Clinical Flashcards
1
Q
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ studies are based on clinical trials while \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ studies are correlational or quasi-experimental in nature.
A
Efficacy;
Effectiveness
2
Q
This is the theory that the "whole" can be understood only in terms of the organization and interactions of its components; it is the theoretical framework underlying family therapy.
A
General
Systems
Theory
3
Q
In general systems theory, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ interact with the environment by receiving input and discharging output, whereas \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ have no exchange with the environment and can lead a family to disorder and disorganization. Families in therapy are usually the former.
A
Open systems;
closed systems
4
Q
In general systems theory, this refers to the concept that every part of a system is interrelated, thus all parts are affected by a change in the system.
A
Wholeness
5
Q
This property of a family system, according to general systems theory, suggests the whole is greater than the sum of its parts; hence, therapists view the family as a single unit rather than a collection of individuals.
A
Non-summativity
6
Q
In general systems theory, this refers to the idea that the same end-result occurs for the whole family, regardless of where one enters the system.
A
Equifinality
7
Q
A young girl who is molested by her father ends up becoming very sexually inhibited later in life, while another becomes overly sexual. This is an example of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ according to general systems theory.
A
Equipotentiality
8
Q
From a general systems theory perspective, this refers to the tendency for a system to revert back to old ways amidst a change or disruption in the system. The system’s management of negative and positive feedback determines the degree to which it exists.
A
Homeostasis
9
Q
In general systems theory, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ refers to the maintenance of a family's homeostasis by attempting to correct deviations in the status quo (e.g., dad yells at loud son and son quiets down), while \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ refers to the disruption of a family's homeostasis by encouraging or creating deviations to the status quo (e.g., wife gets job and roles change for husband/children).
A
Negative
feedback;
positive
feedback
10
Q
Interpersonal Therapy was initially developed as a treatment for depression, though it has since been applied to other conditions. While it acknowledges early experience, biology, and personality, it focuses on 1 of what 4 areas of interpersonal functioning?
A
Grief
interpersonal role disputes
role transitions
interpersonal deficits
11
Q
This phenomenon occurs in clinical supervision when the therapist (supervisee) behaves toward the supervisor in ways similar to how the client is behaving toward the therapist.
A
Parallel process
12
Q
What approach to family therapy focuses on the role of communication and distinguishes between symmetrical and complimentary communication?
A
Communication/Interaction Family Therapy
13
Q
From the perspective of Communication/Interaction Family Therapy, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ involves conflicting negative injunctions, with one injunction often being expressed verbally and the other non-verbally (e.g., father says "I love you" while spanking child). This usually results in a frustrating conflict in the person receiving the message.
A
Double-bind
communication
14
Q
According to Communication/Interaction Family Therapy, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ communication occurs between equals but may escalate into a competition for control, whereas \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ communication occurs between participants who are unequal and emphasizes their differences (e.g., parent-child or employee-boss).
A
Symmetrical;
Complimentary
15
Q
What concept of Communication/Interaction Therapy suggests information is communication implicitly via nonverbal messages, which is also referred to as command-level communication?
A
Metacommunication (report-level communication refers to the intended verbal message)
16
Q
Who is the British psychologist known for research suggesting that any apparent benefit of therapy is actually due to spontaneous recovery?
A
Eysenck performed outcome studies showing that 72% of untreated neurotics improved without therapy, while 66% of clients in eclectic therapy and 44% in psychoanalysis showed a substantial decrease in symptoms
17
Q
Eysenck concluded, based on his research, that what single form of therapy is superior to placebo or no treatment at all?
A
Behavior therapy
18
Q
While the impact of duration of therapy (number of sessions) on client outcome is positive at first, it typically lessens over time, though never becomes negative. Thus, it can be said that the relationship between duration of therapy and treatment outcome is what?
A
Negatively accelerated
19
Q
An approach to the alleviation of mental disorders that is associated with both community mental health and public health is referred to as what?
A
Prevention
20
Q
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ preventions make an intervention available to all members of a target group or population in order to keep them from developing a disorder.
A
Primary
21
Q
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ preventions identify at-risk individuals and offer them appropriate treatment.
A
Secondary
22
Q
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ preventions are designed to reduce the duration and consequences of an illness that has already occurred.
A
Tertiary
23
Q
Based on the research, who are the most frequent callers and, consequently, receive the most benefit from suicide hotlines?
A
Young white females
24
Q
Freudian psychoanalysis involves analyzing \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and consists of a combination of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A
Free associations; dreams; resistances; transferences; confrontation; clarification; interpretation; working through
25
Q
Freud posited that when the ego is unable to ward off danger (anxiety) through rational, realistic means, it resorts to one of its \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A
Defense
mechanisms
26
Q
What 2 characteristics do all defense mechanisms share, according to Freud?
A
They (1) operate
on an unconscious
level and (2) serve
to distort reality
27
Q
Name the following defense mechanisms: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ involves refusing to accept external reality because it's too threatening; the gross reshaping of external reality to meet internal needs is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_; \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ occurs when one attributes to others one's own unacceptable thoughts/emotions.
A
Denial;
distortion;
projection
28
Q
Name the following defense mechanisms: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ refers to indirectly expressing aggression toward others; \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the direct expression of an unconscious impulse without conscious awareness; \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is subconsciously viewing another person as more positive than they are.
A
Passive
aggression;
acting out;
idealization
29
Q
Name the following defense mechanisms: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ involves shifting sexual or aggressive impulses to a more acceptable target; \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is an extreme separation of emotion from ideas in order to distance oneself from anxiety; and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ refers to converting unconscious inappropriate impulses into their opposites.
A
Displacement;
intellectualization;
reaction
formation
30
Q
Name the following defense mechanisms: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the overt expression of ideas or feelings in such a way to give others pleasure; \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ occurs when one identifies so deeply with some idea that it becomes a part of that person's character; \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ refers to transferring/expressing negative emotions or instincts in positive, more acceptable ways.
A
Humor;
introjection;
sublimation
31
Q
Name the following defense mechanisms:
________ is the rejection of painful or shameful
experiences from consciousness and prevents
unacceptable impulses/desires from reaching
consciousness; ________ is the process of
giving a socially acceptable reason to explain
unacceptable thoughts or actions; ________
occurs when a person becomes stuck in a
successfully completed developmental stage and
returns to this stage in response to difficult life
problems.
A
Repression;
rationalization;
fixation
32
Q
The id, a completely unorganized reservoir of energy that includes all instincts and reflexes that are inherited at birth, operates according to what?
