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Psychological disorder > Sex and Gender in DSM(COMPLETE) > Flashcards

Sex and Gender in DSM(COMPLETE) Flashcards

1
Q

Why is sex being referenced in a psychology class

A

sex is an important domain of functioning
psychological factors can cause cause difficulties and therefore significant distress/impairment

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2
Q

What are sexual dysfunctions?

A

Problems with desire, arousal, interest, climax or pain

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3
Q

What are paraphilic disorders?

A

Attraction to unusual sexual activities or objects

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4
Q

Background on sexual dysfunction

A

They are disorders where people do not respond normally in key areas of sexual functioning

Men and women are diagnosed based on differences of anatomy.

They can occur at different phases of the sexual response cycle.

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5
Q

What is the prevalence of sexual dysfunction of women and men in Ireland and in US and what’s the most common form of sexual dysfunction in Ireland?

A

31% of men in america
43% of women in america

49.6% of men in Ireland - most common is low sexual desire

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6
Q

What is normal sexuality

A

It has a wide variety of behaviours

But religious and cultural factors usually set the norms for:

What normal sexual practices are
Who normal sexual partners are
How often it should be engaged in
Gender roles

Back then modesty was perceived as good and ‘sex before marriage’ looked down on
But now the opposite

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7
Q

What are the 3 broad categories of sexual dysfunction?

A
  1. Desire, arousal and or interest
  2. Orgasm/climax
  3. Sexual pain
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8
Q

What are the other general DSM criteria for sexual dysfunction

A

Symptoms must be present for at least 6 months

Must lead to impairment or distress

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9
Q

What are the disorders of desire and what are the disorders?

A

Little or no interest in sexual activity that causes distress or impairment for self or partner

  1. Male hypoactive sexual desire disorder
  2. Erectile disorder
  3. Female sexual interest/ arousal disorder
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10
Q

What is male hypoactive sexual desire disorder?

A

The male may be able to get aroused but doesn’t experience any desire.

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11
Q

What is erectile disorder?

A

Failure to attain or maintain erection on at least 75% of sexual occasions

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12
Q

What is female sexual interest/arousal disorder?

A

Deficit in frequency in 3 of the following:

  • Interest in sex
  • Erotic thoughts or fantasies
  • Initiation of sex or response to initiation by
    partner
  • Excitement/pleasure
  • Interest/arousal by erotic cues
  • Genital or non-genital sensations
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13
Q

What is erectile dysfunction

A

Inability to attain, or to maintain until completion of the sexual
activity, an adequate erection

Sexual desire is usually intact

Most common problem for which men seek
treatment

Prevalence increases dramatically with age

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14
Q

What are the disorders of orgasm/ climax?

A
  1. Premature Ejaculation (men only)
  2. Delayed Ejaculation (men only)
  3. Female Orgasmic Disorder
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15
Q

What is Premature Ejaculation

A

Ejaculation with minimal sexual stimulation, less than a minute following insertion on more than 75% of occasions.

Common- 21%

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16
Q

What is Delayed Ejaculation?

A

Delay in, or absence of, orgasm following a normal sexual excitement phase during sexual activity.

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17
Q

What is female Orgasmic Disorder

A

Delay in, or absence of, orgasm following a normal sexual
excitement phase during sexual activity.
Common (24%)

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18
Q

What is the sexual pain disorder?

A

Genito-Pelvic Pain/Penetration Disorder

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19
Q

What are the criteria for Genito- pelvic pain disorder/penetration disorder?

A

women only

Inability to have vaginal/penetration during
intercourse

Marked vulvar, vaginal or pelvic pain during vaginal
penetration or intercourse attempts

Marked fear or anxiety about pain or penetration

Marked tensing of the pelvic floor muscles during
attempted penetration (formerly vaginismus)

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20
Q

What are the 2 categories of causes/aetiology of sexual dysfunciton?

A

Medical
Psychological/social/cultural

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21
Q

What’s the medical Aetiology of sexual dysfunction?

A

Diseases like diabetes, MS, spinal cord injuries

Hormones

Medication side effects, alcohol use, some antidepressants, heavy cigarette use

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22
Q

What’s the psychological/social/ cultural aetiology of sexual dysfunction?

A
  • Sexual Abuse
  • Depression, Anxiety, Panic Disorder
  • Low physiological arousal (e.g. exhaustion, stress)
  • Excessive worry (pregnancy, STIs, body image, performance)
  • Relationship factors (mismatch with desires, often poor communication)
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23
Q

What are the biological treatments for dysfunctional disorders?

