Developmental 2 Flashcards
Characteristics determined by information coded on a person's genes is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, while \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ refers to a set of observable and measurable characteristics (e.g., eye color, intelligence) that develop from an interaction between a person's genetics and their environment.
Genotype;
phenotype
The idea that genes set boundaries within which environment determines what phenotypes will occur is referred to as what?
Range of
Reaction (or
Norm of
Reaction)
The time-frame during which a living organism is biologically prepared to acquire certain behaviors, but is only able to do so with the presence of appropriate environmental stimuli, is called what?
Critical/Sensitive
Period
This term refers to patterns of development that are genetically determined and are influenced very little by the environment.
Maturation
What term is used to describe characteristics that are rather resistant to environmental forces, taking a narrower developmental path?
Canalization
The fact that children have been starting puberty earlier due to better health practices is one example of a/an \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which is defined as long-term differences across cohorts that indicate the impact of environment on development.
Secular
trend
What statistic is used to estimate the degree to which a certain characteristic can be attributed to genetic factors?
The
heritability
index
A person with this disorder lacks an enzyme necessary for the digestion of the phenylalanine amino acid, which remains toxic to the brain in its undigested form and leads to severe mental retardation.
Phenylketonuria
PKU
What incurable neurodegenerative genetic disorder that affects muscle coordination and some cognitive functions is an example of an autosomal dominant gene disorder?
Huntington’s
Chorea
This disorder is caused by an extra number 21 chromosome and is characterized by moderate to profound mental retardation, abnormal physical features (flattened face, protruding tongue, stocky build), heart abnormalities, and thyroid dysfunction.
Down
Syndrome
(trisomy 21)
________ is caused by an extra X chromosome
in males and leads to incomplete development of
secondary sex characteristics; ________ occurs
in females when all or part of the second X
chromosome is missing and causes sterility,
short stature, stubby fingers, and undeveloped
secondary sex characteristics; ________ occurs
in both males and females and is caused by a
weak site on the X chromosome, leading to
mental retardation, facial abnormalities, and
abnormal speech.
Klinefelter's Syndrome; Turner's Syndrome; Fragile X Syndrome
Environmental agents, such as drugs or infections, that cause abnormalities by interfering with normal prenatal development are called what?
Teratogens
During what period of fetal development is a teratogen most likely to cause a major structural defect to a developing organ?
Embryonic period (end of second week after conception to end of eighth week)
Symptoms of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, a condition caused by a pregnant mother's heavy alcohol consumption, include retarded growth, microcephaly (underdeveloped, small brain), facial deformities, hyperactivity, irritability, and mental retardation; when only some of the symptoms are present (e.g., lower IQ and hyperactivity), the condition is referred to as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Fetal alcohol
syndrome; fetal
alcohol effects
TRUE or FALSE: A pregnant woman undergoing antiretroviral therapy is significantly less likely to transmit HIV to her child during the pregnancy process when compared to woman not receiving the therapy?
TRUE: The chance of HIV transmission from mother to baby when undergoing antiretroviral therapy is reduced from 25% to 2%
The ________ reflex is when an infant grasps a
finger pressed against his palm; the ________
reflex is when an infant extends her big toe and
spreads his pinky toe when the bottom of his foot
is stroked; the ________ reflex is when an infant
arches her back, extends her legs, and projects
her arms outward when her head is slightly
dropped or she hears a loud sound; the
________ reflex is when an infant makes
stepping motions when he his held upright and
his feet touch the ground.
Palmar grasp;
babinski; moro
(or startle);
stepping
These are the 6 family risk factors, according to Rutter, that place infants and young children at risk of child psychopathology; research indicates that children with 1 or no risk have a 2% chance of psychopathology, while 4 or more risks led to a 21% chance.
Low SES, large family size (overcrowding), severe marital discord, parental criminality, maternal psychopathology, and placement of the child outside of the home
According to Bronfenbrenner, the ________ is
the child’s immediate setting and includes family,
school, and daycare; the ________ comprises
connections between immediate environments
(e.g., a child’s home and school); the ________
is the child’s external environment that has only
an indirect influence on development, such as a
parent’s workplace; the ________ refers to the
larger cultural and subcultural context in which
the other systems are embedded (e.g., national
economy, politics).
Microsystem;
mesosystem;
exosystem;
macrosystem
TRUE or FALSE: At birth, infants show no clear preference for taste.
FALSE: They are capable of experiencing all 4 tastes, though show a clear preference for sweets
What is the least
developed part
of an infant’s
brain at birth?
The cortex
According to Piaget, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ occurs as a child interacts with the environment and subsequently develops organized ways of thinking about the world (cognitive schemas); it consists of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which is when a child perceives and interprets new information in terms of existing schemas, and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which is when existing schemas must be modified to provide consistency with external reality.
Adaptation;
assimilation;
accommodation
Piaget believed humans were biologically driven to produce an optimal state of stability between their cognitive structures and their environment, which he termed \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, a state that is necessary for cognitive development to occur.
Equilibration (accommodation occurs during disequilibrium, assimilation during equilibrium)
What are the 4 stages of cognitive development according to Piaget's theory?
Sensorimotor (birth to 2 years), preoperational (2 to 7 years), concrete operational (7 to 12 years), and formal operational (12+ years)
When a child who is in the sensorimotor stage of development begins to understand that even if an object cannot be seen, it still exists, is said to be developing what?
Object
permanence
A child in the preoperational stage does not yet understand that others do not experience the world the same exact way they do and, thus, their experience is shared universally, which is termed \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_; an example would be a 2 y/o who scrapes her knee and assumes mommy is also in pain.
Egocentrism
Children in the preoperational stage often believe they can control objects or events just by thinking about them, termed \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, or that inanimate objects possess thoughts and feelings, termed \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, both of which are a result of egocentrism.
Magical
thinking;
animism
According to Piaget, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ refers to the tendency to focus on a single detail of a situation while neglecting other important features, which is present during the preoperational stage and limits a child's ability to understand the world.
Centration
One of the most prominent developments during the concrete operational stage is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, or the ability for a child to understand that the underlying properties of an object may not change just because its physical appearance has.
Conservation (results from the development of decentration and reversibility)
A person in the formal operational stage of development has the ability to arrive at and test alternative explanations for observed events, referred to as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and can evaluate the logical validity of verbal assertions without making reference to real-world circumstances, which is termed \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Hypothetical-deductive
reasoning; propositional
thought
An adolescent who is convinced that others are just as concerned with and critical of his behavior as he is exemplifies what characteristic of the formal operational stage of development?
Imaginary
audience
An adolescent who experiences a break-up and is convinced that no one could ever come close to understanding the emotional pain she is experiencing is engaging in what characteristic of the formal operational stage of development?
Personal fable
(the belief that
one is unique and
indestructible)
This neo-Piagetian theory of development compares the human mind to computer processes, proposing that just as a computer improves with changes to hardware and software, so to can a child's mental capacities improve by learning rules and strategies for processing information better.
Information
Processing
Theory
This theory proposes that cognitive development occurs as a direct response to social interactions and that learning occurs on the interpersonal and intrapersonal levels.
Vygotsky's Theory of Cognitive Development (Social Development Theory)
According to Vygotsky, the difference between what a person can do without help and what they can do with help is referred to as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_; \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the term used to describe the help provided to a child by others.
Zone of
proximal
development;
scaffolding