A
The
pleasure
principle
33
Q
The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is that part of the id that has been modified by its interaction with the external world, functions to suspend the pleasure principle, and represents the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A
Ego; reality
principle
34
Q
What part of the ego acts as the conscience and is constructed largely from internalization of parental restrictions, prohibitions, and customs?
A
Superego
35
Q
What unconscious mental process is characterized by limited logic, substitution of one idea with another, and by immediate discharge of energy?
A
Primary
process
36
Q
This is the term a psychoanalytic psychologist might use to describe a weakening of one's defenses and the consequent breaking through of an impulse.
A
Signal
anxiety
37
Q
During \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, a client is asked to attend to all thoughts and report them without suppressing or censuring them. Freud described \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ as a reluctance or inability to recall the traumatic memories that caused one's symptoms.
A
Free
association;
resistance
38
Q
What is the term used to describe a client's projection of his own feelings, thoughts, wishes and attitudes about others in his past onto the therapist?
A
Transference
39
Q
Freud used the term \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ to describe a transference reaction that became very intense during analysis.
A
Transference
neurosis
40
Q
Of the 2 transference reactions, a client's feelings of love that are displaced from original objects (parents) onto the therapist are considered \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ transference and facilitates treatment; \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ transference involves displacement of aggressive drives from the original objects onto the therapist.
A
Positive;
negative
41
Q
What term is used to describe a relationship that allows the client to identify with the therapist as a person, one who can eventually help replace id with ego?
A
Therapeutic
(working)
alliance
42
Q
This occurs when the therapist projects their emotions, thoughts, and wishes from the past onto the client's personality, or some other material the client is presenting, thus expressing unresolved conflicts and/or gratifying their own personal needs.
A
Countertransference
43
Q
In psychoanalytic terms, a client experiences \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ when the recall of unconscious material leads to emotional release, while \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ occurs when connections are made between current behaviors and unconscious material.
A
Catharsis;
insight
44
Q
What psychoanalytic technique serves the purpose of gradually increasing a client's insight into the reasons underlying current feelings and behavior?
A
Interpretation
45
Q
From a psychoanalytic perspective, a client who reports they have been thinking about problems outside of therapy indicates what?
A
A good working
alliance has
been
established
46
Q
This personality theory and approach to therapy stresses the unity of the individual and the belief that behavior is purposeful and goal-directed. Therapy focuses on exploring lifestyle determinants, including family atmosphere, distorted beliefs and attitudes, and birth order.
A
Adler’s
Individual
Psychology
47
Q
Adler posited that what types of childhood feelings motivated growth, domination, and striving for superiority?
A
Feelings of
inferiority (also
called “inferiority
complexes”)
48
Q
What is another term Adler used instead of inferiority complex?
A
Masculine
protest
49
Q
According to Adler, if an inferiority complex develops a connection with a specific part of the body, it is called what?
A
Organ
inferiority
50
Q
Adler believed children developed "compensatory behavior patterns" to defend against their feelings of inferiority. What did he refer to this to as?
A
Style of
life
51
Q
What is the most significant difference between Freudian and neo-Freudian therapists?
A
Neo-Freudians more heavily emphasize socio-cultural determinants of personality
52
Q
Horney defined \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ as feelings of helplessness and isolation in a hostile world, and believed it was caused by certain parental behaviors (e.g., indifference, overprotection, rejection).
A
Basic
anxiety
53
Q
According to Horney, what are the 3 modes of relating to others that children use to defend against basic anxiety?
A
Movement toward others, movement against others, and movement away from others
54
Q
Sullivan posited 3 modes of cognitive experience
he believed played a role in personality
development. The ________ mode involves
discreet, unconnected momentary states and
refers to experiences before language symbols
are used; in the ________ mode, people see
causal connections between events that are not
actually related using private (autistic) symbols;
and the ________ mode involves logical,
sequential, and consistent thinking, and
underlies language acquisition.
A
Prototaxic;
parataxic;
syntaxic
55
Q
According to Sullivan, neurotic behavior is caused by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which is characterized by a person dealing with others as if they were significant people from their past (similar to transference).
A
Parataxic
distortion
56
Q
Fromm, who was interested in the role society plays in preventing people from realizing their true nature, identified what 5 character styles adopted by a person in response to societal demands?
A
The receptive, the exploitative, the hoarding, the marketing, and the productive (the only one that permits a person to realize their true nature)
57
Q
What is the main difference between Freudian psychoanalysis and Ego-Analysis?
A
View of the ego
58
Q
From the perspective of the ego-analysts, pathology occurs when the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ loses its autonomy from the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A
Ego; id
59
Q
Psychologists who primarily emphasize the impact of early relationships on personality development and view maladaptive behavior as the result of abnormalities in early relationships use what approach to psychotherapy?
A
Object-Relations
Theory
60
Q
Margaret Mahler, an Object-Relations theorist and therapist, is most noted for her study of what process?
A
Separation-individuation, which is the process by which internal representations of the self and others are formed
61
Q
In Object Relations Theory, this is the mental representation of a person that, when inappropriately developed, leads to pathology.
A
Object
introject
62
Q
What is the Object-Relations term used to describe a person's tendency to separate object-representations into good and bad, usually leading to aggressive feelings, irrational thinking, and poorly regulated behaviors?
A
Splitting
63
Q
What therapeutic approach refers to normal narcissism as a child's natural self-love and views pathology as stemming from consistent un-empathic parental responses during childhood?
A
Self-Psychology
Kohut
64
Q
According to Self-Psychology, a child develops a protective \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ when their narcissism is inevitably undermined by parental failure to satisfy all needs.
A
Grandiose self
65
Q
This therapeutic approach believes the whole is greater than the sum of its parts, adopts a here-and-now approach, views awareness as the primary goal of treatment, and defines neurosis as a "growth disorder" reflecting certain boundary disturbances and involving an abandonment of the self for the self-image.
A
Gestalt Therapy
66
Q
Identify the following boundary disturbances as defined by
Gestalt Therapy: ________ refers to “swallowing”
information without ever understanding or assimilating it;
________ involves displacing one’s own wishes onto
another; in ________, a person does to herself what she
wants to do to others (e.g., isolation, masturbation);
________ refers to avoidance of contact by being vague,
indirect, or overly polite; ________ occurs when the
self-environment boundary is too thin and self is not
experienced as distinct, but merged into attitudes, beliefs,
and feelings of others; and ________ is when the
self-environment boundary becomes nonexistent.
A
Introjection; projection, retroflection, deflection, confluence; isolation
67
Q
How does a Gestalt therapist view transference in the client-therapist relationship?
A
As a fantasy
that hinders
true
self-awareness
68
Q
What form of therapy views behavior as being determined by both conscious and unconscious factors, including collective unconscious, and is based on the theory that personality continues to develop throughout the lifespan?