A

Antidepressants/anxiolytic medication

Erectile dysfunction medication

Slidenafil/ Viagra
(phosphodietrase type 5 inhibitor PDE-5)
Increases blood flow to the penis when stimulated

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24
Q

What are the medical options for female sexual dysfuntion?

A

Its controversial due to rates of success being really low and because they come with a lot of side effects
Flibanserin- Addy which was approved in 2015 to boost sex drive

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25
Q

What are the psychological treatments for sexual dysfunction?

A

Psychosocial treatments
Individual/couple therapy
Psychoeducation can be very useful

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26
Q

What’s Masters and Johnson’s psychosocial intervention for sexual dysfunction

A

Education about sexual responses/ foreplay

Sensate focus therapy- focusing on having sex to achieve sensation without trying to achieve a climax

This decreases performance anxiety and improves intimacy

27
Q

What are paraphilias/ general criteria

A

Sexual attraction and arousal focused on
inappropriate people or objects

It manifests in fantasies, urges arousals

Has to be present for at least 6 months

Experiences clinically significant distress/ impairment
or
Acts on urges with a nonconsenting person

28
Q

What’s makes paraphilia disordered

A

Experiences clinically significant distress or impairment

Acts on urges with a nonconsenting person

Its not just a kink/ unconventional preference

29
Q

What are the DSM 5 categories of paraphilia

A
  1. Sexual desire/activity toward “inappropriate
    situations or stimuli
  2. Sexual desire/activity toward nonconsenting others
  3. Involving pain, suffering, humiliation
30
Q

What are the categories of paraphilia regarding:

Sexual desire/activity toward inappropriate situations or stimuli

A

Fetishistic Disorder

Transvestic Fetishism

These are not necessarily pathological

Only considered as disorders if they cause significant distress/impairment

31
Q

What’s fetishistic disorder?

A

Sexual attraction to nonliving objects as the preferred or exclusive source of arousal
e.g shoes or clothing or objects

32
Q

What’s transvestic Fetishism

A

Dresses in opposite sex clothing as primary means of
becoming sexually aroused

Not based on gender identity issues

Nothing to do with drag queens

33
Q

What are the categories of paraphilia regarding:
Sexual desire/activity toward nonconsenting others

A
  1. Voyeurism
  2. Exhibitionism
  3. Frotteurism
  4. Paedophillia

All of these are disorders cuz when they act on them its non-consensual

34
Q

What is voyeurism?

A

Desire/excitement with “peeping”: observing an
unsuspecting person undressing/etc

35
Q

What is exhibitionism?

A

Sexual gratification by exposing one’s self to
involuntary observers

36
Q

What is frotteurism

A

Sexual gratification by fondling a nonconsenting
person

Often in times of confinement (public transport, in a lift)

37
Q

What is paedophillia

A

Sexual desire or behaviours focused on children

Paedophiles are least 16 years old and 5 years older than the child (age 13 or under)

38
Q

What are the categories of paraphilia regarding:
Involving pain, suffering, humiliation

A
  1. Sadism
  2. Masochism

They may be disorders if they are non-consensual or cause distress/impairment

39
Q

What is sadism?

A

Sexual gratification obtained through inflicting pain and humiliation on one’s
partner

40
Q

What is masochism?

A

Sexual gratification obtained through experiencing pain and humiliation at the
hands of one’s partner

41
Q

What are the causes/ aetiology of paraphilias?

A

Biological

Environmental

Psychological/cognitive

42
Q

What are the biological aetiology of paraphilias

A
  • Much more prevalent in males, but no known role for hormones
43
Q

What is the environmental aetiology of paraphilias?

A

Two thirds of sexual offenders were abused as
children (3x more than non-sexual criminal offenders)

less than 5 percent of boys who are abused go on to abuse as adults (5x more than in those not abused).

44
Q

What is the psychological/cognitive aetiology of paraphilias?

A

Difficulty forming “normal” relationships, deficits in typical sexual experiences

Heightened impulsivity and poor emotion regulation

Lower IQ and more cognitive problems, lack of empathy

Alcohol (which disinhibits) often involved in incidents.

45
Q

What is the biological/medical treatment for paraphilias?

A

SSRIs

Chemical castration via hormonal- anti androgen drugs- which aim to lower testosterone and reduce sex drive

Medroxyprogesterone acetate- depo-provera

Cyproterone acetate- androcur

46
Q

What are the effects of medication treatment for paraphilias.

