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Substance use Flashcards

1
Q

Whats the DSM 5 criteria for substance use disorder

A

Need 2 or more within a year:

  1. Taking more of the substance than intended
  2. Desire to cut down use but unable to do so
  3. Excessive time spent using/acquiring/recovering
  4. Craving
  5. Role disruption (e.g. at work)
  6. Interpersonal problems (e.g., arguments about use)
  7. Reduction of important activities (social, hobbies, work)
  8. Use in physically hazardous situations (e.g. driving)
  9. Keep using despite causing problems
  10. Tolerance
  11. Withdrawal
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2
Q

How many symptoms for Mild, moderate and severe substance use

A

Mild: 2-3

Moderate:4-5

Severe: 6+

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3
Q

What is tolerance?

A

Effects of the drug are less if usual amount taken

Larger doses are needed to produce the desired effect

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4
Q

What is withdrawal?

A

Negative psychological and physical symptoms when reducing or stopping use

Substance taken to relieve/avoid withdrawal symptoms, ie. f the person doesn’t consume the drug they feel worse

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5
Q

What are examples of withdrawal symptoms?

A

Sensitive to pain

Low mood

Anxiety

Sweating

Lack of appetite

Flu like symptoms

Vomiting

Insomnia

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6
Q

What are the 5 main categories of substances?

A

Depressants

Stimulants

Opiates

Hallucinogens

Other drugs of abuse

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7
Q

What do depressants do

Give examples

A

Behavioural sedation

Examples:
Alcohol
Sedatives
Anxiolytics

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8
Q

What do stimulants do

Give examples

A

Increases alertness and elevates mood

Examples:
Cocaine
Nicotine

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9
Q

What do opiates do

Give examples

A

Produces euphoria and analgesia(reduces pain)

Examples:
Heroin
Morphine
Codeine

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10
Q

What do hallucinogens do

Give examples

A

Alter sensory perception

Examples:
Marijuana
LSD

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11
Q

What are other drugs of abuse

A

Inhalants

Anabolic steroids

Club/designer drugs

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12
Q

What class of substance is an alcohol

A

Its a depressant, it slows down the funntioning of the central nervous system

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13
Q

How does Alcohol effect the brain

A
  1. Alcohol stimulates Gamma-aminobutyric acid GABA receptors
  2. Makes the person feel relaxed but also causes motor impairment
  3. Increases serotonin and dopamine initially
  4. Decreases glutamate- impairs memory/judgement
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14
Q

What happens when someone consumes larger quantities of alcohol?

A
  1. Limbic system n o longer inhibited, emotions are more exaggerated and mood swings
  2. Hippocampus compromised interfering with the ability to form new memories- blackouts
  3. All initial effects are amplified,ie. mood sleepiness
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15
Q

What is BAC

A

Blood alcohol concentration

The percentage of your blood that is concentrated with alcohol

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16
Q

What are factors related to BAC

A

Amount ingested in a period of time

Empty/full stomach

Size of body

Efficiency of liver

Gender

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17
Q

What are the consequences of alcohol abuse

A

Acute withdrawal symptoms
Headache,nausea
Anxiety/depression

Organ failure
fetal alcohol syndrome
Delirium
Tremens- DTs

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18
Q

Whats the prevalence of alcohol abuse

A

8.5% of the US population

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19
Q

Prevalence of alcohol use in Ireland

A

Half of the Irish population aged 18-64 classified as harmful drinkers

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20
Q

What are the effects of other depressants

A

Similar to using large doses of alcohol

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21
Q

What are the categories of depressants

How do all these drugs exert their influence

A

Sedative
Hypnotic
Anxiolytic
Rohypnol

Influence through GABA

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22
Q

What do sedatives do and give an example

A

Calming

Barbiturates

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23
Q

What do hypnotic drugs do and give an example

A

Sleep inducing

GHB

24
Q

What do anxiolytics do and give an example

A

Reduce anxiety

Benzodiazepines

25
What does rohypnol do and give an example
Date rape drug, sedative effects 10 times stronger Diazepam
26
What are stimulants?
Stimulants act on the brain and the sympathetic nervous system to increase alertness and motor activity.
27
What are examples of stimulants?
ADHD meds- adderall/ritalin Cocaine Methamphetamine- meth Ecstasy-MDMA Crystal meth Nicotine Coffee- not recognised as a disorder
28
What does amphetamine do
Increases heart rate and increases confidence reduces fatigue Large doses can cause anxiety, agitation or nervousness Can be followed by extreme fatigue and depression
29
How does amphetamine work?
It stimulates the central nervous system by increasing dopamine,norepinepherine
30
What does dopamine do
Makes you feel reward
31
What does norepinephrine/noradrenaline do?
Prepares the body for flight/fight
32
Who was cocaine made by
Pharmacist John Pemberton in 1886
33
What does cocaine do?
Similar to amphetamine Effects shorter lived due to shorter half-life Reduced fatigue Vasoconstrictor- narrow blood vessels - increases risk of stroke
34
What does cannabis do
Effects vary from person to person Experience euphoria, laughter Short term memory impairment Apetite stimulation Pain relief
35
How does cannabis work
Brains have endogenous cannabinoids- effects pleasure/memory Cannabis causes dopamine release Delta 9 tetrahydrocannabinol/THC causes the high CBD/cannabidiol doesn't cause high and has medical potential
36
The progression of cannabis use
Marijuana is now more potent than ever before – the ratio of THC to CBD is increasing When you have too much product, THC acutely induces psychotic symptoms (paranoia, hallucinations, disorganized thought)
37
Whats the link between cannabis use and schizophrenia?
Someone who used cannabis more than 50 times has a relative risk of developing schizophrenia than non- users BUT schizophrenia rates haven't increased with increases of overall cannabis use in the population
38
What are opioids?
Opioids are natural and synthetic substances w narcotic effects They are analgesics
39
What are examples of opioids
Heroin Codeine Morphine Hydrocodone Oxycodone
40
What do opioids do
Reduce pain Low doses induce euphoria high doses can result in death Withdrawal symptoms can be lasting and severe.
41
What are analgesics
Painkillers Work similar to endorphins(natural opioids) Can produce through exercise
42
Why do we need to use opioids sometimes? Why is this a problem sometimes?
Because humans aren’t good at producing enough to deal with pain. LEADS TO THE RISK OF ADDICTION AND OVERDOSE
43
Whats the opioid epidemic
They were marketed to treat chronic pain conditions But they were highly addictive Tolerance and withdrawal happened frequently People would then turn to heroin because it was cheaper
44
Whats the genetic aetiology of Substance disorders
Twin studies suggest that genetics play a substantial role Not for a particular disorder, but the disorders in general Some have specific genesis. Alcohol-ADH2
45
Whats the neurological aetiology of Substance use disorders
They affect the pleasure pathway of the brain Withdrawal is the driving factor
46
Whats the incentive sensitisation theory?
The liking of a drug plays a role initially but then the brain becomes hypersensitive to drug cues so it becomes a wanting thing
47
Whats the psychological aetiology of Substance use disorders
They are more habit prone More compulsive Temporal discounting- higher cost on waiting
48
Whats the environementall/social/cultural aetiology of substance disorders
Family/ peers can influence Binge drinking pressured for naive 14 year olds
49
What is valence?
How happy or sad the effect is
50
Whats the pharmacological treatment for Substance use disorders
Agonist substitution-similar drug but not as dangerous Antagonist treatment- a drug that blocks the effects of the addictive drug Aversive treatment: drug that makes the initial drug implant
51
What are the types of treatment for Substance use
Interventions Community support programs Contingency management Controlled use CBT
52
Interventions
Confront sufferer and ask them to go to rehabilitation
53
Community support programs
Alcohols anonymous Learn to live with the addiction Effective for some, but not all benefit
54
Contingency management
Vouchers for good behavior.
55
CBT
Highlight the consequences of use Increase motivation to change Train coping skills
56
Addiction is the most stigmatised disorder
Highly criminalised Should be a public health issue, to prevent all the consequences that stem from them

Psychological disorder (20 decks)

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