A
Jung’s
Analytical
Psychotherapy
69
Q
Jung contended that the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ unconscious arises from repression, whereas \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ unconscious comes from universally inherited neural patterns and is described as the "reservoir of the experiences of our species."
A
Personal
(individual);
collective
70
Q
From Jung's Analytic perspective, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are innate, universal prototypes for ideas that may be used to interpret observations. A group of memories and interpretations associated with one is termed a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A
Archetypes;
complex
71
Q
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the disposition to find pleasure in external things; \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ reflects a turning inward of the libido.
A
Extraversion;
introversion
72
Q
Jung believed that at approximately 40 years-old, people shift from the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of their youth to the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of adulthood, a time period referred to as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A
Extroversion;
introversion;
mid-life crisis
(transition)
73
Q
Practitioners of what form of therapy hold the belief that people possess an inherent ability for growth and self-actualization and that maladaptive behavior occurs when incongruence between self and experience disrupts this natural tendency?
A
Person-Centered
Therapy
74
Q
In Person-Centered Therapy, what are the 3 facilitative conditions the therapist applies to enable clients to return to their natural tendency for self-actualization?
A
Empathic understanding (empathy), congruence (genuineness/authenticity), and unconditional positive regard
75
Q
Therapists from this modality view the client as expert while the therapist acts as a consultant/collaborator who poses questions designed to assist clients in recognizing and using their strengths and resources to achieve goals.
A
Solution-Focused
Therapy
76
Q
TRUE or FALSE: Solution-Focused therapists believe that understanding the etiology or attribute of a maladaptive behavior is irrelevant?
A
TRUE: They prefer
rather to focus on
solutions to
problems
77
Q
What form of therapy that is focused on empowerment and social change, based on the premise that "the personal is political," and attempts to demystify the client-therapist relationship?
A
Feminist
Therapy
78
Q
In Feminist Object Relations Therapy, what are the 2 contributors to gendered behaviors?
A
1. Sexual division of labor and 2. Mother-child relationship (positing that many gender differences can be traced to differences in mother-daughter and mother-son relationships)
79
Q
In contrast to Feminist Therapy, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ therapy focuses more on personal causes of behavior and personal change.
A
Nonsexist
80
Q
According to this theory, one's sense of self is largely dependent on how they connect with others, thus psychopathology is viewed as resulting from disconnection with others.
A
Self-In-Relation
Theory
81
Q
What is a good technique to use with clients who are ambivalent about changing their behaviors and combines the transtheoretical model with client-centered therapy and self-efficacy?
A
Motivational
Interviewing
82
Q
The goals of increasing a couple's recognition and initiation of pleasurable interactions, decreasing a couple's aversive interactions (negative exchanges), teaching a couple effective problem-solving and communication skills, and teaching a couple to use a contingency contract to resolve persisting problems characterize what therapeutic approach?
A
Behavioral
Family
Therapy
83
Q
This school of family therapy extends General Systems Theory beyond the nuclear family and views dysfunction as part of an intergenerational process. Thus, therapy often starts with the construction of a genogram.
A
Extended Family
Systems Therapy
(Bowen;
Bowenian)
84
Q
The primary goal of Extended Family Systems Therapy is to encourage \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which is one's ability to separate their intellectual and emotional functioning.
A
Differentiation
of self
85
Q
According to Extended Family Systems Therapy, this occurs when two family members in conflict involve a third person, which usually immobilizes the third person.
A
Triangulation
86
Q
A practitioner of Extended Family Systems Therapy often joins a dyad, creating a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, in an attempt to reduce the original level of fusion and achieve higher self-differentiation.
A
Therapeutic
triangle
87
Q
What are the 3 formative stages therapy groups usually pass through, as proposed by Yalom?
A
(1) Hesitancy, search for meaning, and dependency; (2) conflict, dominance, and rebellion; and (3) cohesiveness
88
Q
What characteristic of a therapy group does Yalom believe is most important and is most similar to the therapist-client relationship in individual therapy?
A
Cohesiveness
89
Q
Yalom believes that \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is inevitable in a group and must be resolved in a way that benefits the group.
A
Transference
90
Q
Is it ever appropriate for co-therapists to openly disagree during a group session?
A
Yes, but not until the group has developed some cohesiveness (6+ sessions)
91
Q
Yalom ranks \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ the most important factors of group therapy. However, higher-functioning group members rate \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, while lower-functioning members believe \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is most important.
A
Interpersonal learning, catharsis, cohesiveness; universality, interpersonal learning; instillation of hope
92
Q
Since concurrent individual and group therapy allows for both extensive intrapersonal exploration and external support, it can be helpful for people presenting with what disorders?
A
Borderline and
narcissistic
personality
disorder
93
Q
One problem with concurrent group and individual therapy is that a client may be more expressive and inclined to self-disclose in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ therapy, thus limiting material that could be used for \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ therapy.
A
Individual;
group
94
Q
TRUE or FALSE: Regarding group therapy, Yalom contends that prescreening of potential group members and post-selection preparation is unnecessary.
A
FALSE: Yalom states that prescreening and post-selection preparation can reduce premature termination from group therapy and enhance therapy outcomes
95
Q
Of the many factors found to influence the behavior of a therapeutic group, which one do most experts believe is the most important for the therapist to consider?
A
Intelligence, arguing that clients should have similar intelligence levels to encourage greater group interaction
96
Q
What is the
ideal size of a
therapy group?
A
7 to 10 members. 5 or less limits learning and creates too much client-therapist interaction, while more than 10 leads to alienation and lack of cohesiveness
97
Q
Research by Guy, Poelstra, and Stark (1989) found that (1) therapists find \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ to be the most stressful client behavior; (2) therapists consider \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ to be the single most stressful aspect of their work; and (3) issues relating to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ constitute the most frequently encountered ethical/legal dilemma.
A
Suicidal statements; a lack of therapeutic success; confidentiality
98
Q
What approach to family therapy focuses on transactional patterns and views symptoms as interpersonal events that serve to control relationships, views therapy as a power struggle between the client/family and the therapist, and was influenced by structural family therapy, communication/interaction therapy, and Milton Erickson?
A
Strategic
Family Therapy
(Haley)
99
Q
A strategic family therapist might instruct a client to engage in the symptomatic behavior in an attempt to harness the energy of resistance in the service of change, which is called what?
A
Paradoxical
directive
100
Q
According to Strategic Family Therapy, this involves relabeling a behavior to make it more amenable to change and giving a new or altered meaning to a situation.
A
Reframing
101
Q
What Strategic Family Therapy "strategy" involves asking each family member to describe relationships within the family system and note the differences, the goal being to help family members view problems in a new light and make them more amenable to change?
