Study Guide Material Flashcards
MMPI Scales
Healthy Depressed Hot People Generally Push People Slowly, Highly, Softly:
- Hypochondriasis
- Depression
- Hysteria
- Psychopathic Deviate
- Gender
- Paranoia
- Psychasthenia
- Schizophrenia
- Hypomania
- Social Introversion
MMPI L, F, K
L = Lie (high fake good) F = infrequent responding (high fake bad, cry for help) K = corrective (coping resources - low/high defensive)
Biofeedback (EMG)
health of muscle and nerves matching them - good for muscle injury, pain
Biofeedback (Galvanic Skin Response)
electrodermal activity
measures electrical conductivity of skin
good for anxiety
Biofeedback (EEG)
modify brainwave activity
good for anxiety, stress, ADHD
Biofeedback (Respiration Feedback)
breathing activity
good for anxiety, asthma, hyperventilation
Biofeedback (Finger Pulse)
blood pressure and heart rate, good for anxiety, HTN, cardiac conditions
Biofeedback (Thermal Feedback)
measures skin temp
good for migraines, train to vasodilate
Hypnosis
- Absorption (engrossed)
- Dissociation (altered consciousness)
- Suggestibility (decreased inhibition)
Used for:
Dissociative D/O,
Conversion D/O,
PTSD, Phobias, GAD;
NOT used for:
Psychotics,
Paranoids,
OCD
Alcohol
sedation/anesthesia
Withdrawal - agitation, nausea, seizures, hallucinations
Cocaine Withdrawal
low mood, fatigue/insomnia, increased appetite, vivid dreams, psychomotor changes
Marijuana
no long term effects, physical dependence, or withdrawal symptoms
Job Analysis
- Develop/validate selection instruments
- ID measures of job performance
- Assist in developing training programs
Work Samples
less adverse impact
motor more valid
Interviews
less valid unfavorable info carries more weight, decisions made early in interviews, judge on superficial traits, past-oriented and structured with job analyses more effective
Personnel Selection Types
Multiple Regression - compensatory (additive)
Multiple Cutoff - min on each measure (conjunctive)
Multiple Hurdle - pass before next level
Holland’s Personality Typologies
RIASEC
- Realistic - manipulation of machinery
- Investigative - analytical, curious
- Artistic - expressive, non-conforming
- Social - work w/ others
- Enterprising - manipulation to obtain goals/money
- Conventional - data, filing, etc.
satisfaction, longevity, and productivity increase with personality-environment fit
ROE’s Fields and Levels Theory
Experiences with parents leads to occupational choice and success;
3 parenting orientations (overprotective, avoidant, acceptant);
8 job fields; 6 job levels
Super’s Life Career Development Theory
self-concept related to career choice, stage model, Rainbow - 9 roles adapted during stages
5 Stages: Growth Exploration Establishment Maintenance Decline
Career Maturity - mastering stage tasks
Tiedman and O’Hare’s Decision-Making Model
Based on Erikson’s Identity Stages
Differentiation and Integration - making distinctions about self and environment and unifying these aspects
realizing job doesn’t fit with personality
Personal Reality (right for self) vs. Common Reality (society/others think is right for you)
Theory Z
combo of Theory A (USA) and Theory J (Japan)
J with individual responsibility and moderately specialized career path
Japanese have longer employment duration, slow promotion, consensual decision-making, collective responsibility, holistic knowledge
Leadership Styles (Lewin, Lipitt, White)
Autocratic - increased productivity, especially with routine work; high when leader is present, low when absent; Groups (aggressive, dependent, self-oriented)
Democratic - increased satisfaction and creativity ; good productivity not effected by presence of leader; most liked; groups (friendly, group centered task oriented)
Laissez-faire - low productivity, increases when absent
Theory X
Old way, poor view of workers
X out personal concerns, cross/stern unfeeling taskmasters
Theory Y
workers are ambitious and require freedom and autonomy
encourage Y questions
Fiedler’s Contingency
High LPC
Relationship Oriented
moderately favorable
Fiedler’s Contingency
Low LPC
Task Oriented
low or highly favorable
Hersey and Blanchard Styles
Responsibility
Low High
A
B Telling Selling
I
L
I Participating
T Delegating
Y
Telling - high task, low relationship
Selling - high task and relationship
Participating - low task and high relationship
Delegating - low task, and relationship
Organizational Change -
Empirical-Rational
people are rational; if given all info they will act in accordance with self-interest