A

Reduces desire and fantasy dramatically, but they return after drug removal.

They are ethically dubious cuz they have harmful side effects and informed consent issues

Meta-Analysis w/ >1000 sexual offenders showed 30% drop in repeat offending following treatment.

47
Q

What are the psychological treatments for paraphilias

A

Enhancing motivation for change- telling them abs the legal consequences

Stimulus control(borrowed from relapse prevention)
Change lifestyle to reduce exposure to triggering situations,ie. blocking computer access

Cognitive therapy
Challenge thought distortions- the woman doesn’t want to be touched

Empathy training- consider how the behaviour affects others

48
Q

What is gender

A

Socially-constructed notion of what it means to be more
masculine or feminine. Can relate also to one’s perception of oneself as male, female, both, or neither

49
Q

What is sex

A

a person’s gender based on their genitals and sex
chromosomes

all embryos are identical for first 8 weeks

male hormones produce male development

50
Q

What’s a gender role

A

a person’s belief about how they should behave as a male or a female in society

51
Q

What are not considered as disorders unless they cause significant distress/impairment.

A

Fluid
nonbinary
cross-gender identity

52
Q

What is Disorders of Sex Development(formally intersex_

A

When a person is born with biological features of both sexes

Individuals with DSD often undergo surgical procedures right at birth (sex assignment) and may have hormone therapy after

Some but not all experience gender dysphoria

53
Q

What is gender dysphoria

A

A state of psychological distress that arises from a mismatch between one’s experienced/expressed gender and assigned
gender

54
Q

What’s the DSM 5 criteria for gender dysphoria in adults

A

At least 2 of the following

  1. A marked incongruence between one’s experienced/expressed
    gender and primary and/or secondary sex characteristics
  2. A strong desire to be rid of one’s primary and/or secondary sex
    characteristics
  3. A strong desire for the primary and/or secondary sex characteristics
    of the other gender
  4. A strong desire to be of the other gender
  5. A strong desire to be treated as the other gender
  6. A strong conviction that one has the typical feelings and reactions of
    the other gender

Lasting more than 6 months or causing significant distress/impairment

55
Q

What is the DSM 5 criteria for gender dysphoria in children?

A

Marked incongruence between experienced gender and natal
gender demonstrated by SIX of the following criteria present:

  1. Strong desire to be of the other gender/insistence that one is the
    alternative gender required criterion
  2. A strong preference for wearing clothing corresponding to the other
    gender (cross-dressing)
  3. Strong preference for cross-gender roles in play
  4. Strong preference for toys, games, activities stereotypically associated
    with the other gender
  5. Strong preference for playmates of other gender
  6. Rejection of games, play and activities typically associated with natal
    sex (i.e., rough and tumble play)
  7. Strong dislike of one’s sexual anatomy
  8. Desire for sex characteristics that match one’s experienced gender

Lasting more than 6 months or causing significant distress/impairment

56
Q

Why is the criteria for gender dysphoria stricter for children than for adults

A

to prevent over-diagnosis

57
Q

What’s the epidemiology of trans people

A

Estimated 25 million transgender ppl worldwide
Rising dramatically
More females seeking care

58
Q

What’s the etiology of gender dysphoria?

A

Genetic: not very compelling evidence

Hormones:Most trans ppl have no changed to sex hormones but the role of hormones in animals suggests they may:
Females injected with high doses of androgens in the newborn period show behaviour more typical of males
Males that are castrated or given anti-androgens show behaviour more
typical of females

Brain: Pre-treatment, some evidence that brains are more closely aligned with gender identity than physical sex characteristics

59
Q

How to not treat gender dysphoria

A

Reparative therapy- trying to make them accept their birth sex

Conversion therapy

60
Q

How to treat gender dysphoria

A

Gender confirmation surgery
Psychological evaluations
then hormones
then live as sex for years
then surgery

61
Q

What’s the satisfaction rate for ppl who get gender confirmation surgery?

A

75% satisfied

9% regret

62
Q

Should medical intervention occur in kids for gender dysphoria?

A

Gender nonconformity is increasingly common and may not lead to gender dysphoria

Support the exploration of gender identity

Affirm and encourage gender identity

Psychological support and family intervention

63
Q

Should gender dysphoria be classified as a mental disorder?

A

Yes: Then can be free in health care to treat

No: More damage and creating a stigma, ie homosexuality treated as mental illness until 1970s

64
Q
A

Psychological disorder (20 decks)

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