A
Circular
questioning
102
Q
What approach to family therapy encourages couples to focus more on positive aspects of each other and use reciprocal reinforcement (quid pro quo)?
A
Operant
Interpersonal
Therapy
103
Q
In a consultative relationship, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ evaluations are periodically conducted to assess the consultation process, while \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ evaluations are conducted to assess the consultation product.
A
Formative;
summative
104
Q
It is the primary goal of what model of therapy to help clients identify responsible and effective ways of satisfying their needs and thereby develop a "success identity?"
A
Reality
Therapy
105
Q
Reality therapy (1) rejects the ________
and the concept of _______; (2) focuses
on ________ behaviors and beliefs; (3)
views transference as ________ to the
therapy process; (4) stresses ________
processes; (5) emphasizes ________,
especially the client’s ability to judge what
is right/wrong in daily life; and (6) teaches
specific behaviors that will enable clients
to ________.
A
Medical model; mental illness; current; detrimental; conscious; value judgments; fulfill their needs
106
Q
According to Glasser's Reality Therapy, a person who meets their needs in an irresponsible manner adopts what?
A
A “failure
identity”
107
Q
In what therapeutic approach do therapists analyze a client's child, parent, and adult ego states?
A
Transactional
Analysis
(Berne)
108
Q
Therapists of Transactional Analysis believe transactions occur between ego states at 2 levels (social and covert) by way of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, or recognition from others. They can be either positive or negative.
A
Strokes
109
Q
Developed early in life through interactions with parents and others, practitioners of Transactional Analysis believe \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, or a person's life plan, reflect a characteristic pattern of giving and receiving strokes; an unhealthy one leads to maladaptive behavior.
A
Scripts
110
Q
What are the 4 life
positions according
to Transactional
Analysis?
A
I'm OK - you're OK; I'm OK - you're not okay; I'm not OK - you're OK; I'm not OK - you're not OK
111
Q
According to Transactional Analysis, a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ transaction is when the original communication is responded to appropriately; a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ transaction occurs when the original communication is met with a response from an inappropriate ego state; and a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ transaction occurs when confusion ensues due to the communicator giving a dual message.
A
Complimentary;
crossed;
ulterior
112
Q
An orderly series of ulterior transactions that is repeated over time and results in bad feelings for both people involved is called what in Transactional Analysis?
A
Games
113
Q
Prochaska and DiClemente's Transtheoretical Model of behavior change proposes that the change process involves what 5 stages of change?
A
Pre-contemplation,
contemplation,
preparation, action,
and maintenance
114
Q
In this stage of change, the person does not exhibit the specified behavior and has not considered adopting the behavior.
A
Pre-contemplation
115
Q
A person who is considering adopting a new behavior but has not dedicated any effort towards enacting or preparing to enact it is in what stage of change?
A
Contemplation
116
Q
A person starting to gather information on a new behavior, with a view toward enacting the behavior, characterizes the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ stage of change.
A
Preparation
117
Q
In this stage of change, a person begins enacting a new behavior regularly, but has not continued doing so over a long period of time.
A
Action
118
Q
A person moves into the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ stage of change once a new behavior has been regularly enacted for more than 6 months, thus indicating they likely adopted the behavior; people must continually exert effort to maintain the behavior.
A
Maintenance
119
Q
By nature of novelty, a 6th stage of change has been added to the Transtheoretical Model that is relatively unknown. It is the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ stage of change and refers to when a new behavior becomes a part of a person's normal behavior.
A
Transformation (or termination, transcendence); there is some disagreement as to the possibility of ever making it to this stage
120
Q
This therapeutic approach emphasizes the human conditions of depersonalization, loneliness, and isolation and assumes people are not static but, rather, in a perpetual state of becoming.
A
Existential
Therapy
121
Q
Of the 2 types of anxiety distinguished by
existential therapists, ________ anxiety is
proportionate to its cause, does not require
repression, and can be used as a catalyst to
identify and confront the dilemma from which it
arose; ________ anxiety results from evasion of
the latter and manifests itself as a loss of a
subjective sense of free will and an inability to
take responsibility for one’s own life.
A
Existential
(normal);
neurotic
122
Q
What is one of the main goals of existential therapy, due to its ability to facilitate client change?
A
To develop an intimate, authentic, egalitarian relationship with the client, which is referred to during therapy
123
Q
This model proposes that health
behaviors are influenced by (1) the
person’s readiness to take a particular
action, which is related to their perceived
susceptibility to the illness and perceived
severity of its consequences; (2) the
person’s evaluation of the benefits and
costs of making a particular response;
and (3) the internal and external “cues to
action” that trigger the response.
A
Health
Belief
Model
124
Q
The concept of the feedback loop through which a system receives information is attributable to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A
Cybernetics
125
Q
What was derived from the medical-psychiatric model and general systems theory and aims to improve the socio-emotional functioning of a consultee's clients?
A
Mental
Health
Consultation
126
Q
A \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ feedback loop reduces deviation and helps a system maintain its status quo, while a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ feedback loop amplifies deviation or change and thereby disrupts the system.
A
Negative;
positive
127
Q
This form of family therapy views maladaptive behavior as overly fixed or rigid patterns of action and reaction. The process of therapy involves hypothesizing, circularity, and neutrality and includes the use of circular questions and paradoxical techniques to foster understanding.
A
Systemic
Family Therapy
(Milan)
128
Q
This approach to family therapy emphasizes altering a family's structure (rigid triangles, power hierarchies) in order to change the behavior patterns of family members. The therapist joins the family system, evaluates the structure, then restructures the family using techniques such as enactment and reframing. The goal is behavior change, not insight.
A
Structural
Family Therapy
(Minuchin)
129
Q
In Structural Family Therapy, these are the rules that determine the amount and type of contact allowed between family members that lead to enmeshment or disengagement.
A
Boundaries
130
Q
From the perspective of Structural Family Therapy, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ occurs when boundaries are overly unclear and promote dependence, whereas \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ results from overly rigid boundaries that promote isolation.
A
Enmeshment;
disengagement
131
Q
Structural Family Therapy posits that boundary problems could take the form of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, where each parent expects the child to side with them during conflict, and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, where parents reinforce bad behavior in their child and shift the focus off problems they are having with each other. When the child consistently sides with one parent, it is termed a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A
Triangulation;
detouring;
(stable)
coalition
132
Q
The Structural Family Therapy technique of "joining" involves the therapist blending into the family by using \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (adopting their style and language) and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (identifying with the family's values and history).
A
Mimesis;
tracking
133
Q
Practitioners of Structural Family Therapy create this based on observations of family transactional patterns.
