Childhood Disorders (COMPLETE) Flashcards

Question

Perinatal and prenatal factors in relation to ADHD

Answer 1

Perinatal- week 0 pregnancy to 1 year Prenatal- week 0 pregnancy to birth Low birth weight Heightened risk from mother intaking tobacco and alcohol during pregnancy

Answer 2

Lead- but the effect is very small Food additives may have a small effect on hyperactive behaviour but it doesn't cause ADHD No evidence that refined sugar causes ADHD

Answer 3

There's a misconception that parenting styles cause ADHD Although more commanding parenting styles have been associated Reasoning: Maybe a coping mechanism for parents to deal with the challenging behaviour. Parents are more likely to have ADHD. They may interact with genetic and neurological factors-ie. maternal warmth mitigates risk associated w low birth weight NB: NO EVIDENCE THAT IT CAN CAUSE ADHD

Answer 4

Stimulants like methylphenidate (Ritalin r amphetamines like adrenal.

Answer 5

Reduce disruptive behaviour and impulsivity Improve interactions with parents, teachers, peers Improve goal-directed behaviour and concentration Reduce aggression They are effective in about 75% of children with ADHD but have various side effects: loss of appetite weight loss sleep problems

Answer 6

ADHD linked to disruptionin dopamine function and prefrontal inhibitory control problems Methylphenidate increases dopaminergic (and noradrenergic) activity in the prefrontal cortex. It prevents the reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine and allows it to pass through to the post-synaptic neuron

Answer 7

Parental training: Monitoring behaviour and reinforcing appropriate behaviour. Not reducing symptoms but improving academic work, task completion, social skills Supportive class assignments Brief assignments immediate feedback task focused learning Breaks for exercise

Answer 8

Characterised by a pattern of engaging in behaviours that violate the rights of others.

Answer 9

1. Repetitive and persistent behaviour patterns that violates the basic rights of others or conventional social norms. 2. Must have 3/more in the past year and at least 1 in the previous 6 months: A. Aggression to people/ animals: Bullying initiating physical fights Physical cruelty to people/animals Forcing someone into sexual activity B. Destruction of property Setting fire to something Vandalism C. Deceitfulness/theft Breaking into house/car conning shoplifting d. Serious violation of rules Staying out at night before the age of 13 Skipping school/truancy before age of 13 3. Significant impairment in social/academic or occupational functioning

Answer 10

Substance abuse- 2 conditions make each other worse Internalising disorder

Answer 11

7% in adolescents more common in boys

Answer 12

1. Life course persistent- Antisocial behaviour evident from the age of 3 2. Adolescence limited- Person matures and grows out of it

Answer 13

Adolescence Because of pruning: The development of the prefrontal cortex grey matter is decreased Infrequently used connections are being eliminated Highest amount of arrest rates for homicide, rape, robbery, aggravated assault, and auto theft in adolescence

Answer 14

Genetic factors Neurobiological factors Psychological factors

Answer 15

40-50 percent of antisocial behaviour is heritable Callous unemotional traits are most heritable Genetics are a stronger influence the behaviours begin in childhood than in adolescence

Answer 16

Poor verbal skills, IQ Impaired emotional processing lower levels of rising skin conductance and heart rate suggests lower arousal levels( may be related to absence of fear/punishment)

Answer 17

Cognitive bias: neutral acts by others are perceived as hostile Environment: harsh and inconsistent parenting, poverty, peer influence

Answer 18

Act interpreted as hostile Is aggressive towards others others retaliate further angry aggression towards others Ongoing cycle

Answer 19

They must address the multiple systems involved in the childs life, ie. school, family, friends Multisystemic therapy family interventions

Answer 20

Involves identifying strengths using action focused interventions Weekly/daily family effort

Answer 21

Parental management training teaches parents to reward prosocial behaviour rather than punish antisocial behaviour

Answer 22

Intermittent explosive disorder Oppositional Defiant Disorder ODD

Answer 23

Recurrent verbal/physical aggressive outbursts that are out of proportion. Key difference: the aggression is impulsive and not pre-planned

Answer 24

The behaviours aren't the same an CD- trees no extreme physical aggressiveness Co-morbid with ADHD but more deliberate than ADHD

Answer 25

Depression Anxiety

Answer 26

Higher rates of suicide attempts and guilt Lower rates of: * Early morning awakening * Early morning depression * Loss of appetite * Weight loss

Answer 27

It can be difficult to treat psychotherapy has very modest effects CBT is no better than non-CBT therapies like psychodynamic Medications and therapy combined is the best option. However, there are concerns about medications- potential modest increased risk of suicide attempts- drug overdose

Answer 28

Separation anxiety disorder Social anxiety disorder

Answer 29

Worry about parental or personal safety when away from parents Typically, first observed when the child begins school

Answer 30

Child is extremely shy and quiet may exhibit selective mutism: refusal to speak in unfamiliar social settings

Answer 31

Genetics/Environment Psychological

Answer 32

30-50% heritability Parenting style plays a small role in anxiety disorders -4% of variance. Parental control > parental rejection

Answer 33

Emotional relation- internal feeling states Behavioural inhibition- distressed and withdraw in novel situations Attachment issues

Answer 34

a deep and enduring emotional bond that connects one person to another across time and space