Organizational Change -
Normative-Re-educative
social norms underlie group behavior; change attitudes to bring acceptance of change
Organizational Change -
Power-Coercive
uses rewards and punishment to coerce
Driver’s Decision Making Styles
Satisficers/Maximizers - amount of info needed to make decision
Unifocus/Multifocus - focus/goal/outcome
- Decisive - S/U - inflexible, short-sighted
- Flexible - S/M - fast but willing to change, little structure
- Hierarchic - M/U - thorough, rigid, over-controlling
- Integrative - M/M - value creativity, best with groups
- Systemic - 3/4 combo
Decisive and Flexible - simple and quick response
Others - long-term and costly decisions
understand your style, work with people with different styles, match job to your style
Maslow
Phyisological, safety, love/belong, esteem, self-actualization
Goal-Setting Theory
Max - specific, moderate difficulty, frequent feedback
Management by objective - employee and supervisor agree to specific, measurable goals
- positive impact on performance
- incentives do not help
- group goals may be more valuable
- no gender differences
Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory
Satisfaction vs. Dissatisfaction
Hygiene - Dissatisfiers, job factors (pay, benefits, setting, relationships with coworkers) - absence = dissatisfied; presence not satisfied
Motivator - satisfiers, job enrichment (responsiveness, growth, decision making, more responsibility) [satisfaction and productivity] and job enlargement (more/different work w/out responsibility) [satisfaction only] - presence = satisfaction; absence not dissatisfied
Work Schedules
Compressed work week (no change in productivity; physical work suffers; lower absenteeism; increased job satisfaction; women like it less)
Flextime (higher satisfaction and attitude; lower absenteeism and tardiness; unclear effect on productivity)
Shift work (rotating worse than night, lower productivity, higher accidents, more health problems, young adapt better)
Hindbrain
Cerebellum - balance, coordination, posture (ataxia)
Brainstem
- pons (myelencephalon, raphe nuclei) - regulates state of arousal, triggers and maintains slow wave sleep
- medulla oblongata (metencephalon) - breathing, heart rate, BP, digestion (damage fatal)
Midbrain
Mesencephalon:
- substantia nigra - extrapyramidal motor system, modulates smoothness, initiation, and termination of movement
- reticular formation -
sleep, arousal, pain,
touch, reflexes (reticular activating system - maintaining waking state and attention)
Forebrain
Diencephalon:
- hypothalamus - homeostasis (5 F’s)
- thalamus - central sensory relay (not smell)
Telencephalon:
- cerebral cortex - 4 lobes
- basal ganglia - voluntary movement
- limbic system -mediates emotional component of bx (amygdala - attaching emotional meaning, aggression, damages causes lack of response;
septum - inhibits emotion
hippocampus - memory consolidation, anterograde amnesia)
Acetylcholine (Ach)
movement and memory
too much - paralysis
too little - memory (Alzheimer’s Disease and Huntington’s Disease)
mediates sexual bx and REM sleep
Catecholamines
Cats Not Dogs
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine
Dopamine
personality, mood, drive states
Norepinephrine
mood, pain, sleep
Low = Depression
High = Schizophrenia, and Axiety
Catecholamine Hypothesis
Low = Depression High = Mania
Dopamine
Low = Parkinson’s Disease (substantia nigra in the basal ganglia) - L-Dopa treats movement symptoms
High = Schizophrenia, Mania
Serotonin
mood, aggression, sex, sleep onset, pain, schizophrenia
Low = Depression (permissive hypothesis - low levels permit mood dx, but norepinepherine determines mania or depression)
Anxiety, aggression, sleep, pain, obesity
GABA
most common
inhibitory
low = Anxiety, epileptic seizures, Huntington’s Disease
Glutamate
Excitatory
Memory, long term potentiation, and brain damage from stroke
Pituitary Gland
- master endocrine gland
- affected by hypothalamus
- growth and anti-diuretic hormones
Hypopituitarism
dwarfism and pubertal delay in kids, gonadal failure in adults;
hypothyroidism, diabetes, adrenocortical insufficiency
Hyperpituitarism
Acromegaly - after puberty
Gigantism - before puberty
Hyperthyroidism
excessive thyroxin
weight loss, increased appetite, heat sensitivity, sweating, diarrhea, tremor and palpitations, fatigue, agitated depression, insomnia, impaired memory and judgment, hallucinations and delusions