A
A family
map
134
Q
What are the 3 restructuring techniques used by Structural Family Therapists?
A
Enactment (role play family relationships and interactions), reframing (family behavior relabeled more positively), and blocking (stop family from engaging in normal way of functioning)
135
Q
This term refers to the rule that governs the limits of behavior in a family and is associated with the concept of homeostasiswhen homeostasis is upset in a family, negative feedback recalibrates the system and restores a comfortable balance.
A
Calibration
136
Q
What term refers to the tendency of health professionals to attribute all behavioral, social, and emotional problems to mental retardation in people with such a diagnosis?
A
Diagnostic
overshadowing
137
Q
TRUE or FALSE: One's theoretical orientation, expertise, or experience is not related to diagnostic overshadowing.
A
TRUE: Research has also shown that diagnostic overshadowing applies to other diagnoses and situations as well
138
Q
Can utilizing memories retrieved through hypnosis, regardless of their accuracy, be therapeutically beneficial?
A
Yes,
according
to research
139
Q
What approach to family therapy focuses both on intrapsychic and interpersonal causes of maladaptive behavior, involves interpreting transferences, resistances, and other factors in order to foster insight, and is not based on the systems model?
A
Object-Relations
Family Therapy
140
Q
The term \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ has been used by Herek to define an ideological system that denies, denigrates, and stigmatizes among non-heterosexual forms of behavior, identity, relationships, or community.
A
Heterosexism
141
Q
This therapy is a collaborative process of empirical investigation, reality testing, and problem solving between therapist and client where the client's maladaptive interpretations and conclusions are treated as testable hypotheses.
A
Cognitive
Therapy
(Beck)
142
Q
What are the 3 levels of cognition Beck believed influenced the cause and maintenance of pathology?
A
Automatic thoughts, schemas, and cognitive distortions
143
Q
A cognitive therapist might ask a client to keep a journal of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which are thoughts that arise spontaneously in response to certain situations and are more a reflection of a client's appraisal of a situation rather than the actual situation itself.
A
Automatic
thoughts
144
Q
These are internal models of the self and the world that develop over the course of experiences beginning early in life and can serve an adaptive function by allowing new information to be linked with old information, making for more efficient information processing.
A
Schemas (core
beliefs;
underlying
assumptions)
145
Q
Beck identified systematic errors in reasoning that form the link between dysfunctional schemas and automatic thoughts, which he called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. It refers to the process of a person biasing or adapting newly processed information to fit a relevant schema.
A
Cognitive
distortions
146
Q
A client in therapy reports to his therapist
that he is a bad employee and is likely to
get fired; however, the therapist soon
recognizes the client’s negative
conclusion cannot be supported by real
evidence and, in fact, seems to go
against the therapist’s experience of the
client as punctual, engaged, and
hardworking. What cognitive distortion is
this client most likely making?
A
Arbitrary inference, which occurs when specific conclusions are drawn with no evidence
147
Q
In cognitive marital therapy, a wife reports her frustration with her husband for not taking out the trash, which she says is causing a lot of problems in their marriage. Her husband, however, complains that she fails to recognize other things he does to help. What cognitive distortion is most likely leading to the wife's frustration?
A
Selective abstraction, as she is focusing on a single detail that is taken out of context, at the expense of other information
148
Q
What term refers to therapeutic techniques that attempt to alter maladaptive thought patterns that are believed to be responsible for maladaptive behavior and emotional disorders?
A
Cognitive
restructuring
149
Q
An elderly man who was mugged by a group of teenage boys develops a hatred for all adolescents, exemplifying this cognitive distortion.
A
Overgeneralization
150
Q
Regarding cognitive distortions, a person who describes a recent trauma as "no big deal" is likely \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, while a person who becomes overly emotional after getting a small scratch in their car represents \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A
Minimizing;
magnification
151
Q
This cognitive distortion is characterized by inappropriately attributing external events to oneself when no causal connection really exists (e.g., a therapist takes responsibility for her client being fired from work).
A
Personalization
152
Q
The cognitive distortion of separating experiences into 2 extremes, such as all good and all bad, is called what?
A
Dichotomous
thinking
153
Q
In Cognitive Therapy, negative thoughts about the self, the future, and the world are referred to as what?
A
The
cognitive
triad
154
Q
A person who presents with cognitions of hopelessness, low self-esteem, and failure is most likely experiencing symptoms of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, while \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is associated with thoughts of anticipated harm or danger.
A
Depression;
anxiety
155
Q
Identify the following Cognitive Therapy
techniques: ________ involves questioning a
client’s thoughts that occur in upsetting
situations; ________ involves helping clients
develop strategies for dealing with feared
consequences; ________ involves considering
alternative causes of events; and ________
involves restating a problem in terms that
emphasize the client’s control of it.
A
Eliciting automatic thoughts; decatastrophizing; reattribution; redefining
156
Q
Identify the following behavioral techniques used
in Cognitive Therapy: ________ involves the
therapist assigning tasks to help the client
between sessions; ________ involves planning a
client’s daily activities; ________ involves
experimental tests of predictions that derive from
the client’s automatic thoughts; and ________,
which are used to reduce strong emotions and
negative thinking (e.g., exercise, work).
A
Homework; activity scheduling; hypothesis testing; diversion techniques
157
Q
Between Cognitive Therapy and Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy, which one more heavily relies on behavioral techniques?
A
Rational
Emotive
Behavior
Therapy
158
Q
What are the ABCs
in Ellis’ Rational
Emotive Behavior
Therapy?
A
A = undesirable Activating event --> B = rational or irrational Beliefs about event --> C = emotional and behavioral Consequences based on beliefs
159
Q
According to Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy, absolute thinking, "must-erbation," and "I-can't-stand-it-itus" influence the development of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which lead to maladaptive behavior.
A
Irrational
beliefs
160
Q
A client's active participation in administering treatment to him or herself, such as self-monitoring stimulus control, self-reinforcement, and self-punishment, is called what?
A
Self-control
techniques
161
Q
A client who practices \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ might keep a journal of a target behavior each time it occurs to assist with behavioral change.
A
Self-monitoring
162
Q
In order to increase or decrease a behavior, a therapist might recommend \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ to modify an existing stimulus-response relationship, or create a new one. For example, a drug addict might be instructed to make new, non-addict friends.
A
Stimulus
control
163
Q
This type of stimulus
control involves restricting the target behavior to a
limited set of stimuli (e.g., a smoker is told to smoke only when they are with a certain friend).
A
Narrowing
164
Q
To increase a behavior, this type of stimulus control, which involves linking a behavior to a specific cue or set of cues, might be recommended (e.g., a student with poor grades is told to study in the same location so that later, that location triggers study behavior).
A
Cue
strengthening
165
Q
This stimulus control technique involves
either identifying or eliminating responses
that block desirable behaviors, or
encouraging responses that block
undesirable behaviors (e.g., a client who
is not finishing their work is asked to give
responses that interfere with work, such
as socializing; this would then be
targeted for elimination).
A
Competing
responses
166
Q
When is
stimulus control
most effective?
A
When deployed
at the
beginning of a
response chain
167
Q
Stress Inoculation Training (Meichenbaum) involves a 3-step process. In the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ stage the client is educated as to how their faulty cognitions prevent adaptive coping; the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ stage involves learning and rehearsing new skills and new ways of perceiving and thinking about stressful situations; the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ stage entails applying what the client has learned.
A
Cognitive preparation (education); skills acquisition; practice
168
Q
This is defined as a state of relaxed wakefulness with a relative suspension of peripheral awareness.
A
Hypnosis
169
Q
What are the 3
factors involved
in Hypnosis?
A
Absorption,
dissociation,
and
suggestibility
170
Q
A form of psychotherapy used to help clients retrieve feelings and memories that have not been accessible by other methods is called what?
A
Hypnotherapy
171
Q
People presenting to therapy with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ tend to be more hypnotizable than the general public.
A
Phobias
172
Q
In what types of
situations is the
use of hypnosis
contraindicated?
A
When treating clients with psychosis, paranoia, or obsessive-compulsive personality traits
173
Q
This approach has been used to treat psychophysiological disorders (e.g., migraines, hypertension) and evidence has shown that it is the preferred treatment for fecal incontinence and Raynaud's disease.
A
Biofeedback
174
Q
What are 2 of the
most commonly
used types of
biofeedback?
A
Electromyography
(EMG) and skin
temperature
175
Q
A therapist who instructs a
client to do, or wish for, the
very things they fear
("prescribing the
symptom") is utilizing the
CBT technique of
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A
Paradoxical
intention
176
Q
Paradoxical intention serves the function of circumventing \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which is viewed as the main cause of the problem.
A
Anticipatory
anxiety
177
Q
What malady is paradoxical intention most commonly used to treat?
A
Insomnia
178
Q
This is a technique that utilizes visualization for the purpose of identifying automatic thoughts, increasing self-control, assisting with distraction, and visualizing desired life outcomes.
A
Guided
imagery
179
Q
What are the 4
primary goals
of crisis
intervention?
A
Immediate symptom reduction, strengthening of coping mechanisms, restoration to the previous level of functioning, and prevention of further problems
180
Q
The following are assumptions when working in
a/an ________ setting: (1) People are basically
strong and resilient; (2) problems reflect need for
support, not underlying pathology; (3) present
and future are more important than past; (4)
therapist promotes coping, not permanent cure;
(5) assessment is an on-going process, not
symptom-oriented mental status exam; (6) small
interventions lead to big systemic changes; (7)
goal is quick elimination of symptoms and
distress
A
Crisis
intervention
181
Q
The 3 stages of crisis intervention are: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which involves identifying the crisis and the client's reactions to it; \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which involves assessing the client's life prior to the crisis, setting specific short-term goals, and using techniques to achieve these goals; and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, at which point progress is assessed and post-intervention options are discussed.
A
Formulation;
implementation;
termination
182
Q
What are the 3
primary goals of
brief
psychotherapy?
A
Quick reduction of the client's most severe symptoms, restoration of the client to prior emotional equilibrium, and development of understanding and skills to facilitate better future coping
183
Q
Who is better suited for brief psychotherapy, a man who has experienced chronic depression most of his life or a woman who is experiencing depression following a recent divorce?
A
The divorced woman, as brief therapy is best suited for clients with acute symptoms, who were previously well-adjusted, are highly motivated, and who relate well with others
184
Q
MMPI-2 Clinical Scale Descriptions: (1)
________ measures abnormal preoccupation
with somatic functioning; (2) ________ one’s
experience of hopelessness, helplessness, and
worthlessness; (3) ________ physical symptoms
with a functional origin (e.g., conversion
reaction); (4) ________ measures social
ineptness (e.g., antisocial); (5) ________
measures opposite sex interests.
A
Hypochondriasis;
Depression; Hysteria;
Psychopathic Deviate;
Masculinity/Femininity
185
Q
MMPI-2 Clinical Scale Descriptions: (6) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ measures vigilance and suspiciousness; (7) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ measures non-hysteria neurotic manifestations (e.g., phobias); (8) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ picks up thought disorder or bizarre actions; (9) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ measures mania and concentration problems; and (10) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ measures introversion/extraversion.
A
Paranoia; Psychasthenia; Schizophrenia; Hypomania; Social Introversion
186
Q
MMPI-2 Validity Scale Descriptions: ________ is
the total number of unanswered questions;
elevations on the ________ scale suggest a
portrayal of oneself in the most favorable light
(faking good); the ________ scale indicates
deviance and attempt to “look bad,” either
intentionally or characteristically; ________
indicates defensiveness and guardedness; and
________, ________, and ________ measure
response consistency.
A
?; L (Lie); F (Infrequency); K (Correction); TRIN (True response consistency), VRIN (Variable response consistency), FB (Back side consistency)
187
Q
A psychologist administers the MMPI-2 to a client and, rather than interpreting elevated scales in isolation, compares scores on several scales, which is referred to as?
A
Pattern
analysis
188
Q
Central to this brief approach to therapy is the belief that clients should choose the problems and goals to be worked on in therapy and that clients possess the necessary resources to achieve their goals.
A
Solution-Focused
Therapy
189
Q
Solution-focused techniques include ________, which is
when the therapist asks about a time when the problem did
not exist, which can lead to self-fulfilling prophecy;
________, or prescribing change; ________, where a client
is asked to visualize that their problem is solved, then asked
how they would know and what would be different;
________, which are suggestions for unlocking solutions
while avoiding the presenting problem, and ________,
which are conversations between therapist and client that
have a beginning, middle, and end, and an overall plot.
A
Exception question; formula tasks; miracle question; skeleton keys; narratives and language games
190
Q
In test development, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ refers to a process of retaining items that best differentiate between large numbers of people in difference populations. For example, the MMPI-2 distinguished between psychiatric and non-psychiatric groups.
A
Empirical
criterion
keying
191
Q
On the MMPI-2, a T-score of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ or over is considered significant and clinically interpretable.
A
65 (1.5 standard
deviations
above the mean,
50)
192
Q
What personality test has 21 scales that correspond to DSM diagnostic categories and, as such, is best suited for clinical populations?
