Q

What do opiates do

Give examples

A

Produces euphoria and analgesia(reduces pain)

Examples:
Heroin
Morphine
Codeine

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10
Q

What do hallucinogens do

Give examples

A

Alter sensory perception

Examples:
Marijuana
LSD

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11
Q

What are other drugs of abuse

A

Inhalants

Anabolic steroids

Club/designer drugs

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12
Q

What class of substance is an alcohol

A

Its a depressant, it slows down the funntioning of the central nervous system

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13
Q

How does Alcohol effect the brain

A
  1. Alcohol stimulates Gamma-aminobutyric acid GABA receptors
  2. Makes the person feel relaxed but also causes motor impairment
  3. Increases serotonin and dopamine initially
  4. Decreases glutamate- impairs memory/judgement
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14
Q

What happens when someone consumes larger quantities of alcohol?

A
  1. Limbic system n o longer inhibited, emotions are more exaggerated and mood swings
  2. Hippocampus compromised interfering with the ability to form new memories- blackouts
  3. All initial effects are amplified,ie. mood sleepiness
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15
Q

What is BAC

A

Blood alcohol concentration

The percentage of your blood that is concentrated with alcohol

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16
Q

What are factors related to BAC

A

Amount ingested in a period of time

Empty/full stomach

Size of body

Efficiency of liver

Gender

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17
Q

What are the consequences of alcohol abuse

A

Acute withdrawal symptoms
Headache,nausea
Anxiety/depression

Organ failure
fetal alcohol syndrome
Delirium
Tremens- DTs

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18
Q

Whats the prevalence of alcohol abuse

A

8.5% of the US population

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19
Q

Prevalence of alcohol use in Ireland

A

Half of the Irish population aged 18-64 classified as harmful drinkers

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20
Q

What are the effects of other depressants

A

Similar to using large doses of alcohol

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21
Q

What are the categories of depressants

How do all these drugs exert their influence

A

Sedative
Hypnotic
Anxiolytic
Rohypnol

Influence through GABA

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22
Q

What do sedatives do and give an example

A

Calming

Barbiturates

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23
Q

What do hypnotic drugs do and give an example

A

Sleep inducing

GHB

24
Q

What do anxiolytics do and give an example

A

Reduce anxiety

Benzodiazepines

25
Q

What does rohypnol do and give an example

A

Date rape drug, sedative effects 10 times stronger

Diazepam

26
Q

What are stimulants?

A

Stimulants act on the brain and the sympathetic nervous system to increase alertness and motor activity.

27
Q

What are examples of stimulants?

A

ADHD meds- adderall/ritalin

Cocaine

Methamphetamine- meth

Ecstasy-MDMA

Crystal meth

Nicotine

Coffee- not recognised as a disorder

28
Q

What does amphetamine do

A

Increases heart rate and increases confidence
reduces fatigue

Large doses can cause anxiety, agitation or nervousness

Can be followed by extreme fatigue and depression

29
Q

How does amphetamine work?

A

It stimulates the central nervous system by increasing dopamine,norepinepherine

30
Q

What does dopamine do

A

Makes you feel reward

31
Q

What does norepinephrine/noradrenaline do?

A

Prepares the body for flight/fight

32
Q

Who was cocaine made by

A

Pharmacist John Pemberton in 1886

33
Q

What does cocaine do?

A

Similar to amphetamine

Effects shorter lived due to shorter half-life

Reduced fatigue

Vasoconstrictor- narrow blood vessels - increases risk of stroke

34
Q

What does cannabis do

A

Effects vary from person to person

Experience euphoria, laughter

Short term memory impairment

Apetite stimulation

Pain relief

35
Q

How does cannabis work

A

Brains have endogenous cannabinoids- effects pleasure/memory

Cannabis causes dopamine release

Delta 9 tetrahydrocannabinol/THC causes the high

CBD/cannabidiol doesn’t cause high and has medical potential

36
Q

The progression of cannabis use

A

Marijuana is now more potent than ever before – the ratio of THC to CBD is increasing

When you have too much product, THC acutely induces psychotic symptoms (paranoia, hallucinations, disorganized thought)

37
Q

Whats the link between cannabis use and schizophrenia?

A

Someone who used cannabis more than 50 times has a relative risk of developing schizophrenia than non- users

BUT

schizophrenia rates haven’t increased with increases of overall cannabis use in the population

38
Q

What are opioids?

A

Opioids are natural and synthetic substances w narcotic effects

They are analgesics

39
Q

What are examples of opioids

A

Heroin
Codeine
Morphine
Hydrocodone
Oxycodone

40
Q

What do opioids do

A

Reduce pain

Low doses induce euphoria

high doses can result in death

Withdrawal symptoms can be lasting and severe.

41
Q

What are analgesics

A

Painkillers

Work similar to endorphins(natural opioids)

Can produce through exercise

42
Q

Why do we need to use opioids sometimes?
Why is this a problem sometimes?

A

Because humans aren’t good at producing enough to deal with pain.

LEADS TO THE RISK OF ADDICTION AND OVERDOSE

43
Q

Whats the opioid epidemic

A

They were marketed to treat chronic pain conditions

But they were highly addictive
Tolerance and withdrawal happened frequently

People would then turn to heroin because it was cheaper

44
Q

Whats the genetic aetiology of Substance disorders

A

Twin studies suggest that genetics play a substantial role

Not for a particular disorder, but the disorders in general

Some have specific genesis. Alcohol-ADH2

45
Q

Whats the neurological aetiology of Substance use disorders

A

They affect the pleasure pathway of the brain

Withdrawal is the driving factor

46
Q

Whats the incentive sensitisation theory?

A

The liking of a drug plays a role initially but then the brain becomes hypersensitive to drug cues so it becomes a wanting thing

47
Q

Whats the psychological aetiology of Substance use disorders

A

They are more habit prone

More compulsive

Temporal discounting- higher cost on waiting

48
Q

Whats the environementall/social/cultural aetiology of substance disorders

A

Family/ peers can influence

Binge drinking pressured for naive 14 year olds

49
Q

What is valence?

A

How happy or sad the effect is

50
Q

Whats the pharmacological treatment for Substance use disorders

A

Agonist substitution-similar drug but not as dangerous

Antagonist treatment- a drug that blocks the effects of the addictive drug

Aversive treatment: drug that makes the initial drug implant

51
Q

What are the types of treatment for Substance use

A

Interventions

Community support programs

Contingency management

Controlled use

CBT

52
Q

Interventions

A

Confront sufferer and ask them to go to rehabilitation

53
Q

Community support programs

A

Alcohols anonymous

Learn to live with the addiction

Effective for some, but not all benefit

54
Q

Contingency management

A

Vouchers for good behavior.

55
Q

CBT

A

Highlight the consequences of use

Increase motivation to change

Train coping skills

56
Q

Addiction is the most stigmatised disorder

A

Highly criminalised
Should be a public health issue, to prevent all the consequences that stem from them

Psychological disorder (20 decks)

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