Grave’s Disease
Hypothyroidism
weight gain, sluggishness, fatigue, impaired memory and intellectual functioning, sensitivity to cold, dry skin, puffiness, sparse hair, decreased cardiac output, personality changes, paranoid delusions, delirium, mania, hallucinations
Pancreas
- Insulin
- absorbs glucose and amino acids
- under-secretion of insulin results in diabetes
- hypoglycemia - over secretion
Hypoglycemia
low blood sugar
nervousness, irritability, trembling, cold sweats, fatigue, rapid heart rate, hunger, headache, confusion
Hyperglycemia
high blood sugar
diabetes
increased thirst and urination, dehydration, fatigue and weakness, abdominal pain, nausea, loss of appetite
Adrenal Cortex
near kidneys
coritco steroids (cortisol) - makes liver convert energy to glucose (fuel); elevated by stress; peaks mid-day
influences adrenocortitropic hormone from pituitary
Addison’s Disease - low - apathy, weakness, irritability, depression, gastrointestinal disturbance
Cushing’s Disease - high - agitated depression, irritability and emotional lability, memory and concentration, suicide, adiposity (swelling and fattening) of face, neck, and trunk
Frontal Lobe Injury
paralysis, sequencing, problem solving, mood lability, language expression (Broca’s), depressive and psychopathic syndrome
Parietal Lobe Injury
anomia, agraphia, alexia, apraxia, eye/hand coordination, left right confusion
(processes touch, pressure, pain, temperature)
Occipital Lobe Injury
word blindness, illusions, movement and color agnosias, reading and writing problems
Temporal Lobe Injury
language comprehension (Wernicke's), prosopagnosia, IDing objects, STM loss, LTM problems, selective attention temporal lobe epilepsy - intense emotions, religious interests, socially clingy
Brainstem Injury
sleep, balance, and breathing/respiratory problems
Cerebellum Injury
fine movement coordination, slurred speech, inability to walk, rapid movement problems
Right Lobe Damage
apathy, indifference, short-lived emotional responses,
quick and impulsive (left takes control)
Left Lobe Damage
worse than right, depression, anxiety
slow and cautious (right takes control)
Tonic Clonic Seizure
Generalized Tonic - stiff contraction Clonic - shaking of limbs grand mal - dramatic, convulsions throughout body, loss of consciousness; headache, confusion, fatigue, amnesia for seizure after
Absence Seizure
Generalized Thalamus Petit mal - more common in kids before age 5 - 1 - 30 secs - brief changee in consciousness, blinking or rolling of eyes, blank stare, slight mouth movements
Simple Partial Seizures
focal area up to half the body
remains conscious
describes it in detail later
Jacksonian Seizures
start localized motor with spread to adjacent brain areas
Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
Complex Partial Seizures
preceded by an aura, purposeless bx, lip smacking, unintelligible speech, impaired consciousness
Sleep Stages
BAT DR
Beta - active awareness
Alpha - drowsy
(1) -brief transitional stage
Theta (2) - Spindles, K complexes - longest times in sleep
Delta (3-4) - deep sleep
REM - vivid dreams, no muscle tone, EEG aroused but responsivity is low (100 min 4-6x/night)
REM Deprivation - anxiety, irritability, lower cog functioning; REM rebound
Insomnia - low delta sleep
Nightmare - REM
Sleep Terror and Sleepwalking - Delta (3/4)
Brain Imaging Techniques
Structural vs. Functional
Structural Imaging
CT scans - xrays, tumors, clots, tissues damage, structural abnormalities
MRI - more percise
Functional Imaging
PET - brain dysfunction due to stroke, epilepsy, tumor, dementia, distribution of nerotransmitters
SPECT
fMRI
Threats to Internal Validity
History (random selection/assignment),
Maturation (matching, randomization),
Testing (control group),
Instrumentation (control group, alternative form reliability),
Statistical Regression (Omit extreme scores),
Selection (Random assignment/selection), Mortality (matching and omission),
Experimenter Bias (double blind)
Control:
Blocking, ANCOVA
Threats to External Valitidy
Selection (Random selection),
History,
Testing (matching, naturalistic observation),
Demand characteristics (blind, control),
Hawthorne Effect (control),
Order Effects (couterbalance, treatment order, multiple groups)
MultiTrait/MultiMethod Matrix
Reliability = High MM
Convergent Validity = High MH
Discriminant Validity = HH lower than HM
Prototypical Leaders
best match the qualities of the group at any given time.