Answer 35

Strange situation Mother leaves room comes back is child comforted- secure upset- insecure angry/insecure/avoidant

Answer 36

CBT- Kendalls coping cat programme 1. Psychoeducation 2. Exposure 3. Somatic management-relaxation techniques 4. Cognitive restructuring- new ways to think act fear 5.problem solving

Answer 37

Dyslexia Stuttering-childhood onset fluency disorder Tourrettes

Answer 38

Evidence of an inadequate development in the area concerned Not due to autism, lack of educational opportunity etc. The individual is usually of average/above garage intelligence

Answer 39

Difficulties in learning basic academic skills (reading, mathematics, or writing) inconsistent with person’s age, schooling, and intelligence Significant interference with academic achievement or activities of daily living

Answer 40

Dyscalculia Dyslexia

Answer 41

Problems producing/ understanding: numbers quantities basic arithmetic operations

Answer 42

Problems with Word recognition reading comprehension written work/spelling

Answer 43

Problems in language processing due to deficient phonological awareness less activity in the temporal, occipital and parietal regions during reading

Answer 44

Being able to identify units of oral language Being able to analyse sounds and their relationship to printed words A person with dyslexia has problems naming familiar objects rapidly as well as delays learning syntactic rules, ie. the correct order of words in a phrase

Answer 45

Multi-sensory instruction for reading, righting listening skills Readiness skills- to prepare for learning to read Phonics instructions] Support in school

Answer 46

Characterized by significant limitations both in 1. intellectual functioning and 2. in adaptive behaviour as expressed in conceptual, social, and practical adaptive skills.

Answer 47

Limitation in: Intellectual functioning,ie problem solving adapt behaviour, ie. communication skills Before the age of 18

Answer 48

Genetic or chromosomal abnormalities: 1. Down syndrome 2. Fragile-X - syndrome 3. Recessive gene syndrome Infectious disease- maternal rubella Poisoning Note: A primary cause can only be identified in 25 percent of people

Answer 49

THE GOAL IS NOT TO CURE BUT TO IMPROVE LEVEL OF FUNCTIONING. Residential treatment- promoting independence Applied behaviour treatment- teaching skills for self care Cognitive treatment- problem solving strategies

Answer 50

Affects communication, social interactions, play, interest and behaviour The symptoms become present ant 3 years of age and are lifelong Spectrum: varies in severity Have problems living in a social world Neglect eye region: this may be the reason why they have difficulties perceiving emotions of other people

Answer 51

The understanding that other people have different thoughts, feelings, emotions etc. Develops between ages 2-5 normally However children with austim are delayed in achieving this DEVELOPMENTAL MILESTONE and are less able to understand other pals perspectives and emotional reactions

Answer 52

Communication deficits Babbling less frequent Echoloalia: repeat phrases overheard Need for repetitive actions and rituals Preoccupation with patterns/ sequences Upset if routine is disturbed

Answer 53

A. Deficits in social communication and social interactions: 1. Deficits in social or emotional reciprocity (back and forth) 2. Deficits in nonverbal behaviours (e.g. eye contact) 3. Deficit in development of peer relationships (appropriate to developmental stage) B. Restricted, repetitive behavior patterns interest or activities (at least 2): 1. Stereotyped or repetitive speech, motor movements or object use 2. Excessive adherence to routines, rituals (incl. resistance to change) 3. Restricted interests, e.g. abnormally focused on parts of objects 4. Hyper/Hypo-Reactivity to sensory input (e.g. lights, spinning objects, sounds) C.Onset in early childhood D.Impaired functioning

Answer 54

It is increasing in prevalence why: better identification, more inclusive criteria 5x more common in boys

Answer 55

Not vaccines Genetics: Very strong genetic link rare mutaitons in genes Common variants may contribute to a large proportion of genetic liability for ASD

Answer 56

Abnormality in brain size connectivity brain size normal or large but Pruning of neurons may not be occurring

Answer 57

Intellectual disability/IQ of less than 70 is common IDD score poorly on ALL parts of IQ test ASD poorly on subtests related to language, sequential logic symbolism, abstract thought Sensorimotor development intact Sometimes have great talent in isolated areas, ie. recall/multiplying large numbers.

Answer 58

Psychological treatments aimed at improving social communication. and promoting socially appropriate behaviours Example: Applied behavioural analysis Symbolic play

Answer 59

Created by Lovaas Most widely used therapy but some ppl say its routines are cruel and is aims are misguided.

Answer 60

Neurodivergence refers to differences in how people’s brains works Views autism as different cognitive style that is exacerbated by social structures and expectations Therefore a balance approach is needed: Some autistic people have very serious needs and need evidence-based supports – in a way that is neuroinclusive and supports the development of a positive autistic identity. Psychosocial interventions and learning supports are therefore favoured. But behavioural approaches (i.e., ABA) may be important for some challenging behaviours if these don’t work.

Answer 61

Haloperidol- antipsychotic which reduces Aggression stereotypes and social withdrawal HOWEVER: not as effective as the psychological treatments as they don't address core symptoms,like language.

Answer 62

Some that have childhood onset tend to have a chronic course like IDD and autism and are managed through the lifespan The treatments don't intend to cure but allow them to gain independence and thrive. Others manifest into adult mental health conditions(internalised and externalised disorders) and can be treated.