Developmental Flashcards
Bronfenbrenner
Little Messes Exist All the Time: micro meso exo macro chrono
Genotype
genetic makeup
Phenotype
observable characteristics
Language Development
cry coo babble - 6-10 comprehension - 9-10 echolalia - 9-10 holophrasic - one word sentences (12-18) telegraphic - 2 words (18-24)
15m - 10 words
18m - 50 words
24m - 200 words
2.5 - 3 yrs rapid vocab
6m - babble restricted
Nativist View of Language Development
Chomsky
innate language acquisition device (LAD)
Nurturist View of Language Development
imitation and reinforcement
Interactionist View of Language Development
inborn mechanism influenced by biological and cognitive maturation and environment
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
language influences how we think; speakers of different languages think differently
Piaget Cognitive Development
ideographic approach epigenesis - must master previous stage first; constructivism - develop new knowledge based on foundation of previous learning and interacting with environment; peers more important than parents; 4 Stages: 1. Sensorimotor 2. Preoperational 3. Concrete Operational 4. Formal Operations
Sensorimotor
B-2 Object Permanence; Mental Images; Separation and Stranger Anxiety; Symbolic Representation at end (language)
Preoperational
2-7
Intuitive Thinking;
Egocentrism - can’t take perspective of others;
Phenomenalistic Causality - magical thinking about temporal events causing one another;
Animism;
Irreversibility - can’t mentally undo
Centration - focus on 1 aspect of a problem at at time (mom or sis but not both; length not amount)
Concrete Operational
7-11
egocentric thought replaced with operational thought:
logical, serialize, order using more than 1 dimension, reason and follow rules and regulations;
Conservation - reversibility and decentration
Formal Operational
11+ abstract concepts; hypothetical thinking; deductive reasoning; Metacognition
Vygotsky’s Social Development Theory of Conition
cognitive development results from social interaction;
adults more influential than peers; no stages;
Zone of Proximal Development;
Scaffolding and Reciprocal Teaching
Information Processing
quantitative changes that occur smoothly, continuously and gradually over the life span
Moral Development
Piaget, Kohlber, Gilligan
Piaget’s Theory of Moral Development
linked to cognitive development and perspective taking
2 Stages:
1. Heteronomous Morality (5-10) - morality of constraint; rigid thinking, rules made up by authority, can’t be changed, must be followed w/out ?, offense deserves punishment (unless they offend)
2. Autonomous Morality (10) - morality of cooperation; flexibility, consider intent, rules are flexible, agreed upon by others, can be changed
Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Reasoning
linked to cognitive development; studied males only; lacks culture
3 Stages:
- Preconventional Morality (4-10) Punishment-Obedience, Instrumental Hedonism
- Conventional Morality (10+) Good Boy/Good Girl, Law and Order
- Postconventioanl Morality (13 - never) Morality of Contract, Individual Rights, and Democratically Accepted Laws, Morality of Individual Principles of Conscience
Preconventional Morality
(4-10) - comply with rules to avoid punishment and get rewards; self-centered
- Punishment- Obedience
- Instrumental Hedonism
Conventional Morality
(10+) - approval from others; other-centered
- Good Boy/Good Girl - gain approval through obedience
- Law and Order - doing one’s duty and maintaining social order
Postconventioanl Morality
(13 - Never) - recognize conflict b/w moral and social standards; decided based on right, fair, or just
- Morality of Contract, Individual Rights, and Democratically Accepted Laws - valuing the will of the majority and the welfare of society
- Morality of Individual Principles of Conscience - what they believe is right regardless of legal restrictions or others’ opinions
Carol Gilligan Moral Development
2 Approaches
- Justice Perspective - fairness (males)
- Caring Perspective - conflict b/w their needs and those of others; think a/b responsibilities to others (females)
