Readings Flashcards
What does pathos mean
Suffering
What does genesis mean
Origin
What was pathogenesis
Insanity existed because of syphiilis
Whats hysteria
Condition that left no detectable trace in brain tissue but affected both the mind and body.
Symptroms of hysteria
Wild swings of emotion, tremors, catatonia and convulsion.
Whats shell-shock
damage to the nervous system from the shock waves of explosions
What a lobotomy
Severing connections near the prefrontal cortex through the eye sockets.
What was there a shift to for determining psychological disorders
Looking at mothers
What did overly permissive mothers cause
Juveniles or antisocial children
What did mothers who smothered their sons cause
homosexuals
What did refrigerator mothers cause
Autism
What types of mothers would cause juveniles or antisocial children
Overly permissive mothers
What mothers would make homosexuals
mothers who smothered their sons
what mothers would make children w autism
refrigerator mothers
What was the first depressant medication
elavil
Whats the digestive theory
: Gut bacteria are thought to alter the body’s metabolism of dopamine and contribute to depression.
Whats the inflamed mind theory?
Inflammatory autoimmune disorders in childhood cause adult depression
What did turkemeiner et al focus on?
Children who are impoverished IQs are attributable to their environment rather than genetics.
Children who are well off have similar IQ’s to their parents.
Why does it take long to develop clinical tests for psychological disorders?
- No actual definition of a psychiatric illness
- Unclear biological findings
- Too much comparing healthy controls
Because of the lack of clinical tests, what was there a move towards
Stratified psychiatry
Whats stratified psychiatry?
: identifying biomarkers that stratify broad illness phenotypes into treatment-relevant subgroups, potentially revolutionising psychiatric diagnosis and treatment.
Whats an example of stratified psychiatry?
Genome-Wide Association Studies- studying multiple genes at same time without hypothesis
Whats publication bias
Publication bias is when research doesn’t get published because the results achieved don’t align with the narrative being portrayed.
Larger more expensive studies are published irrespective of their results whereas smaller studies tend to get unpublished if they aren’t liked.
What are ways to address publication bias?
Search for unpublished studies
Check for publication bias
Do larger studies
What gene was associated w depression
5-HTTPLR- serotonin
what did 5HTPPLR allegedly do
affected the amygyla- processes negative stimuli
HPA axis- stress
What disorders did 5HTPPlr allegedly have an effect on?
- Seasonal affective disorder
- Insomnia
- Psychosis
- Alzheimer’s
- Nostalgia Proneness
Who debunked 5Htpplr
Border et Al
How did he
Stufied 600k ppl and found no effect, any study under 34k ppl would give an automatic false positive
What did turner et al study
The effeicacy of dreoressants , wanted to see if publication bias played a role in these results
Finding
Publication bias towards positive results
anti-depressants medication less than what was published
How many deaths does suicide cause yearly
over 700k
Whats a psychological autopsy?
Collecting info about the person who committed suicide through family/friends.
What are the risk factors for suicide?
Mood disorders
Unemployment
Low SES
History of self-harm
Previous suicide attempt
what lab methods were proposed in Albert little study
exposure
reconditioning: showing animals w positive stimulus
Distracting w sweets while sholwing
Reconstructing activities to help fear response
What were incidental findings in Albert
Thumb sucking to block fear stimuli
Equal amount of love, fear and rage
who is ADHD more common in?
Boys
Whats the recommendation for ADHD trearment?
stepwise approach and then drugs, drugs not first poort of call
Incentive sensituation theory
Drugs alter brain
So instead of incentive motivation and rewards
Drugs becomes stimuli and then concerned with wanting them and not the pleasurable effects
Effect of SM on eating disorders and COVID
Women experienced less body satisfaction and greater body image difficulties
Viewing weight loss content made it worse
Higher binge frequency qhwn u spend more time on sm and consume more content
What are OCD diagnoses
Highly heterogeneous- Vastly different symptom profiles.
Whats goal directed control?
Ability to make decisions that align with our current needs and wants.
What are goal directed deficits attributed to?
compulsivity.
finding?
- OCD diagnosis was not associated with a reduction in goal-directed control.
Why drugs was Sybil given?
Thoraxine- antipsychotic with hallucinations
Intravenous barbiturates- causes fantasies which seem real
what did the DSM 5 do to somatic symptom disorders?
Expanded it to allow for medically explained an dun medically explained symptoms to be considered disorders
Issue with this?
The new definition is very loose making it easier to fall into that category.
This will result in inappropriate diagnoses of mental disorders and inappropriate medical decision-making.
The issue for women: Will be told that they are just catastrophising their medical symptoms
Whats the strange perception/deficit theory of schizophrenia?
Loss of distinction between relevant and irrelevant stimuli, ie. They pay attention to stimuli that should be ignored
What are abnormal beliefs an example of?
Probabilistic reasoning
Whats belief formation?
a belief is a subjective probability that some proposition about the world is true- constantly updated with new evidence.
controversy about if schizophrenia is real
Normal people can experience hallucinations when they are first waking up
Delusions can also be found in people with overt brain damage or ppl with physical defects like amputees,ie. Phantom pain
Treatments for transgender ppl
- Puberty suppressors-GnRH- side effects:Hot flashes
- Treatment with testosterone/oestrogen
- Increasing mental health services
- Gender affirming surgery
Whats the most stable personality disorder?
Avoidant
Difference between personality and depression
- People with personality disorders remained at or above the diagnostic threshold for 12 months compared to people with major depressive disorder
