History of psychopathology

Question 1

What was the first type of psychopathy

Answer 1

Demonology.
Era that any odd behaviour was a consequence of the presence of a demon within the body of a person

Question 2

What was the treatment for demonology?

Answer 2

Exorcism
Ie. Praying or making the body inhabitable by starvation or flogging, heating, cooling

Question 3

Who made one of the earliest biological theories and what did he posit

Answer 3

Hippocrates
Named the father of modern medicine

Believed that psychological disorders were caused by physical illnesses stemming form the brain

Question 4

What were the four humours that Hippocrates established?

Answer 4

Blood: Instability

Phlegm: Sluggishness

Yellow bile: Anxiety

Black bile: Melancholia

Question 5

What was hysteria?

Answer 5

The wandering uterus

The psychological symptoms were a result of the uterus moving around in the body

Question 6

Hippocrates and treatments for psychological disorders.

Answer 6

Even though the ideas weren’t correct the treatments were less punitive and used on reason, even tho it was incorrect.
It wasn’t fear driven

Question 7

What was the treatment for melancholia/ depression during early biological era

Answer 7

Tranquility

Sobriety

Exercise

Diet

Abstinence from sex

Question 8

What was the treatment for hysteria during early biological era

Answer 8

Applying pleasant smells to the vagina to attract the uterus back into position

Be pregnant all the time to keep the womb occupied

Question 9

What was there a shift back to after the early ages of psychology

Answer 9

Demonology- the dark ages
After greek and roman empires fell, Christian monarchies took over

TREATMENT WAS PRAYER AND RELIC BASED

with trials began

Question 10

What was introduced following asylums?

Answer 10

Lunacy trials
Hospitals were under governmental/secular management

The policy was care and not punishment for those with mental illness

By law one could be hospitalised

Question 11

What became a problem in asylums

Who fixed it

Answer 11

Bedlams: Asylums where ppl could pay for tickets and come see the mentally ill.

Ended by Philippe Pinel

He ordered for the chains to be removed and replace them with a more humane atmosphere.

Question 12

What was the more ‘modern’ biological approach

Answer 12

19th to 20th century

General paresis: A condition that caused a progress decline in mental function and eventual paralysis.

Some people also had syphillis

Causal link established between infection, damage brain and causing symptoms of psychological disorder

But then LOUIS PASTEUR developed the germ theory of disease- disease can be cased by infection with microorganisms

Question 13

What did modern biologists begin to focus on?

Answer 13

Genetics

Question 14

Who was the first person to study genetics in psychological disorders?
What did he do?

Answer 14

Francis Galton

Studied twins: Had the same genetics and established that mental health conditions run in the family.

Pioneered the eugenics movement: Believed that undesirable traits should be eliminated form the population.

US enforced sterilisation of all ppl with psychological disorders , until 1940s

Question 15

When genes were discovered to have a link with psychological disorders, what happened?

Give examples

Answer 15

culture of radical experimentation of new treatments

Examples:
Electroconvulsive therapy
Lobotomy
Insulin induced comas

These are all the stepping stones of modern treatments, although they are very extreme

Question 16

What are contemporary biological treatments we use today for psychological disorders?

Answer 16

Brain surgery for severe OCD

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is an effective and life saving treatment for depression

Question 17

What was the main psychological approach in the 19th century for psychological disorders?
Which psychologists participated in these advancements?

Answer 17

Hypnotism/ Mesmerism- process of creating a trance like state

Franz mesmer

Jean-Martin Charcot

Joseph Breuer

Question 18

What did Franz Mesmer posit?

Answer 18

That hysteria was caused by magnetic fluids in the body

Question 19

What did Jean-Martin Charcot posit?

Answer 19

Hysteria could be induced in hypnotised people and so it could also be removed in a similar way

Question 20

What did Joseph Breuer posit?

Answer 20

Adopted a cathartic method which involved talk therapy under hypnosis

Question 21

What was the psychoanalytic theory?

Answer 21

Developed by Sigmund Freud

the mind has conscious and unconscious states- One of the core concepts in how we view the brain.

Idea that there’s the illogical emotional and implicit state of being to a developed area of the brain.

Question 22

Who made the concept of behaviourism and what did he posit

Answer 22

Ian Pavlov

classical conditioning while studying digestion in dogs

Bring dog steak and dog would salivate, noticed that salivation would start way before the steak was brought in, ie. When they would hear the footsteps

FINDING:
Automartic responses are learned/ conditioned through experience.
Behaviour has an important role in reinforcement

Question 23

What did skinner do for the concept of behaviourism?

Answer 23

Rewards/punishment change how we behave instrumentally

Positive reinforcement: Actions that provide rewarding events are repeated

Negative reinforcement (actions that avoid noxious events are repeated) e.g. avoidance in social anxiety

Behaviour ‘shaping’ – reward approximations- do something that looks right and you get feedback and do it differently, example: Potty training

Modelling – just observing without experiencing punishment or reward.

Question 24

What’s behaviour therapy

Answer 24

Idea that u can create new associations by practicing new forms of behaviour

Practicing them and having them reinforced with positive consequences are essential

Example: Exposure therapy- treatment for the disorder, someone with phobia of spiders, present them with stimulus and cause them to be presented with positive stimulus until they’re presented with the actual fear so that they’re no longer scared.

Question 25

What was the cognitive revolution in relation to psychology?
Who created it?

Answer 25

People don’t just act and feel, they think

Aaron Beck

Importance of negative thoughts and interpretations

Cognitive Therapy aims to explore and modify beliefs and schemas

Change cognition and behavior will change- creation of CBT