Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychological disorder > Mood Disorders (COMPLETE) > Flashcards

Mood Disorders (COMPLETE) Flashcards

1
Q

What is mood?

A

A prolonged emotional state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are mood disorders?

A

Gross deviations in mood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are mood disorders composed of?

A

Different types of mood episodes that last days or weeks.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the types of mood episodes?

A

Major depressive episodes-lose limit of normal mood

Manic episodes- top limit of normal mood

Hypomanic episodes- upper limit of normal mood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the DSM 5 criteria for Major Depressive Mood Disorder?

A

A5 or more of the following symptoms which:

Must be present almost everyday during the same 2 week period.
Represent a change from previous functioning
NB: At least one symptom must be depressed mood or loss of interest/pleasure

1.Depressed mood
2. Diminished interest/pleasure
3. Weight gain/loss of appetite
4. sleep disturbance
5. Psychomotor agitation/ psychomotor retardation
6. Fatigue/loss of energy
7. Feelings of worthlessness/guilt
8. diminished ability to think/concentrate
9. recurrent thoughts of death/suicide idealation

B. Must cause significant distress/impairment

C. Cannot be attributable to any other medical condition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Why is clinical judgement important when diagnosing major depressive disorder?

A

You shouldn’t diagnose MDD if it could be better explained by another disorder, ie. schizophrenia.

Responses to a loss may resemble a depressive episode under the 1st criteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What did persistent depressive disorder used to be called?

A

dysthymia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the DSM 5 criteria for persistent depressive disorder?

A

Depressed mood for most of day/more days than not for at least 2 years/ 1 for children and adolescents

At least 2 of the following:
1. Poor appetite/overreating
2. insomnia/ hypersomnia
3. Low energy/fatigue
4. Low self esteem
5. Poor concentration
6. Feeling hopeless

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What’s the defining feature of persistent depressive disorder?

A

Chronicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the new depressive disorders?

A

Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder

Prolonged grief disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

A

Recurrent temper outbursts and persistent negative mood for at least 1 year BEGINNING BEFORE AGE 10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is premenstrual dysphoric disorder?

A

Mood symptoms the week before menses
Can get hormonal treatments or SSRIS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What’s the prevalence of depressive disorders?

A

6-21% lifetime prevalence.

2:1 female to male ratio

Age of onset from late teens to 20s

3 times higher in low socio-economic status

2nd leading contributor to the global burden of disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the possible reasons for gender differences in depressive disorders?

A

Stress in adolescence- body image, puberty etc

Girls are more likely to be victims of sexual abuse

Rate of reporting may be higher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are common misconceptions about bipolar disorder?

A

MISCONCEPTION: That they shift back and forth from depression to mania very often

TRUTH: They experience one to two cycles a year.

MISCONCEPTION: Bipolar is just another term for mood swings

TRUTH: the changes in mood are more severe, last longer and interfere with important aspects of functioning.
Manic episodes usually involve reckless behaviour.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the criteria for manic and hypomanic episodes?

A

Distinct periods of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive or irritable mood.

Abnormally increased activity/energy

At least 3 of the following being noticeably changed from the baseline (4 if mood is irritable):

  1. increased self esteem- belief that one has special talents
  2. Decreased need for sleep
  3. Unusual talkativeness
  4. Flight of ideas/thoughts racing
  5. Distractability
  6. Increase in goal directed activity
  7. excessive involvement in activities that have high pain consequence
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What’s the difference between manic v hypomanic?

A

Hypomania is a lesser mania

Manic:
Longer in duration
Can experience/ not experience psychosis
Significantly impaired functioning

Hypomanic
Less duration
no psychosis
implied functioning not significant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the 3 kinds of bipolar disorder?

A

Bipolar 1 disorder: At least 1 manic episode during the courts of their life

Bipolar 2 disorder: At least one major depressive episode
At least one episode of hypomania
No lifetime episode of mania

Cyclothymic disorder
For at least 2 years or 1 for children and adolescents

numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms but no hypomanic episode

numerous periods of depressive symptom but no major depressive episode

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What’s the prevalence of bipolar disorder?

