Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Psychological disorder > schizophrenia > Flashcards

schizophrenia Flashcards

1
Q

Whats psychosis?

A

Grossly impaired reality testing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is schizophrenia

A

Its characterised by primary psychosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where does secondary psychosis occur

A

Bipolar disorder
Depression
Substance use
Neurological conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Whats the DSM-5 criteria for schizophrenia

A

A. Two or more, but must have one of 1/2/3

  1. Delusions
    2, Hallucinations
  2. Disorganised speech
  3. Disorganised/catatonic behaviour
  4. Negative symptoms(diminished emotional expression/motivation

B. Present for 6 or more months

C. Distress/ impaired functioning

D. Not better explained by another disorder, medication etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the positive symptoms of psychosis

A

Hallucinations
Delusions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are hallucinations

A

A sensory perception in the absence of a corresponding external or somatic stimulus, with or without insight

where you hear, see, smell, taste or feel things that appear to be real but only exist in your mind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the types of hallucinations

A

Visual

Tactile

Auditory

Olfactory - smell

Gustatory- taste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Whats the most common type of hallucination

Give examples

A

Auditory hallucination

Examples:
Hearing your thoughts spoken out loud

Voice commentating on what you’re doing

A voice/ multiple voices speaking to you

Non verbal sounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are delusions?

A

A false belied based on incorrect inference about external reality that is firmly held despite what almost everyone else believes and despite what constitutes incontrovertible and obvious proof or evidence to the contrary.

Delusions are beliefs that are strongly held despite clear evidence or proof to the contrary. They often involve beliefs about oneself, others, or the world that are not based on reality.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are some examples of delusions

A

Delusions of reference

Persecutory delusions

Grandiose delusions

Erotomanic delusions

Somatic delusions

Thought insertion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are delusions of reference

A

They see something and then believe that its a message to them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are persecutory delusions

A

Belief that someone is spying on you or attempting to harm them or someone close to them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are grandiose delusions?

A

Inaccurate belief that someone has special powers, mission, wealth or identity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are erotomanic delusions?

A

Believes that someone is in love with them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are somatic delusions

A

False belief that they have a physical defect or abnormality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is thought insertion?

A

believes that they’re thinking someone else’s thoughts

example: though:I LOVE DOGS
but thats what x is thinking not me

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Similarity between hallucinations and delusions

A

They are often thematically linked

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the disorganised symptoms of psychosis/schizophrenia

A

Disorganised speech

Disorganised behaviour

Catatonic behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Whats disorganised speech

A

Disorganised thoughts lead to disorganised speech

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are examples of disorganised speech

A

Loose associations

Neologisms- newly coined words

Metonyms- using inappropriate but slowly related words

Word salad

Flight of ideas

Echolalia- meaningless repetition of someones words

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Whats disorganised behaviour

A

Behaviour which is not typical of the persons culture/ inappropriate to the context in which it takes place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are signs of disorganised behaviour?

A

Decline in daily functioning/hygiene

Inappropriate or unusual emotional responses- extreme agitation

Dressing in an odd manner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is catatonia?

A

Stuporous or excited

Muscular rigidity

Stupor

Repeated gesturing

Flailing

Unusual postures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the negative symptoms of psychosis/schizophrenia?