Most productive in cohesive groups; less productive but still productive in low cohesive groups
Baumrind Parenting Styles
Responsivity (Warmth) and Demandingness (Control)
- Authoritarian - High Control; Low Warmth
- irritable, aggressive, dependent, low sense of responsibility, low self-esteem, low academics - Authoritative - Balance of both (high both)
- assertive, self-confident, socially responsible, good grades - Permissive - Low Control; High Warmth
- impulsive, self-centered, easily frustrated, low achievement and low independence - Rejecting-Neglecting - Low on both (hostile)
- low self-esteem, impulsive, mood, aggressive; juvenile delinquents
lack of supervision and inconsistent (or harsh) punishment are highly correlated with delinquency and antisocial friends
Kohlberg Gender Role Development
Gender Role IS Cool
Role (from birth)
Identity - 2-3 (male/female)
Stability - same over time
Consistency - 6-7 same b/w contexts
Suicide Risk
SOARS 1 Serious Previous Attempt 2 Older than 45 3 Alcohol 4 Rage History 5 Sex (male)
SAD PERSONS 1 Sex (male) 2 Age (young, elderly) 3 Depression 4 Previous attempts 5 Ethanol and other drugs 6 Reality testing/Rational though (loss) 7 Social support (lack) 8 Organized suicide plan 9 No spouse Sickness/ 10 Stated future intent
Precentrual Gyrus
Primary Motor Cortex
Postcentral Gyrus
Primary Somatosensory Cortex
Alzheimer’s Stage 1
1-3 years
Anterograde Amnesia, visuospatial skills (wandering), indifference, irritability, sadness
Alzheimer’s Stage 2
2-10 years
retrograde amnesia, flat or labile moods, restlessness and agitation, delusions, ideomotor apraxia (can’t translate ideas into movement)
Alzheimer’s Stage 3
8-12 years
severely deteriorated intellectual functioning, limb rigidity, incontinence
Causes of Dementia
Vitamin deficiency (B12, folate, thiamine) Anoxia Diabetes Infection (HIV) Hydrocephalus Hypothyroid (endocrine issues)
Aphasia
Language Production
Dysarthia - articulation problems due to lesion
Apraxia
Motor Movement
Ideomotor - can’t carry out commands
Constructional - can’t draw simple figures or follow block patterns
Agnosia
Sensory Processing (can’t recognize familiar objects)
Visual - sight recognition
Aperceptive - visual distortions prevent recognition
Associative - disconnect b/w visual and language areas
Prosopagnosia - faces
Alexia
Reading from lesion (word blindness)
Agraphia
Writing
Anomia
Naming
Agrammatism
Omission of Words
Anarthria
Speech Production
TCA’s
vegetative symptoms, panic, agoraphobia, OCD
2-6wks to work
Adverse Effects:
cardiovascular symptoms, seizures, nausea, anticholonergic effects; OD - cardiac arrhythmia, sudden death
SSRI’s
Depression, OCD, Eating Disorders
Adverse Effects:
Gastrointestinal disturbances, insomnia, anxiety, headaches, dizziness, anorexia, tremor, frequent urination, sexual dysfunction
MAOI’s
atypical depression
diet restrictions
Adverse Effects:
Anticholonergic effects, insomnia, agitation, confusion, skin rash, weight gain, edema, headache, dizziness, tremor, blood dyscrasia, hypertensive crisis
Episodic Headaches
once in a while, 30 mins to an hour
Chronic Headaches
most days out of the month and last days at a time
Tension Headaches
dull ache all over head, not throbbing, tender or sensitive neck forehead, scalp, or shoulder muscles
Cluster Headaches
severe burning and piercing pain around or behind one eye or on one side of face at a time;
swelling, redness, flushing, sweating, nasal congestion, and eye tearing on one side can occur;
15 mins - 3 hrs with 1-4 a day around the same times, can be daily for months at a time;
more common in spring and fall and in men
Migraines
Classic (aura) and Common (no aura)
2-72 hrs. pulsating, half of head but can be bilateral
nausea, vomiting, light sound and smell sensitivity, physical activity makes worse
more boys than girls and women then men
Hospitalization
Males 25-44 M - 18-24 F - 45-64 never married minority
Traits of Leaders
moderated by characteristics of supervisees, task, and nature of work
intelligence, drive, creativity, stress-tolerance, confidence, integrity
House’s Path-Goal Theory of Leadership
satisfaction and motivation maxed when believe leader is helping
- ID way to reach goals
- Remove obstacles
- Reward when met
4 Styles:
- Instrumental (Directive) - specific guidelines, clear rules and procedures
- Supportive - supportive relationships
- Participative - include worker in decision making
- Achievement-Oriented - set challenging goals and encourage higher levels of performance
Best style depends on situation
Vroom and Yetton’s Normative Model of Leadership
5 styles based on decision making process;
Uses a decision making tree;
- AI (Autocratic) - no consultation, make own decisions
- AII (Autocratic) - inform others but make own decisions
- CI (Consultive) - discuss individually then decide
- CII (Consultive) - discuss with groups then decide
- GII (Group) discuss and decide with consensus
Organizational Development Stages
- Entry - ID need
- Contracting - specify terms
- Diagnosis - assess problem, collect data
- Feedback - share data w/ org.
- Planning - develop action plan
- Intervention - enact plan
- Evaluation - assess progress
Quality of Work Life Intervention (QWL)
org. effectiveness improves satisfaction and motivation
job restructure or redesign to make more challenging and provide greater participation in decision-making
Quality Circles - discuss improvement (no penalty for suggestions, support from management)
Process Consultation
target communication, decision-making, and conflict resolution
Gender and IO
less attractive women and more attractive men judged as more suitable
women - interpersonal and task accomplishment styles; participatory decision making; men use autocratic or directive decision making
rate female managers less favorably (esp. when using male styles) when they are majority, more favorable
Alderfer’s ERG Theory
3 needs, no hierarchy
Existence
Relatedness
Growth
McClelland’s Need for Achievement
Achievement is primary motivator
high - autonomy, mod difficult goals, seek recognition, put in effort, job longevity;
related to entrepreneurial success;
can build through training
Power - more effective managers, want control, status, recognition
Affiliation - interpersonal relationships, sensitive to criticism, avoid conflict
Job Characteristics Model
More meaningful when: Skill Variety - more skills Task Identity - whole tasks Task Significance - important Autonomy - make decisions Feedback - build-in
motivation and satisfaction improve, no effect on quality;
good with need for personal growth
Expectancy Theory
VIE
Valence - rewards are desirable
Instrumentality - successful performance will result in reward
Expectancy - effort will lead to successful performance
Engineering Psychology
change job to fit employee
Sex Hormones
gonads - primary source
adrenal glands - small amounts
hypothalamus signals pituitary to release hormones which cause the gonads to produce androgens and estrogen
Estrogen - sexual development and reproduction
Progesterone - health reproductive system functioning and placenta
Menopause - drop in all 3; E - menopausal symptoms and osteoporosis; hormone replacement therapy increases risk of breast cancer
spinal cord injury - erection no ejaculation
Endocrine System
Hormone secreting glands that act on organs and influence other secretions
Pituitary Gland Adrenal Cortex Gonads Thyroid Gland Pancreas
Thyroid Gland
- thyroxin
- controls metabolism
- cretinism or hypothyroidism
Vision
Rods - motion, light and dark, sensitive to brightness; good in low light; dispersed and at periphery of retina
Cones - color, fine detail, daylight, center of retina
Audition (Hearing)
- audible frequency (20-20,000 cycles/sec)
- amplitude = loudness (120 decibels = pain)
- timbre = complexity of waves
auditory localization - present at birth, declines 1-4m, fully developed at 1yr
Smell and Taste
smell goes through limbic system - primitive
feeding, sex, aggression in animals
taste most intense during infancy
Psychophysics
Absolute Threshold - can be felt
Difference Threshold - just noticeable difference
based on equal psychological differences not physiological
Brain Tumors
kids - brain stem or cerebellum
adults - cerebral cortex
1st signs - depression, anxiety, psych problems
Symptoms - dull headaches, seizures, nausea, vision/hearing changes, neurological issues
Stroke
sudden severe blood flow to brain
hemiplegia, sensory loss, dementia, gate disturbance, incontinence
50% die soon after, 10% recover fully
most improvement 1st 6m
physical symptoms improve quicker than cognitive symptoms
Head Trauma
open - no LOC, local and quick recovery
closed - widespread damage, LOC, amnesia, 6-9m recovery, personality and motor issues may persist, duration of anterograde amnesia is best predictor of recovery
Antipsychotics
neuroleptics/traditional/typical:
- positive symptoms
- tardive dyskinesia
Atypical or Novel:
pos and neg symptoms
- Clozaril - no extrapyramidal or tardive dyskinesia, but agranulocytosis
side effects based on potency:
high - extrapyramidal (akathisa - most prevalent and causes discontinued use - internal agitation)
low - anticholinergic, sedation, hypotension (dizzy when standing), seizure
all - weight gain, increased appetite, decreased activity, sexual dysfunction,
Sedatives, Hypnotics, Anxiolytics
Benzos: GAD, panic, insomnia, alcohol withdrawal, epilepsy
- drowsy, sedate, weight gain, apathy, dry mouth, GI, paradoxical excitation, motor issues, sexual dysfunction, anterograde amnesia with IV use
- addictive and fatal if mixed with alcohol or CNS depressants
Barbiturates: not used, addictive and abused, drug of choice for suicide, interrupts RAS impulses
Beta-Blockers: hypertension and migraines, performance anxiety
- bradycardia, hypotension, sexual dysfunction, fatigue, parasthesia, memory impairment
Psychostimulants
mimic cats in the brain
ADHD and Narcolepsy
- decreased appetite, insomnia, stomach aches, dysphoria, OCD symptoms, growth suppression, exacerbate tics
Narcotic-Analgesics
natural opioids (opium, morphine, codeine) derivatives (heroin, percodan, demeral, methadone) - pupil constriction, lower visual acuity, perspiration, GI, respiratory depression addictive
Drug Admin Routes
1) Inhaling (smoking)—7-10 seconds: lungs→heart→brain
2) Intravenous injection (via needle into vein)—15-30 seconds: bloodstream→heart→lungs→heart→ rain
3) Intramuscular injection (via needle into muscle); subcutaneous injection (via needle under skin)—3-5 minutes: absorbed into bloodstream→heart→lungs→heart→ brain
mucosal absorption: a) insufflation, snorting into nose ; b) buccal, placing next to gums; or c) sublingual, placing under tongue—3-5 minutes: absorbed through mucous membranes into bloodstream→heart→lungs→heart→brain
4) Mucosal absorption, rectal or vaginal—10-15 minutes
5) Ingesting, oral administration—20-30 minutes: stomach→small intestine→liver→heart→lungs→heart→brain
6) Transdermal, skin patch—1-2 days…slow sustained delivery of drug, rather than fast delivery of large amount
Medial Forebrain Bundle
Pleasure/Reward Pathway
Mesolimbic Dopamine Pathway
motivation and reinforcement; links bx and experience with emotions - leads to learning and strong memories for bx (increased glutamate)
increase drug and decrease natural/instinctual drives
glutamate system impacts prefrontal cortex’s ability to accurately analyze risks and make decisions
Endogenous
created inside the body
Exogenous
taken in from outside the body
Occipital Scotoma
holes in the visual field due to lesions in Occipital Lobe
Superior Colliculus Vision
Blind Sight - vision reflex that allows people to process visual information and respond to it without being able to “see”
Visual Ventral Pathway
lower pathway goes to Temporal Lobe - what system
form and color processing
Visual Dorsal Pathway
upper pathway goes to Parietal Lobe - where/how system
object location and motion processing
Color wave lengths
BiG Red
Blue - Green - Red
Achromatopsia
color blindness, hypersensitivity to light, poor visual acuity
Monocular Depth
seeing depth based on cues - pictorial, aerial perspective, texture gradients, interposition, shading, size, blur
Binocular Vision
uses both eyes and how the image hits your eyes
Accommodation - adjust shape of lens (wide vs. tight)
Convergence - angle of your eyes
Geons
elements that make of standard geometric shapes that are added together to perceive complex figures
Visual Apperceptive Agnosia
cannot perceive the object correct and therefore recognition is impacted
can’t name by sight but can by touch
Visual Associative Agnosia
perception is intact, but recognition is damaged
recognizes familiar object but unable to name it
Endogenous Spatial Attention
voluntarily directing visual attention to a spatial location
top-down/active attention
Exogenous Spatial Attention
involuntarily directing visual attention to a spatial location
(bottom-up/passive attention)
Cross-Modal Attention
stimulation in one sense modality serves to direct attention in another modality
hear a noise - look in that directions
Change Blindness
failure to detect that an object has moved, changed, or disappeared
Inattention Blindness
failure to notice an unexpected object in a visual display
Hemi-Spatial Neglect
failure to attend to one half of an object or visual space (left neglected)
right parietal lesions only; left lesions do not cause right neglect
Simultanagnosia
inability to attend to more than one object at a time
bilateral parietal-occipital damage
Optic Ataxia
normal visual perception and arm/hand movements
but impaired at visually- guided reaching to touch or grab
Rehearsal
Maintenance - simple repetition
Elaborative - semantic processing, linking material to other material in memory (deeper analysis are better than shallow analyses) - better than mnemonics
Encoding Specificity Principle
retrieval is best when there is a match b/w presentation of info at encoding and retrieval
basis for mood/state/context dependent memory
Forgetting
autobiographical memories - slower decay
older will decay more slowly than newer ones of similar strength
slower decay for implicit than explicit memory
Nonassociative Learning
Part of Implicit Memory
Desensitization and Habituation
Preserved Cognition in Amnestic Disorders
- Basic Attention (digit span)
- Intelligence/Cognitive Ability
- Implicit Memory
Associative Learning
part of Implicit Memory
classical and operant conditioning
amygdala and cerebellum
Perceptual/Repetition Priming
seen or heard the stimulus before
Conceptual/Semantic Priming
semantically similar priming
Fork — Spoon
Measures of Implicit Memory
demonstration of procedural tasks
priming tasks - related to conditioning and discriminative variables
Perceptual-Functional Theory of Memory
Living things categorized by perception (temporal lobe)
Non-living things categorized by function (frontal-parietal regions)
more perceptual then functional descriptors
brain damage leads to more difficulty with living objects
Coherence and Correspondence with autobiographical memory
coherence - consistent with current goals and beliefs
correspondence - accuracy of memory
coherence wins out over time
Levels of Language Processes
Phonological - sounds
Morphological - word forms
Syntactic - grammatical structure
Semantic - meaning
Perception, comprehension, production
Problems faced by Listeners
Rate - 10 phonemes/sec average (50-60 upper range)
segmentation - trouble separating out or distinguishing words from the pattern of speech sounds
Co-articulation - separating overlapping adjacent articulations
degraded speech - environmental noise
Language Comprehension
Parsing - analysis of syntactical/grammatical structure
semantics - literal meaning
pragmatics - intended meaning
Anomia
word-finding problems
Agrammatism
speech production lacks grammatical structure and many function words and word endings are omitted
Jargon Aphasia
speech is reasonably correct grammatically but with great problems finding the right words to say, with many neologisms produced
