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Psychological disorder > Readings > Flashcards

Readings Flashcards

1
Q

What does pathos mean

A

Suffering

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2
Q

What does genesis mean

A

Origin

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3
Q

What was pathogenesis

A

Insanity existed because of syphiilis

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4
Q

Whats hysteria

A

Condition that left no detectable trace in brain tissue but affected both the mind and body.

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5
Q

Symptroms of hysteria

A

Wild swings of emotion, tremors, catatonia and convulsion.

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6
Q

Whats shell-shock

A

damage to the nervous system from the shock waves of explosions

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7
Q

What a lobotomy

A

Severing connections near the prefrontal cortex through the eye sockets.

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8
Q

What was there a shift to for determining psychological disorders

A

Looking at mothers

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9
Q

What did overly permissive mothers cause

A

Juveniles or antisocial children

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10
Q

What did mothers who smothered their sons cause

A

homosexuals

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11
Q

What did refrigerator mothers cause

A

Autism

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12
Q

What types of mothers would cause juveniles or antisocial children

A

Overly permissive mothers

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13
Q

What mothers would make homosexuals

A

mothers who smothered their sons

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14
Q

what mothers would make children w autism

A

refrigerator mothers

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15
Q

What was the first depressant medication

A

elavil

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16
Q

Whats the digestive theory

A

: Gut bacteria are thought to alter the body’s metabolism of dopamine and contribute to depression.

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17
Q

Whats the inflamed mind theory?

A

Inflammatory autoimmune disorders in childhood cause adult depression

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18
Q

What did turkemeiner et al focus on?

A

Children who are impoverished IQs are attributable to their environment rather than genetics.
Children who are well off have similar IQ’s to their parents.

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19
Q

Why does it take long to develop clinical tests for psychological disorders?

A
  1. No actual definition of a psychiatric illness
  2. Unclear biological findings
  3. Too much comparing healthy controls
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20
Q

Because of the lack of clinical tests, what was there a move towards

A

Stratified psychiatry

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21
Q

Whats stratified psychiatry?

A

: identifying biomarkers that stratify broad illness phenotypes into treatment-relevant subgroups, potentially revolutionising psychiatric diagnosis and treatment.

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22
Q

Whats an example of stratified psychiatry?

A

Genome-Wide Association Studies- studying multiple genes at same time without hypothesis

23
Q

Whats publication bias

A

Publication bias is when research doesn’t get published because the results achieved don’t align with the narrative being portrayed.
Larger more expensive studies are published irrespective of their results whereas smaller studies tend to get unpublished if they aren’t liked.

24
Q

What are ways to address publication bias?

A

Search for unpublished studies
Check for publication bias
Do larger studies

25
Q

What gene was associated w depression

A

5-HTTPLR- serotonin

26
Q

what did 5HTPPLR allegedly do

A

affected the amygyla- processes negative stimuli

HPA axis- stress

27
Q

What disorders did 5HTPPlr allegedly have an effect on?

A
  1. Seasonal affective disorder
  2. Insomnia
  3. Psychosis
  4. Alzheimer’s
  5. Nostalgia Proneness
28
Q

Who debunked 5Htpplr

A

Border et Al

29
Q

How did he

A

Stufied 600k ppl and found no effect, any study under 34k ppl would give an automatic false positive

30
Q

What did turner et al study

A

The effeicacy of dreoressants , wanted to see if publication bias played a role in these results

31
Q

Finding

A

Publication bias towards positive results
anti-depressants medication less than what was published

32
Q

How many deaths does suicide cause yearly

A

over 700k

33
Q

Whats a psychological autopsy?

A

Collecting info about the person who committed suicide through family/friends.

34
Q

What are the risk factors for suicide?

A

Mood disorders
Unemployment
Low SES
History of self-harm
Previous suicide attempt

35
Q

what lab methods were proposed in Albert little study

A

exposure

reconditioning: showing animals w positive stimulus

Distracting w sweets while sholwing

Reconstructing activities to help fear response

36
Q

What were incidental findings in Albert

A

Thumb sucking to block fear stimuli

Equal amount of love, fear and rage

37
Q

who is ADHD more common in?

A

Boys

38
Q

Whats the recommendation for ADHD trearment?

A

stepwise approach and then drugs, drugs not first poort of call

39
Q

Incentive sensituation theory

A

Drugs alter brain
So instead of incentive motivation and rewards

Drugs becomes stimuli and then concerned with wanting them and not the pleasurable effects

40
Q

Effect of SM on eating disorders and COVID

A

Women experienced less body satisfaction and greater body image difficulties

Viewing weight loss content made it worse

Higher binge frequency qhwn u spend more time on sm and consume more content

41
Q

What are OCD diagnoses

A

Highly heterogeneous- Vastly different symptom profiles.

42
Q

Whats goal directed control?

A

Ability to make decisions that align with our current needs and wants.

43
Q

What are goal directed deficits attributed to?

A

compulsivity.

44
Q

finding?

A
  • OCD diagnosis was not associated with a reduction in goal-directed control.
45
Q

Why drugs was Sybil given?

A

Thoraxine- antipsychotic with hallucinations

Intravenous barbiturates- causes fantasies which seem real

46
Q

what did the DSM 5 do to somatic symptom disorders?

A

Expanded it to allow for medically explained an dun medically explained symptoms to be considered disorders

47
Q

Issue with this?

A

The new definition is very loose making it easier to fall into that category.
This will result in inappropriate diagnoses of mental disorders and inappropriate medical decision-making.
The issue for women: Will be told that they are just catastrophising their medical symptoms

48
Q

Whats the strange perception/deficit theory of schizophrenia?

A

Loss of distinction between relevant and irrelevant stimuli, ie. They pay attention to stimuli that should be ignored

49
Q

What are abnormal beliefs an example of?

A

Probabilistic reasoning

50
Q

Whats belief formation?

A

a belief is a subjective probability that some proposition about the world is true- constantly updated with new evidence.

51
Q

controversy about if schizophrenia is real

A

Normal people can experience hallucinations when they are first waking up

Delusions can also be found in people with overt brain damage or ppl with physical defects like amputees,ie. Phantom pain

52
Q

Treatments for transgender ppl

A
  1. Puberty suppressors-GnRH- side effects:Hot flashes
  2. Treatment with testosterone/oestrogen
  3. Increasing mental health services
  4. Gender affirming surgery
53
Q

Whats the most stable personality disorder?

A

Avoidant

54
Q

Difference between personality and depression

A
  • People with personality disorders remained at or above the diagnostic threshold for 12 months compared to people with major depressive disorder

Psychological disorder (20 decks)

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