A

Avolition/apathy

Asociality

Anhedonia

Blunted affect

Alogia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Whats abolition/apathy
Lack of motivation Lack of interest in things
26
Whats asociality
Social withdrawal Spends time alone
27
Whats anhedonia
Inability to find pleasure in things
28
Whats blunted affect
Lack of outward expression of emotion
29
Whats alogia?
Poverty of speech Doesn't talk
30
Whats the prevalence of schizophrenia
Lifetime prevalence of about 0.7% More prevalent among men Peak age of onset is 25, later for women
31
What are the phases of schizophrenia?
Pre morbid phase- ages 0-15 Prodrominal phase: ages 15-20 Odd behaviours and subtle negative symptoms Onset 3 years from promodromal symptoms Acute phase ages 20-40 Positive symptoms Negative symptoms remissions relapses Final phase-40+ Poor social functioning negative symptoms cognitive symptoms ON AVERAGE AFTER 1 YEAR OF SYMPTOMS AND AFTER THE FIRST PSYCHOTIC EPISODE, THEN MEDICAL ATTENTION
32
What did Emile Kraepelin do?
Defined the first approximation of schizophrenia Largely remembered for his work on psychosis distinguished between 2 forms: Dementia praecox Manic Depression
33
Whats dementia praecox
Progressive degenerative disease that results in an irreversible loss of cognitive function. The hallucinations arise from the cognitive decline.
34
What is manic depression?
Alteration between depression and manic psychosis There's no irreversible loss of cognitive function
35
What did Paul Eugen Bleuler do?
Coined the word schizophrenia Schizen- to split Phren- the mind Characterised schizophrenia as a breaking of associative threads Which lead ppl to believe that this meant multiple personalities
36
Whats the role of dopamine and psychosis
Dopamine hyperactivity is associated with psychosis
37
How can you prove that dopamine has a role in psychosis?
Because antipsychotic meds reduced domaine levels and Parkinson's medications that increased dopamine have psychotic side effects amphetamines which increase dopamine amplify schizophrenia symptoms in patients
38
What are the issues with dopamine theories and schizophrenia
When u take anti-psychotic medication, dopamine receptors are rapidly blocked but the treatments don’t work right away These theories don’t account for the wide array of symptoms experienced by schizophrenia patients or their heterogeneity Other neurotransmitters are also involved in the complex aetiology
39
What do medications work on for schizophrenia
the positive symptoms and disorganisation
40
Do drugs work on the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
Negative symptoms are linked to hypo-activity of dopamine neurons in the prefrontal cortex Conventional/first generation antipsychotics only decrease striata dopamine Atypical/ second generation antipsychotics work better on negative symptoms NB: All the treatments impact on the dopamine system of the brain and impact it in various ways
41
Whats the hypothesis on dopamine and negative symptoms of schizophrenia
imbalance of dopamine
42
What are the brain differences in people with schizophrenia
1. Increased ventricle size- almost 18% larger 2. cortical thinning in schizophrenia- largely in the prefrontal cortex 3. Reduced grey matter Fewer dendrite spines which cause a disconnection between neurons 4. Synaptic pruning These are progressive changes
43
What is the prefrontal cortex involved with?
Decision-making Working memory Reasoning, Judgement Goal-directed behaviour Top-down control over impulses Impaired performance on cognitive tests that probe these functions in schizophrenia
44
What is synaptic pruning? Whats its relation to schizophrenia
Pruning is an important developmental process that the brain undergoes during adolescence - getting rid of unused connections Overzealous pruning might occur in schizophrenia
45
Whats the neurocognitive theory of schizophrenia?
Predictive Coding theory
46
What is predicting coding theory
Prediction error- way in which animals use new info to update beliefs PE represents a mismatch between what we expect and what actually happens The bigger the mismatch, the more we should update.
47
Do schizophrenia patients have abnormalities in belief updating?
Dopamine is crucial for prediction error Have overweight evidence in favour of beliefs and underweight evidence for the contrary But they all may attach more significance/salience to random stimuli - may explain why hallucinations exist
48
What is sensorimotor gating? What about for schizophrenia patients?
Pre-pulse inhibition if you give someone a warning, they're less likely to be startled by the pulse Schizophrenia patients don't reduce their startle when given a pre pulse Antipsychotics correct this
49
Genetics and heritability in relation to schizophrenia
There's not a single gene responsible for schizophrenia
50
Whats the problem with a lot of the studies published about schizophrenia
They were candidate gene studies so only looked at specific genes Small samples with inconsistent findings and publication bias lead to a bunch of false positives Studies have disproven candidate genes
51
Generic aetiology of schizophrenia
Highly heritable-80% Polygenic trait- various genes with each a small contribution
52
What are the environmental risk factors of schizophrenia?
Birth complications, ie. a lack of oxygen Prenatal exposure to infection, ie. flu Adolescent drug use, ie. marijuana use Early cognitive deficits, ie. low iq Low socio economic status Early trauma/abuse
53
Whats the sociogenic hypothesis for schizophrenia
Stress/low education causes schizophrenia
54
What is the social selection hypothesis for schizophrenia?
Schizophrenia leads to people earning less
55
What is the treatment for schizophrenia and that are the types?
Neuroleptics/antispychotics first generation/conventional Second generation/atypical
56
What do typical/conventional psychotics do? Give an example of a typical psychotic
They act on dopamine/d2 receptors Better for positive and disorganised symptoms Example: Haloperidol
57
What do atypical psychotics do? Give an example of a typical psychotic
Focus on serotonin rather than dopamine work better for negative symptoms but this may be exaggerated through biased studies Example: Olanzapine
58
What are the side effects of first gen/ conventional/typical antipsychotics?
Blurred vision Extrapyramidal side effects- motor issues like tremor Sexual dysfunction
59
What are the side effects of second gen/ atypical antipsychotics?
Weight gain Sedation
60
What should pharmacotherapy be coupled with when it comes to schizophrenia and why?
Psychotherapy because recovery doesn't just mean the reduction of symptoms but also improving cognitive ability
61
What are the types of psychotherapy for schizophrenia and what do they do?
Social skills training- improves functionality CBT- manage negative symptoms and stress Family therapy and psychoeducation- morose the level of support and understanding from the patients family
62
Comment on schizophrenia and crime
They're more likely to commit crimes than general population they're more likely to be victims of crimes they're more likely to be the victim than commit one
63
Whats Not Guilty by Reason of Insanity?
Defendant shouldn't be held liable for an illegal act if its attributed to a mental disorder such that; They didnt know the nature/quality of the act- thinking that a fire would only harm bad things They didnt know that what they were doing was wrong, ie. understanding that stealing is illegal They were unable to refrain from committing the act(much harder to show)
64
What is not a defence that falls under NGRI
Intoxication
65
What was the case of John Hickney JR
Attempted to assassinate President Reagan to impress an actress Found NGRI and institutionalised for 35 years Public outraged but he was institutionalised for longer than his sentence could've been.
66
NGRI in Ireland
Between 2014/2018 19/20 attempted murder cases accepted insanity plea
67
What are schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders
Schizotypal (Personality) Disorder Schizophrenia Schizoaffective Disorder
68
Whats schizotypal personality disorder
Has eccentric behaviours like talking to themselves Socially isolated Is highly suspicious of others Strange beliefs/theories but not full blown delusions Diorganised speech
69
Light schizophrenia
Similar but milder cognitive defects Similar but milder brain changes, ie. enlarged ventricles Genetically linked to schizophrenia Antipsychotics
70
Whats schizoaffective disorder?
Where there's a major mood episodes- major depressive or manic with schizophrenia symptoms
71
How is schizoaffective disorder treated?
Treated in the same way but add antidepressants for depression and lithium for bipolar
72
Is schizophrenia just an artificial category?
Mild psychotic experiences occur in people without schizophrenia Negative symptoms are common in the general population

Psychological disorder (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions