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Psychological disorder > Neurocognitive Disorders COMPLETE > Flashcards

Neurocognitive Disorders COMPLETE Flashcards

1
Q

What do we mean by late life

A

Life expectancy increasing dramatically:
Medical advancements and improved living conditions
Old usually defined as over 65- not universal- depends on the context.
In Ireland-determined by the pension age/ retirement age

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2
Q

What are the correlations between mental health and late life

A

Decline in cognitive and physical abilities
But they experience less negative emotions than young people

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3
Q

Why do they experience less negative emotions?

A

They’re more skilled in emotional regulation
Focus on more emotional, meaningful goals
They process negative events less
The pressures they experience in life decrease

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4
Q

Talk about the incidence of psychological disorders in old people

A

Older people have less psychological disorders
Newer disorders are very unlikely in late life

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5
Q

Why are the reasons which may influence the incidence of psychological disorders in old people

A

The stigma is reduced in young people, older people may be too embarrassed to speak up
Under- diagnoses
Misdiagnosis
Survivor bias- if they experienced issues younger in life, may have died

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6
Q

What issues are looked into in regards to old people?

A

Age effects- the consequences of being a certain age- correlationary side
Cohort effects- the consequences of growing up during a particular time periodic. During war, after war
(Born after war had more bad mental health than during war)
Time of Measure effects- Things that happen during the time of research that interfere, ie. Doing a study on loneliness but then covid happens.

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7
Q

What are the research methods in the study of ageing?

A

Cross sectional studies
Longitudinal studies

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8
Q

Describe cross sectional studies

A

Comparing a variable interest between different age groups at same time

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9
Q

What study was conducted as a cross sectional study for ageing

A

Charles (Positivity Bias)
Memory test regarding images
Older people remembered less of the material in every condition
But they remember more of the positive items than the negative items

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10
Q

What’s the issue with cross sectional studies

A

Cant rule out the cohort effect

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11
Q

What are longitudinal studies

A

Periodically testing one group of people using the same measure over a number of years
Use a cohort of people who share defining characteristic

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12
Q

What did Snow et al study?

A

Nuns studied
When they examine the autobiography, those that used more positive feelings in their autobiography, they lived longer.

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13
Q

What’s the difference between cross-sectional and longitudinal studies

A

They produce very different results
Cross-sectional doesn’t take into account that cohorts may differ in access to education/work

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14
Q

What is dementia caused by?

A

Brain damage by diseases like Alzheimer’s
The symptoms depend on the parts of the brain that are damaged and by the disease that caused it.

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15
Q

Whats the most leading cause of dementia?

A

Alzheimer’s- 60-80%.

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16
Q

What is the prevalence of dementia

A

1-2% of people in their 60s
20% of people above 85.

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17
Q

What are some warning signs of dementia

A

Problems with language
Memory loss
Disorientation
Problems with keeping track of things

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18
Q

What is the trajectory of dementia?

A

150 million people world wide in 2050
Increases disproportionately in low and moderate income countries-may be due to lifestyle and health related risks
This is due to the increases in life expectancy

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19
Q

What are some risk factors associated with preventing dementia

A

12 modifiable risk factors can prevent/delay the onset of dementia
Examples Include:
Smoking
Depression
Obesity
Alcohol

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20
Q

Talk about potential and dementia prevention

A

Greater potential for dementia prevention in LMIC

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21
Q

What other ways can dementia be prevented?

A

The finger study- ngandu
Cognitive training programs

22
Q

What was the finger study

A

Ngandu conducted double blind randomised trial on ppl ages 60-77
Intervention was 2 years of diet and exercise and cognitive training
Control received general health advice
Intervention group symptoms improved

23
Q

What are cognitive training programs

A

Controversial, may be that companies are profiting without it actually being beneficial
HAs been some slight improvement in people with cognitive impairment
Studies mostly inefficient to show the effects

24
Q

What is Alzheimer’s disease

A

Degenerative disease which causes irreversible deterioration of brain tissue- loss of grey matter
Short term memory loss is a common symptom
Accounts for 60-80% of dementia
Death usually occurs within 12 years of the onset of symptoms

