History of psychopathology Flashcards
What was the first type of psychopathy
Demonology.
Era that any odd behaviour was a consequence of the presence of a demon within the body of a person
What was the treatment for demonology?
Exorcism
Ie. Praying or making the body inhabitable by starvation or flogging, heating, cooling
Who made one of the earliest biological theories and what did he posit
Hippocrates
Named the father of modern medicine
Believed that psychological disorders were caused by physical illnesses stemming form the brain
What were the four humours that Hippocrates established?
Blood: Instability
Phlegm: Sluggishness
Yellow bile: Anxiety
Black bile: Melancholia
What was hysteria?
The wandering uterus
The psychological symptoms were a result of the uterus moving around in the body
Hippocrates and treatments for psychological disorders.
Even though the ideas weren’t correct the treatments were less punitive and used on reason, even tho it was incorrect.
It wasn’t fear driven
What was the treatment for melancholia/ depression during early biological era
Tranquility
Sobriety
Exercise
Diet
Abstinence from sex
What was the treatment for hysteria during early biological era
Applying pleasant smells to the vagina to attract the uterus back into position
Be pregnant all the time to keep the womb occupied
What was there a shift back to after the early ages of psychology
Demonology- the dark ages
After greek and roman empires fell, Christian monarchies took over
TREATMENT WAS PRAYER AND RELIC BASED
with trials began
What was introduced following asylums?
Lunacy trials
Hospitals were under governmental/secular management
The policy was care and not punishment for those with mental illness
By law one could be hospitalised
What became a problem in asylums
Who fixed it
Bedlams: Asylums where ppl could pay for tickets and come see the mentally ill.
Ended by Philippe Pinel
He ordered for the chains to be removed and replace them with a more humane atmosphere.
What was the more ‘modern’ biological approach
19th to 20th century
General paresis: A condition that caused a progress decline in mental function and eventual paralysis.
Some people also had syphillis
Causal link established between infection, damage brain and causing symptoms of psychological disorder
But then LOUIS PASTEUR developed the germ theory of disease- disease can be cased by infection with microorganisms
What did modern biologists begin to focus on?
Genetics
Who was the first person to study genetics in psychological disorders?
What did he do?
Francis Galton
Studied twins: Had the same genetics and established that mental health conditions run in the family.
Pioneered the eugenics movement: Believed that undesirable traits should be eliminated form the population.
US enforced sterilisation of all ppl with psychological disorders , until 1940s
When genes were discovered to have a link with psychological disorders, what happened?
Give examples
culture of radical experimentation of new treatments
Examples:
Electroconvulsive therapy
Lobotomy
Insulin induced comas
These are all the stepping stones of modern treatments, although they are very extreme
What are contemporary biological treatments we use today for psychological disorders?
Brain surgery for severe OCD
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is an effective and life saving treatment for depression
What was the main psychological approach in the 19th century for psychological disorders?
Which psychologists participated in these advancements?
Hypnotism/ Mesmerism- process of creating a trance like state
Franz mesmer
Jean-Martin Charcot
Joseph Breuer
What did Franz Mesmer posit?
That hysteria was caused by magnetic fluids in the body
What did Jean-Martin Charcot posit?
Hysteria could be induced in hypnotised people and so it could also be removed in a similar way
What did Joseph Breuer posit?
Adopted a cathartic method which involved talk therapy under hypnosis
What was the psychoanalytic theory?
Developed by Sigmund Freud
the mind has conscious and unconscious states- One of the core concepts in how we view the brain.
Idea that there’s the illogical emotional and implicit state of being to a developed area of the brain.
Who made the concept of behaviourism and what did he posit
Ian Pavlov
classical conditioning while studying digestion in dogs
Bring dog steak and dog would salivate, noticed that salivation would start way before the steak was brought in, ie. When they would hear the footsteps
FINDING:
Automartic responses are learned/ conditioned through experience.
Behaviour has an important role in reinforcement
What did skinner do for the concept of behaviourism?
Rewards/punishment change how we behave instrumentally
Positive reinforcement: Actions that provide rewarding events are repeated
Negative reinforcement (actions that avoid noxious events are repeated) e.g. avoidance in social anxiety
Behaviour ‘shaping’ – reward approximations- do something that looks right and you get feedback and do it differently, example: Potty training
Modelling – just observing without experiencing punishment or reward.
What’s behaviour therapy
Idea that u can create new associations by practicing new forms of behaviour
Practicing them and having them reinforced with positive consequences are essential
Example: Exposure therapy- treatment for the disorder, someone with phobia of spiders, present them with stimulus and cause them to be presented with positive stimulus until they’re presented with the actual fear so that they’re no longer scared.
What was the cognitive revolution in relation to psychology?
Who created it?
People don’t just act and feel, they think
Aaron Beck
Importance of negative thoughts and interpretations
Cognitive Therapy aims to explore and modify beliefs and schemas
Change cognition and behavior will change- creation of CBT