A
Millon Clinical
Multiaxial
Inventory-III
(MCMI-III)
193
Q
This self-report inventory assesses anxiety, depression, obsessive-compulsiveness, and hostility, and is usually used as a dependent measure in outcome research.
A
Symptom
Checklist 90
(SCL-90)
194
Q
After administering the Rorschach inkblot test, what "system" is one most likely to use to score it?
A
Exner’s
Comprehensive
System
195
Q
What projective test relies on stories provided by the client in response to a given set of pictures?
A
Thematic
Apperception
Test (TAT)
196
Q
Regarding projective tests, what is the "projective hypothesis?"
A
Responses to vague or ambiguous stimuli reveal underlying cognitive and personality processes
197
Q
What test measures a
person’s personal interests, which are then compared to
norms derived from others who have experienced satisfaction and success in various occupations?
A
Strong-Campbell
Interest Inventory
(SCII)
198
Q
While interests tests such as the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory can validly predict factors relating to job interest, choice, and motivation, what factor are they not good at predicting?
A
Job
performance/success
199
Q
This test yields an indication of interest in 10 broad areas, and differs from the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory in that it is based on content validity rather than empirical criterion keying.
A
Kuder
Vocational
Preference
Record (KVP-R)
200
Q
Some neuropsychological test batteries include
the ________ (consists of separate measures of
lateral dominance, psychomotor functions,
sensory-perceptual functions, speech/language,
visual-spatial skills, abstract reasoning, mental
flexibility, and attention/concentration) and the
________ (consists of 269 items organized into
11 different scales designed to
A
Halstead-Reitan;
Luria-Nebraska
Battery
201
Q
What test, consisting of 9 designs that a client is asked to reproduce on blank paper, might be used to screen for brain damage and to indicate the possibility of psychiatric disorders?
A
Bender
Visual-Motor
Gestalt Test
202
Q
What is usually
used to screen for
dementia in elderly
individuals?
A
Mini Mental
Status Exam
(MMSE)
203
Q
This test is for children 2 to 10 y/o and assesses channels (auditory-vocal, visual-motor), processes (understanding, organizing, expressing), and levels (representational, automatic).
A
Illinois Test of
Psycholinguistic
Abilities (ITPA)
204
Q
During this test, which is helpful in screening for frontal lobe damage, a person is presented with a list of words of colors (blue, green, red) that are printed in ink of a different color (e.g., "red" is printed in blue ink), then asked to name the ink color as quickly as possible.
A
Stroop
Color-Word
Test
205
Q
Howard et al. suggested a Phase Model of Psychotherapy Effectiveness that states the effects of psychotherapy occur in stages related to the number of sessions attended. What are these stages?
A
Remoralization (first few sessions), remediation (requires about 16 sessions), and rehabilitation (beyond 16 sessions)
206
Q
According to research, what is the difference between patients who show a measurable improvement at 26 sessions and those who have attended 52 sessions?
A
Howard et al. found that 75% improved by 26 sessions and only 85% by 52 sessions, so the answer is 10%. This is referred to as a "dose dependent effect."
207
Q
Researchers Smith, Glass, and Miller produced research that contradicted previous findings by Eysenck. What were the results of their meta-analysis?
A
They found a .85 effect size, indicating the typical client is better off than 80% of controls and 66% of treated individuals, compared to 34% of controls, show improvement from psychotherapy
208
Q
Numerous studies on outcome of psychotherapy, including Smith et al.'s research, have concluded that what type of therapy produces the strongest effects?
A
No therapy is better than another, which contradicts Eysenck's earlier findings that behavior therapy was superior
209
Q
When compared to people receiving no treatment, placebo control groups show \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ improvement; however, when compared to groups that are receiving treatments, placebo control groups show \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ improvement.
A
More;
less
210
Q
Of client traits and therapist traits, which ones are believed to be better predictors of therapy outcome?
A
Client
traits
211
Q
What has been found regarding therapy outcome and client level of motivation?
A
Development of motivation during therapy is more important that motivation to change at beginning of therapy
212
Q
Some studies suggest that \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the single most important characteristic of a therapist.
A
Competence
213
Q
What has been found to account for most of the variance in treatment outcome and to be more important than the specific treatment intervention?
A
Therapeutic
(working)
alliance
214
Q
In a meta-analysis regarding therapeutic treatment of children and adolescents, what sex did Weisz et al. find responded better, particularly during adolescence?
A
Females
215
Q
The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ approach to understanding and describing cultures involves viewing the culture from the perspective of its members, while the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ approach is culture-general and assumes that universal principles can be applied to all cultures.
A
Emic;
etic
216
Q
According to Berry, a person's level of acculturation can be described by one of what four terms?
A
Integration,
assimilation,
separation, or
marginalization
217
Q
Berry referred to this term to describe the retention of one's identity with their home culture while simultaneously maintaining characteristics of the new culture.
A
Integration
218
Q
When a person retains very little of their original cultural identity while highly maintaining aspects of the new culture, Berry says they are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A
Assimilated
219
Q
This term, according to Berry, describes a person's desire to retain their original culture while rejecting the dominant culture.
A
Separation
220
Q
Berry states that people who retain very little of the old and new culture, wanting nothing to do with either, experience \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A
Marginalization
221
Q
Research on therapist-client matching in terms of race, ethnicity, or culture has shown what?
A
While it increases the duration of treatment, it does not have consistent effects on other therapy outcomes
222
Q
The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ distinguishes between 5 stages that people experience as they attempt to understand themselves in terms of their own culture, the dominant culture, and the oppressive relationship between the two cultures.
A
Minority Identity
Development
Model
223
Q
In the ________ stage of minority development,
a person prefers the dominant cultural values;
the ________ stage is marked by confusion and
conflict, and the person begins to challenge the
values of the previous stage; in the ________
stage, a person rejects the dominant culture and
wholly endorses minority held views; the
________ stage is characterized by conflict
between autonomy and constraints of the last
stage; and in the ________ stage, the person
experiences self-fulfillment and individual
autonomy.
A
Conformity; dissonance; resistance and immersion; introspection; synergistic articulation and awareness
224
Q
What are the 4 stages of Troiden's Homosexual Identity Development Model?
A
Sensitization, identity confusion, identity assumption, and identity commitment
225
Q
According to the Homosexual Identity Development Model, this stage is characterized by feelings of marginalization, a concern with gender identification over sexuality, and the internalization of a negative self-concept.
A
Sensitization
226
Q
The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ stage of homosexual identity development, Troiden contends, is marked by the youthful experience of conflict between the identity one developed as a child and that which is demanded as an adolescent. During this stage, stress can be dealt with via denial, avoidance, repair, or acceptance.