25
Q

What symptom is present at the early stage of Alzheimer’s

A

Absent-mindedness

26
Q

What symptoms are present as Alzheimer develops

A

Inability to find right words
Lack of visual/spatial skills

27
Q

What is the pathophysiology of Alzheimer

A

Plaques- beta-amyloid protein outside neurons
Neurofibrillary tangles- protein tou inside axons of neurons

28
Q

What gene predispose people for Alzheimer’s and which protects against it

A

APOE4- Apolioprotein E4

APOE2

29
Q

Why does APOE4 effect Alzheimer’s

A

Not well understood
The protein helps carry cholesterol in the blood stream
Problems with brain cells ability to process fats/lipids may play a key role in Alzheimer’s

30
Q

What are the types of treatment for Alzheimer’s

A

No disease-modifying treatment
Medication can help slow decline but they don’t restore memory function to previous levels

31
Q

What medication is used to treat alzehimers

A

Cholinesterase inhibitors

32
Q

What are other forms of alzehimers treatment

A

Behavioural approaches, visual aids
Music therapy

33
Q

What are the psychological and lifestyle treatments for Alzheimers

A

Psychotherapy for patients and families
Caregiver interventions- increasing social support, pleasant activities, exercise

34
Q

How is Alzheimer early detected?

A

Beta amyloid plaques may be present 20-30 years before any cognitive symptoms- not reversible

Genetic markers are detectable from birth

35
Q

What’s frontotemporal Dementia

A

Caused by a loss of neurons in frontal and temporal regions of the brain
Build up of proteins, liked to ALS
Younger onset- mid to late 50’s

36
Q

What’s FTD prevalence

A

Less than 1% of the population

37
Q

What are the variants of FTD

A

Behavioural variant

Primary progressive aphasia PPA variants

38
Q

Explain Behavioural Variant of FTD

A

Decreased empathy
Personality changes
Increased compulsivity

39
Q

Explain Primary progressive aphasia PPA variants

A

Semantic dementia- naming things, ppl losing meaning of words

Progressive non-fluency aphasia- pronouncing things

Logopenic aphasia- speaking slowly

40
Q

What is the medication treatment for FTD

A

Medication
Antidepressants- to treat depression and compulsivity

Antipsychotics- severe agitation and compulsivity

41
Q

What are some non-pharmacological treatements for FTD

A

Family therapy
Speech therapy

42
Q

Lewy body dementia

A

Caused by abnormal deposits of protein alpha - synuclein

Lewy bodies affect chemicals in the brain- leads to thinking and behavioural problems

Onset age 50 years- die after 5-8

Often misdiagnosed due to similar symptoms w other conditions

43
Q

What are the symptoms of Lewy Bodies

A

Visual hallucinations/ disorganised thinking/memory problems
Depression/ severe agitation/paranoia
Tremor/balance issues /slow movement
Insomnia/ REM behaviour disorder

44
Q

What is the medication treatment for the cognitive symptoms of Lewy body dementia

A

Cholinesterase inhibitor

45
Q

What is the medication treatment for the movement symptoms of Lewy body dementia

A

Levodopa

46
Q

What is the medication treatment for the REM sleep behaviour for Lewy body dementia

A

Clonazepam/melatonin

47
Q

What is the medication treatment for the depression for Lewy body dementia

A

Anti depressants

48
Q

What is the medication treatment for the severe agitation/paranoia?

A

Anti psychotics

49
Q

What are the non- pharmacological treatments for levy body dementia

A

Physical therapists
Occupational therapists
Speech therapists

50
Q

What is delirium?

A

A clouded state of consciousness
Trouble focusing
Disturbances in sleep/wake cycle

Within 24 hours, they have lucid intervals where they become alert and coherent

51
Q

What are the contributing factors of delirium

A

Medication
Infection surgery alcohol
Drug intoxication/withdrawal

Psychological disorder (20 decks)

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