3 Levels for Women
- Orientation of Individual Survivor - best for me
- Goodness as Self-Sacrifice - best for others (what others think of her is important)
- Morality of Nonviolence - moral equality, nobody gets hurt
Freud Stages
Oral (B-1) Anal (1-3) Phallic (3-6) Latency (6-12) Genital (12-18)
Erikson Stages
Trust vs. Mistrust (Hope) (B-1)
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Will) (1-3)
Initiative vs. Guilt (Purpose) (3-6)
Industry vs. Inferiority (Competence) (6-12)
Identify vs. Role Confusion (Fidelity) (12-18)
Intimacy vs. Isolation (Love) (18-35)
Generativity vs. Stagnation (Care) (35-60)
Integrity vs. Despair (Wisdom) (65+)
Freud/Erikson B-1
Oral
Trust vs. Mistrust
Hope
Freud/Erikson 1-3
Anal
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Will
Freud/Erikson 3-5/6
Phallic
Initiative vs. Guilt
Purpose
Freud/Erikson 5/6-12
Latency
Industry vs. Inferiority
Competence
Freud/Erikson 12-18
Genital
Identity vs. Role Confusion
Fidelity
Erikson 18-35
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Love
Erikson 35-60
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Care
Erikson 60+
Integrity vs. Despair
Wisdom
Margaret Mahler
6 Stages
- Normal Infantile Autism
- Symbiosis
- Differentiation - stranger anxiety
- Practicing - separation anxiety
- Rapprochement
- Object Constancy
Levinson
- Early Adult Transition
- Entering the Adult World
- Age 30 Transition
- Settling Down
- Mid-Life Transition - switch from time since birth to time left to live
- Middle Adulthood
- Age 50 Transition
- Late Adulthood
Attachment
Lorenz
Harlow
Bowlby
Ainsworth
Conrad Lorenz
instinctual
Ducks imprinting b/w 12-17 hours
Harry Harlow
Monkeys
contact comfort
John Bowlby
attachment is darwinian to ensure survival of young
Maternal Deprivation:
Protest, Despair, Detachment
Mary Ainsworth
Strange Situation
- Secure
- Avoidant
- Ambivalent/Resistant
- Disorganized-Disoriented
Secure Attachment
65%
sensitive and responsive caregiving;
seek closeness
moderate distress/enthusiasm
Avoidant Attachment
20%
aloof and distant, or intrusive and overstimulated parenting;
does not seek closeness;
no distress/ignore
Ambivalent (Resistant) Attachment
10%
inconsistent and insensitive parenting;
clingy and upset/happy but resist comfort; angry at mom
Disorganized-Disoriented Attachment
no clear strategy to deal with mom. fear and confusion towards mom; unresponsive, avoid and resist, freeze and stop; least secure and associated with abuse
Authoritarian
children are moody, irritable, disoriented, withdrawn, distrustful, and aggressive; more bx disorders;
conflicted-irritable type
Permissive
value self-expression and self-regulation;
Indifferent - poor self-control, demanding, minimally compliant, poor interpersonal skills;
Indulgent - impulsive, immature, out of control (impulsive-aggressive)
Authoritative
competent, confident, independent, cooperative, good socially (energetic-friendly-self-reliant)
Social Play
- Solitary Play
- Parallel Play
- Associative Play
- Cooperative Play
Cognitive Play
- Repetitive Play
- Constructive Play
- Imaginative Play
- Formal Games with Rules
Patterson’s Coercion Model of Aggression
- observe coercive and antisocial bx in parents, coercive and aggressive bx are reinforced; escalating cycle; conduct problem result
- experiences academic failure and peer rejection
- depressed mood and more likely to join deviant peer group
Rosenthal Effect
expectancy bias; self-fulfilling prophecy
James Marcia Identity Formation
- Identity Achievement (resolved crisis and made commitment)
- Foreclosure (committed to goal w/out exploring alternative; no crisis)
- Moratorium (no commitment - exploring interests and needs and struggling with decisions; crisis w/out commitment)
- Identity Diffusion (no crisis or commitment; lacks direction, aimless drifter)
Grieving
- Numbness
- Yearning
- Disorganization and Despair
- Resolution or Reorganization
Kubler-Ross Stages
- Denial or Disbelief
- Anger
- Bargaining
- Depression
- Acceptance
Temperament
Easy (40%)
Difficult (10%)
Slow-to-warm-up (15%)