A

Less than 1 percent
Bipolar 1 disorder is more common

Less than 50% of bipolar spectrum disorders begin before 25 years

No evidence for sex differences

Very high rates of comorbidity with other disorders, ie. substance most common for bipolar than any other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are some specifiers for the subtypes of depressive and bipolar disorders?

A

Seasonal pattern

Psychotic features

Suicide risk

Atypical features

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the genetic aetiology for Major depression and bipolar disorders?

A

Heritability of major depression is 37%

Bipolar disorders are amongst the most heritable of all psychiatric disorders - 80- 93

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the controversy over single gene studies

A

Heritability data suggests there is a substantial genetic
contribution to depression

Lots of studies have implicated the serotonin transporter
gene.

However, complex traits like depression are hugely polygenic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Does stress have an effect on depression risk?

Does the s allele have an effect on depression risk?

Does the stress x gene have an effect on depression risk?

A

Yes

no

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What do most people believe depression is caused by

A

A chemical imbalance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What neurotransmitters are said t be involved in the aetiology of mood disorders

A

Monoamine neurotransmitters:

Dopamine

Noradrenaline

Serotonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What’s the evidence that serotonin is involved in mood disorders?
Is it true?

A

Drugs that treat depression fix the activity of serotonin

Low serotonin cerebrospinal fluid in depressed patients

Not true- no consistent evidence to show associations between serotonin and depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the most researched areas of the brain?

A

Amygdala

Striatum

Hippocampus

Frontal cortex

28
Q

What’s the amygdala responsible for

A

Evaluating the salience of stimuli and regulating emotions

29
Q

What was found in relation to MDD and the amygdyla

A

Increased amygdala activity in response to negative stimuli in MDD patients

Abnormalities found in patients with a familial risk for MDD

30
Q

What’s the stratum responsible for

A

Reward processing and motivation

31
Q

What was found in relation to MDD and the stratium

A

Reduced activation of the stratum linked to impaired reward learning

This may explain why people with depression experience a loss of motivation and pleasure

32
Q

What was found in relation to Bipolar disorder and the stratium

A

Show increased activity in the stratum and they are highly sensitive to rewards

33
Q

What is the HPA axis in the neuroendocrine system

A

Endocrine system regulates our response to stress

Cortisol is produced during stress

However, prolonged levels of high cortisol can cause harm to the body:
can cause:
increased blood pressure
Chronic muscle tension

34
Q

What was found in relation to Bipolar disorder and MDD and the HPA axis?

A

HPA axis dysregulation found in both MDD and bipolar disorder patients

High levels of cortisol are a risk factor for future MDD in high risk populations

35
Q

What can trigger the HPA axis

A

Increased amygdyla reactivity

36
Q

What does the hippocampus do?

A

Its partially susceptible to stress cuz its densely concentrated with cortisol receptors

37
Q

What was found in relation to MDD and the hippocampus

A

Smaller hippocampal volumes in MDD patients

38
Q

What are the key cognitive assumptions in relation to MDD and BPD?mood disorders?

A

How one thinks about the problem than just the problem itself that causes the depression

Mood disorders can be overcome by cognitive bias

39
Q

What are the 2 major cognitive theories in relation to mood disorders

A

Becks theory: Negative triad

Hopelessness theory

40
Q

What’s Becks theory: Negative triad

A

A person gets negative schema in childhood through adverse experiences

And the schema differs from conscious thoughts

The schema influences how info is processed, ie. causes cognitive bias

schema îs confirmed and maintain

And the cycles of depression continues

41
Q

What’s Becks theory Negative triad

A

Negative view of self

Negative view of future

Negative view of the world

42
Q

How’s Beck’s Theory Supported

A

People with depression demonstrate negative thinking

People with negative cognitive styles are at an elevated risk of developing MDD

Example: I am a failure

43
Q

What is the hopelessness theory

A
  1. Hopelessness is the expectation that
    a desirable outcome won’t occur and nothing that the person will do will change that
  2. Attribution: When someone experiences failure, they attribute it to a cause
    Internal
    Unstable
    Global
44
Q

How’s the hopelessness theory supported?