A
Identity
confusion
227
Q
When a homosexual person experiences a reduction in social isolation and an increase in contact with other homosexuals, Troiden would say they are in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ stage of homosexual identity development, during which capitualization, minstralization, passing, and group alignment are used as coping techniques
A
Identity
assumption
228
Q
This final stage of homosexual identity development involves the integration of homosexuality to the extent that it becomes a state or way of being, rather than a description of sexual behavior. People in this stage usually accomplish same-sex love commitment and are comfortable identifying oneself as gay, lesbian, or bisexual to non-homosexual individuals.
A
Commitment
229
Q
McLaughlin has distinguished between what 8 stages of homosexuality identity formation?
A
Isolation, alienation, rejection of self, passing as straight, consolidating self identity, acculturation, integrating self and public identity, and pride and synthesis
230
Q
Herek argues that \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a more precise term than homophobia and describes it as "all negative attitudes toward an individual based on sexual orientation," regardless of sexuality.
A
Sexual
prejudice
231
Q
TRUE or FALSE: Hispanic clients prefer a more attentive and personalized approach to therapy.
A
TRUE: Hispanics
prefer a more
personalized and
attentive therapy
232
Q
Ruiz and Padilla suggest therapy with Hispanic clients should be \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and should consider the importance of family in therapy.
A
Active;
goal
oriented
233
Q
Regarding treatment of Latino/a and Hispanic people, Cuento therapy includes what in the treatment process?
A
Reading and discussing "cuentos," which are Spanish folk-tales
234
Q
When working with Native-American clients, therapists should take a non-directive, history oriented, accepting, and cooperative approach, as well as consider utilizing what else?
A
Elder tribe members, medicine people, and/or other culturally significant aspects
235
Q
As a result of this ethnic group's tendency to be reserved and inhibited, it is best to use an approach that is direct, structured, and short-term.
A
Asian-American
236
Q
It has been suggested that treatment for this group should include guiding the person through identity stages and encouraging them to engage in satisfying relationships and activities.
A
Elderly
patients
237
Q
In what approach to therapy would an elderly client be encouraged to accept past successes and shortcomings, resolve past conflicts, and develop future goals to enhance life meaning via a process of reviewing one's life?
A
Reminiscence
Therapy
238
Q
A therapist who interprets everyone's reality through their own cultural assumptions and stereotypes, minimizes cultural variations among clients, is unaware of their own cultural biases, and defines counseling in terms of dogmatically-accepted techniques and strategies is said to be what?
A
Culturally
encapsulated
239
Q
This term refers to the process of change that occurs when one culture assimilates with another culture.
A
Acculturation
240
Q
African-, Asian-, Hispanic-, and Native-Americans exhibit \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ communication, which relies on shared cultural understanding and nonverbal cues. In contrast, Anglos are more likely to exhibit \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ communication, which relies primarily on verbal messages.
A
High-context;
low-context
241
Q
What occurs when a therapist assumes that all of a client's problems are directly related to the client's culture as opposed to other factors?
A
Cultural
overgeneralization
(Hall)
242
Q
This model was developed by Helms to provide a conceptual framework for understanding and resolving interracial tensions in cross-cultural psychotherapy.
A
Racial
Interaction
Model
243
Q
What are the 6 statuses (stages) that emerge in sequence and reflect abandonment of racism, according to the White Racial Identity Development Model (Helms)?
A
Contact, disintegration, pseudo-independence, immersion-emersion, autonomy, and reintegration
244
Q
According to the White Racial Identity Development Model, people at this status of identity development usually have limited contact with people of color, are oblivious to their own whiteness, and are unaware of the implications of racial differences.
A
Contact
245
Q
In the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ status of the White Racial Identity Development Model, Whites experience increasing awareness of their whiteness and of racial inequalities due to increased cross-racial interactions, leading to emotional, psychological, and moral confusion.
A
Disintegration
246
Q
Whites resolving their conflicts by adopting the position that their race is superior and minorities inferior, all in an attempt to justify existing inequalities, characterize the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ status of the White Racial Identity Development Model.
A
Reintegration
247
Q
According to the White Racial Identity Development Model, what status is marked by dissatisfaction with reintegration, leading Whites to re-examine their beliefs about race and racial inequalities?
A
Pseudo-Independence
248
Q
Whites at the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ status of the White Racial Identity Development Model embrace their whiteness without rejecting minority group members, and they explore feeling proud about their own race without being racist.
A
Immersion-Emersion
249
Q
This status of the White Racial Identity Development Model is marked by the internalization of a non-racist White identity based on an accurate understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of White culture, as well as valuing and seeking cross-racial relationships.
A
Autonomy
250
Q
What model assumes that African-American identity development becomes more authentic as they go through the following 5 stages: pre-encounter, encounter, immersion/emersion, internalization, and internalization/commitment?
A
The Model of Psychological Nigrescence (Cross)- nigrescence means "the process of becoming black"
251
Q
During this stage of the Model of Psychological Nigrescence, a person is most likely to believe integration and assimilation will solve racial problems and tend to blame African-Americans themselves for their own problems.
A
Pre-encounter
252
Q
The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ stage of the Model of Psychological Nigrescence is marked by a personal or social event that temporarily dislodges the person from their worldview, making them more receptive to a new interpretation of their identity.
A
Encounter
253
Q
When a person denigrates White people and culture while simultaneously deifying African-America people and culture, they are most likely in what stage, according to the Model of Psychological Nigrescence?
A
Immersion-Emersion
254
Q
This stage of the Model of Psychological Nigrescence is characterized by ideological flexibility, psychological openness, and self-confidence, and involves a resolution of conflicts between old and new worldviews.
A
Internalization
255
Q
According to the Model of Psychological Nigrescence, a person who translates their newly internalized identity into activities that are meaningful to the group, such as social and political activism, is in what stage?
A
Internalization-Commitment
256
Q
This term is used to describe appropriate mistrust and suspiciousness of African-Americans and other minorities toward whites resulting from racism and oppression. In therapy, it may be a cause of nondisclosure.
A
Healthy
cultural
paranoia
257
Q
If a white therapist suspects their African-American client's unwillingness to disclose is due to "healthy cultural paranoia," what should the therapist do, according to Ridely?
A
Help the client become consciously aware of their feelings about whites and identify when it is safe to self-disclose
258
Q
According to Boyd-Franklin, who responds best to a multisystems approach that addresses multiple systems (e.g., extended family, non-blood kin, church, community resources), intervenes at multiple levels, and empowers the family by directly incorporating its strengths into the intervention?
A
African-American
families
259
Q
Research has shown that the most successful therapy for African-Americans is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and that they tend to be more non-verbal, emotional, and concrete.
A
Problem-oriented;
time-limited