A

Example: college students said what exam result they hoped to get
then the ones that did worse than expected had a negative mood

2 days later ppl who had a negative attributional style were still down

Person w high levels of hopelessness 6 times more likely to experience MDD within 2 years

45
Q

What’s childhood adversity and its relation to mood disorders?

A

Adverse childhood experiences like abuse, neglect, parental loss, household dysfunction have been identified as major risk factors for mood disorders

46
Q

Stressful life events and mood disorders

A

Stressful life events are a well established risk factor for depression

more than half people report the experience of a serious life event in the year before their depression began

NOTE: REVERSE CAUSATION- SOME STRESSFULL LIFE EVENTS MAY BE CAUSED BY SYMPTOMS OF DEPRESSION

47
Q

What’s the pharmacotherapy treatment for mood disorders?

A

Antidepressants
like SSRIs
Serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors SNRIs

48
Q

How to SSRIs work

A

Prevent the reuptake of serotonin so it can pass through neurotransmitters into the post-synaptic neutron.

49
Q

How many people in the US who are receiving treatment for depression prescribed antidepressants?

A

75%

50
Q

What’s the efficacy of antidepressants?

A

Good but not great

37% of MDD patients achieve remission

30 percent respond to placebo

selective reporting makes them look more effective than they are- publication bias

51
Q

What are the issues with antidepressants?

A

Relapse after discontinuation of the drug

40% stop taking it in the 1st month due to side effects

They’re prescribed on the basis of trial and error and financial considerations

Placebo response is a thing, but they do work( meta analysis shows every antidepressant on the market works better than placebo)

52
Q

What are the medications for bipolar disorders 1 and 2?

A

Mood stabilisers- reduce manic symptoms

Lithium typically given alongside other medication depending not he phase of illness

53
Q

How do medications for bipolar disorder work?

A

How lithium works is largely unknown
But it may help stabilise the mood by lowering excess noradrenalin in manic episodes and triggering serotonin In depressive ones

54
Q

Whats the efficacy of lithium

A

up to 80 percent of bipolar 1 experience mild benefits for lithium

55
Q

Concerns about lithium

A

High levels can be toxic

Side effects:
weight gain
Increased thirst

Giving antidepressants without lithium can cause a manic episode to begin in a bipolar patient.

56
Q

What are the forms of therapy to treat mood disorders?

A

Electroconlcusive Therapy

Psychological therapy

57
Q

What’s electroconvulsive therapy

A

Inuding a seizure by passing 130 volt current through the patients brain

used to treat severe depression

58
Q

Why is electroconvulsive therapy controversial

A

consent issueus

Intesity may cause impairment

Brutal experience:
They’re awake for it and experience bone fractures

59
Q

Is electroconvulsive therapy still used today

A

Yeah but consent has improved and muscle relaxants and general anesthesia is given

Highly effective for severe depression- better than medicine for resistant depression

60
Q

What types of Psychological therapy is used

A

Psychoeducation
CBT

61
Q

What’s CBT

A

examines thoughts feelings and behaviours
and challenges them and finds ways to deal with them

62
Q

What’s the case example of CBT

A

John married man and father of 3, worked in a bank and then got fired

For really depressed and feels different about his life

Thought to be challenged: Loser

Supporting evidence: Lost his job

Evidence against: supported family for many years

Balanced though: going through a rough patch but its up to me to turn it around

63
Q

Which is better, psychological therapy or
pharmacotherapy for depression?

A

Both effective

Cognitive is better for preventing relapse

Should be used combined:
Antidepressants offer symptom relief quickluy

Psychological therapy takes longer but skills learnt

64
Q

Psychological treatment and bipolar

A

Medicine is necessary but can use targeted therapy or intervention to help

65
Q

What’s the treatment for disruptive mood dysregulation disorder?

A

Medication
No medication approved
Antidepressants-for irratiabilty and mood

Stimulations- for irritability
Antipsychotic medication- for aggression

CBT for disruptive behaviour
Behaviour therapy
Parent training

66
Q
A

Psychological disorder (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions