Neuro Flashcards
1
Q
The nervous system consists of the ________,
which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the
________, which includes the somatic and autonomic
nervous systems.
A
Central nervous system (CNS);
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
2
Q
These are the information processing units of the
nervous system and are made of 3 primary parts:
the cell body (soma), dendrites, and axon.
A
Neurons
3
Q
Regarding the PNS, the ________ controls the actions of skeletal muscles, is responsible for voluntary movement, and responds to signals from the 5 senses; the ________ regulates involuntary activity (e.g., heartbeat, breathing) and has 2 subdivisions- the
sympathetic and parasympathetic.
A
Somatic nervous system;
autonomic nervous system
4
Q
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are short fibers at the end of a cell body that respond to stimulation from other neurons and carry this information toward the cell body, while the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a single fiber that carries information away from the cell body.
A
Dendrites;
axon
5
Q
The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ division of the autonomic nervous system mobilizes the body's resources and prepares for "fight or flight," while the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ system deactivates the once active organs and is active during relaxation.
A
Sympathetic;
parasympathetic
6
Q
The electrochemical process by which information is received and processed within a neuron, whereby a cell becomes electrically excited, "fires," and creates a nerve impulse called an action potential is referred to as what?
A
Conduction
7
Q
This part of the CNS is responsible for carrying information between the brain and the PNS.
A
Spinal
cord
8
Q
The fact that, in any given neuron, the action potential is the same magnitude every time it occurs is referred to as the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_; basically, once the minimal threshold of electrical stimulation is reached, a neuron fires.
A
All-Or-None Law
9
Q
TRUE or FALSE: Stronger electrical stimulation generates more action potentials in a neuron and causes them to occur in a greater number of
neurons.
A
TRUE: Though size and speed of an action potential are NOT related to stimulation intensity
10
Q
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is when one half of a person's body is paralyzed, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is when a person experiences loss of use of all limbs, and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is when the lower extremities of a person's body is paralyzed.
A
Hemiplegia;
quadriplegia;
paraplegia
11
Q
What 2 factors
have an effect
on the speed of
conduction?
A
Diameter of
the axon and
myelin sheath
12
Q
What term refers to the process whereby terminal buttons take up and store excess neurotransmitters for future use?
A
Reuptake
13
Q
What is the small space that separates individual neurons called?
A
Synapse
(or synaptic
cleft)
14
Q
The breaking down of unused neurotransmitters into inactive metabolites that are eventually removed as waste is called what?
A
Enzymatic degradation
15
Q
This term means "partial paralysis" and is characterized by muscle weakness without full paralysis; one cause is less severe damage to the spinal cord.
A
Paresis
16
Q
Neurotransmitters that have an \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ effect on post-synaptic cells increase the likelihood that an action potential will occur, while those with an \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ effect decrease the chances of an action potential occurring.
A
Excitatory;
inhibitory
17
Q
This neurotransmitter causes muscles to contract and is associated with impairments in voluntary movement; in the brain it is involved in learning/memory, with depletion of its receptors in the cortex and hippocampus occurring in Alzheimer's disease.
A
Acetylcholine
ACh
18
Q
With respect to movement, excess dopamine or an increased sensitivity to dopamine receptors is related to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, while degeneration of dopamine secreting neurons is linked to the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A
Tourette’s
syndrome;
Parkinson’s
disease
19
Q
What are neurons
that secrete
acetylcholine
called?
A
Cholinergic
neurons
20
Q
A lack of this neurotransmitter is linked to depression, OCD, PTSD, and aggression, while high levels play a role in schizophrenia, anorexia, and autism.
A
Serotonin
21
Q
What 3 neurotransmitters are grouped into the class referred to as catecholamines?
A
Norepinephrine (noradrenaline), epinephrine (adrenaline), and dopamine
22
Q
The most abundant inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS, low levels of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are associated with anxiety and Parkinson's disease, while deficits in the brain's motor regions is associated with dementia and involuntary jerking of the arms and legs.
A
Gamma-Amino
Butyric Acid
(GABA)
23
Q
Depleted levels of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ at brain synapses are associated with some types of depression, while excessive levels are associated with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A
Norepinephrine;
dopamine;
schizophrenia
24
Q
What primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS is associated with learning, memory, and long-term potentiation (transfer of information from short-term to long-term memory)?
A
Glutamate
25
Q
These neuromodulators bind to opiate receptor sites, reducing activity in the thalamus and cerebral cortex, thereby inhibiting feelings of pain and increasing feelings of pleasure.
A
Endorphins
(endogenous
morphine)
26
Q
Lying directly above the medulla and connecting the 2 sides of the cerebellum, the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ helps in the regulation of arousal states.
A
Pons
27
Q
This area of the
brain consists of
the brain stem and
the cerebellum.
A
Hindbrain
28
Q
What brain structure, sitting on top of the medulla and pons, is responsible for maintaining balance, coordinating movements, and controlling posture?
A
Cerebellum
29
Q
What 2 parts of
the brain are
contained in
the brain stem?
A
Medulla
Oblongota
and Pons
30
Q
This condition occurs with damage to the cerebellum and is characterized by slurred speech, severe tremors, and loss of balance.
A
Ataxia
31
Q
The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ contains vital centers that control digestion, blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing; damage to it often leads to death.
A
Medulla
Oblongota
32
Q
This area of the brain contains the substantia nigra and reticular formation; all information passing between the brain and the spinal cord passes through it.
A
Midbrain (aka
mesencephalon)
33
Q
Parkinson's disease results from degeneration of neurons in this brain structure.
A
Substantia
Nigra
34
Q
The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is responsible for maintaining the body's homeostasis (temperature, fluid levels, metabolism, etc.) and also plays a role in intentional behaviors such as feeding, sex, aggression, and maternal behavior.
A
Hypothalamus
(remember 4
F’s: Fight, Flight,
Feed, Fornicate)
35
Q
What brain structure plays a role in respiration and reflex control, pain and touch sensations, and sleep and arousal?
A
Reticular
Formation
36
Q
What brain structure relays incoming sensory information to the cortex for all senses but olfaction, is involved in language, memory, and motor activity, and regulates consciousness, sleep, and alertness?
A
Thalamus
37
Q
The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is crucial for maintaining a waking state, arousal, and attention; neurons from it arouse the brain and facilitate information reception by appropriate neural structures.
A
Reticular
Activating
System
38
Q
information related to control of voluntary movement, sensorimotor learning, and motoric expressions of emotion; abnormalities in it are linked with Tourette's, Parkinson's and Huntington's disease, depression, mania, OCD, and psychosis.
A
Basal
Ganglia
39
Q
This area of the brain contains the hypothalamus, thalamus, basal ganglia, limbic system, and cerebral cortex.
A
Forebrain
40
Q
This consists of a group of brain structures (amygdala, septum, hippocampus) that work together to mediate the emotional component of behavior.
A
Limbic
System
41
Q
This limbic system structure plays a role in the processing and memory of emotional reactions and mediates defensive/aggressive behavior; lesions in it produce Kluver-Bucy Syndrome.
A
Amygdala
42
Q
What term refers to the fact that the left hemisphere of the brain controls functions on the right side of the body, while the right hemisphere controls functions on the left side of the body?
A
Contralateral
representation
43
Q
The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ serves to inhibit emotionality; in rats, lesions produce hyper-emotionality and rage, while electrical stimulation is extremely pleasurable.
A
Septum
44
Q
What are the 4
lobes of the
cerebral
cortex?
A
Frontal;
Parietal;
Occipital;
Temporal
45
Q
This limbic system structure is involved in learning and memory, particularly transferring new information from short-term to long-term memory; damage to this area can cause anterograde amnesia.
A
Hippocampus
46
Q
The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is involved in motor behavior, executive functions, expressive language, and orientation to person, place, and time; it consists of the primary motor, premotor, and prefrontal cortex.
A
The frontal
lobe
47
Q
This is the last part of the brain to stop growing and undergoes more structural change following birth than any other part of the central nervous system.
A
Cerebral
cortex
48
Q
Damage to a specific area of the premotor cortex of the frontal lobe can produce \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which is characterized by a severe deficiency in expressive language (e.g., speech is slow and poorly articulated, very few words are used).
A
Broca’s
aphasia (aka
expressive
aphasia)
49
Q
Damage to this area of the frontal lobe usually results in decreased motivation, difficulty making decisions, deficient self-awareness, poor social control, and perseveration.
A
Prefrontal
cortex
50
Q
Parietal lobe damage can lead to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, or the inability to identify objects by touch, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, or the inability to make intentional movement despite normal motor function, and/or \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, or the inability to read/write.
A
Agnosia;
apraxia;
agraphia
51
Q
What lobe of the brain contains the primary auditory cortex and is associated with memory, emotion, and receptive language?
A
The
temporal
lobe
52
Q
This part of the brain contains the visual cortex; damage can lead to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, or the inability to recognize familiar objects by sight.
A
The occipital
lobe; visual
agnosia
53
Q
Caused by damage to particular area of the temporal lobe, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is characterized by severe deficits in language comprehension; speech is usually normal sounding but does not make sense and familiar objects are unable to be named (dysnomia).
A
Wernicke’s
aphasia (aka
fluent or receptive
aphasia)
54
Q
What term is used to describe the fact that some higher level cortical functions are controlled more by either the left or right hemisphere of the brain?
A
Lateralization
of function
55
Q
This lobe of the brain integrates sensory information from different modalities, particularly determining spatial sense and navigation.
A
The
parietal
lobe
56
Q
The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a bundle of fibers that enables communication between the left and right hemispheres of the brain.
A
Corpus
callosum
57
Q
In general, the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ hemisphere is associated with creativity, understanding spatial relations, emotional expression, and facial recognition while the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ hemisphere is involved with analytical thinking, logic, and language (written and spoken).
A
Right;
left
58
Q
What are the 6 "basic emotions" accepted as being universally experienced by all humans?
A
Fear, anger,
joy, sadness,
surprise, and
disgust
59
Q
What theory of emotion posits that emotions occur as the result of one's perception of physiological changes occurring in response to environmental stimuli (e.g., "I am trembling so I must be afraid," "I am crying so I must be sad")?
A
James-Lange
Theory
60
Q
The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, proposed by Schachter, Stunkard, and Rodin, suggests that obese people overeat because they are inherently more sensitive to certain external cues than internal cues (e.g., eat because food tastes good despite satiety).
A
Externality
hypothesis
61
Q
The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ theory of emotion suggests emotions and physiological changes (e.g., muscle tension, sweating) are experienced simultaneously; it is predicted that the thalamus and cortex are stimulated at the same time, producing simultaneous arousal of the sympathetic nervous system and emotional feeling.
A
Cannon-Bard
62
Q
Regarding human sexual behavior, what are the 2 primary sources of sex hormone?
A
Pituitary gland
and gonads
(ovaries/testes)
63
Q
This theory of emotion, based on research by Schachter and Singer, posits that most emotional states produce similar physical sensations, while the specific emotion experienced is a product of one's attribution for the cause of those sensations.
A
Cognitive-Arousal
Theory (aka
Two-Factor
Theory)
64
Q
Of the hormones produced by the gonads, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which include testosterone, are involved in sexual interest and cause the development of secondary sex characteristics in males; \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are found primarily in women and are necessary for healthy reproductive function.
A
Androgens;
estrogens;
progesterone
65
Q
What occurs in women as a result of a drop in estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone and is characterized by hot flashes, insomnia, mood swings, urinary incontinence, and vaginal changes?
A
Menopause
66
Q
During this period of sleep, paradoxically, EEG activity is typical of an aroused nervous system, while the person's responsiveness to the environment is very low.
A
REM (rapid
eye
movement)
67
Q
Research has shown that low desire for sex in women seems to be correlated more with a lack of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ rather than \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A
Androgens;
estrogens
68
Q
TRUE or FALSE:
Dreaming only
occurs during
REM sleep.
A
FALSE: Research suggests that dreaming occurs in non-REM sleep, though REM dreams are more vivid, emotionally-laden, and more likely to be remembered
69
Q
In terms of sexual function, a man who is paralyzed from the waist down would most likely be able to what?
A
Attain an
erection but
not ejaculate
70
Q
As people age, the total amount of sleep time \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and the proportion of non-REM to REM sleep \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Attain an erection but not ejaculate This
A
Decreases;
increases
71
Q
During periods of relaxed wakefulness, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ waves are typically found on an EEG, while \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ waves are more predominant during active, alert states.
A
Alpha;
beta
72
Q
This term refers to the strengthening of the connection between 2 neurons in the hippocampus that lasts for an extended period of time; it is commonly regarded as the cellular basis of memory.
A
Long-term potentiation
73
Q
TRUE or FALSE: Research has suggested that RNA may play a role in memory.
A
TRUE: Untrained organisms injected with RNA from trained organisms learned conditioned responses more quickly than control organisms (*controversial issue)
74
Q
When necessary body fluids are low, this hormone inhibits urination; diabetes insipidus (excessive water loss) is the result of under-secretion of this hormone.
A
Antidiuretic
hormone (or
Vasopressin)
75
Q
What bodily system is made up of ductless, hormone secreting glands that travel through the blood to influence organ function?
A
The
endocrine
system
76
Q
The pituitary gland releases \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ hormone, influencing the release of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which stimulates the liver to convert energy stores into glucose.
A
Adrenocorticotropic
(ACTH); cortisol
77
Q
Referred to as the "master gland," the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ secretes hormones that act directly on organs (e.g., growth hormone, antidiuretic hormone) as well as hormones that influence the secretions of other glands.
A
Pituitary
gland
78
Q
Under-secretion of ACTH causes \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which is characterized by fatigue, appetite loss, depression, and fainting spells; over-secretion leads to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which is characterized by obesity, memory loss, depression, mood swings, and somatic delusions.
A
Addison’s
Disease;
Cushing’s
Disease
79
Q
What hormone stimulates growth by acting on the epiphyseal plates at the ends of bones and, when over-secreted or under-secreted, can lead to giantism or dwarfism, respectively?
A
Growth
hormone (aka
somatotropic
hormone)
80
Q
What is true about
a person’s cortisol
levels throughout a
single day?
A
They typically
peak early in
the day and fall
in the evening
81
Q
What gland controls
metabolism through
its release of the
hormone thyroxin?
A
Thyroid
gland
82
Q
TRUE or FALSE: Information seen with the right eye travels only to the left hemisphere of the brain, and vice versa.
A
FALSE: It travels to both hemispheres, as both eyes receive info from the left and right visual field; however, information from one visual field is transmitted only to the opposite hemisphere
83
Q
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ involves slowed metabolism, reduced appetite, weight gain, decreased heart rate and body temp, low libido, depression, and impaired cognitive processes (e.g., concentration, memory); symptoms of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ include high body temp, increased metabolism, increased appetite, weight loss, nervousness, agitation, fatigue, insomnia, mania, and decreased capacity for attention.
A
Hypothyroidism;
Hyperthyroidism
(Grave’s
Disease)
84
Q
The ability to orient oneself toward the direction of a sound, indicated by the turning of one's head toward the sound, is referred to as what?
A
Auditory
localization
85
Q
The pancreas releases \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which functions to help the body absorb and make use of glucose and amino acids; the body's inability to produce it causes \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, while over-production leads to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A
Insulin;
diabetes
mellitus;
hypoglycemia
86
Q
TRUE or FALSE: Depressive disorders and alcohol dependence are more common in the first-degree relatives of people with chronic pain.
A
TRUE: This suggests
an environmental or
genetic predisposition
for developing pain
87
Q
Of the 2 kinds of receptors in the eye, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are sensitive only to brightness levels and are specifically adapted to sense stimuli in low levels of light, while \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are responsible for seeing color and function only in brighter environments.
A
Rods;
cones
88
Q
According to this theory of pain, activation of nerves that do not transmit pain signals can interfere with signals from pain fibers and inhibit one's perception of pain (e.g., massaging sore muscles = afferent, engaging in distracting mental activities = efferent).
A
Gate-Control
Theory
89
Q
What sense is considered the most primitive (phylogenetically lowest) due to the fact that information received by it is not relayed from the thalamus to the cortex, but runs directly to the limbic system?
A
Smell
olfaction
90
Q
While Fechner's law of psychophysics states that changes in the magnitude of a physical stimulus are logarithmically related to changes in physical sensations, Stevens' \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ proposes there is an exponential relationship between the magnitude of physical stimuli and internal sensations, with the exponent varying for different types of stimuli.
A
Power
law
91
Q
This term refers to the study of the relationship between the magnitude of physical stimuli and psychological sensations (subjective correlates; percepts).
A
Psychophysics
92
Q
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ brain imaging techniques include Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT or CT scan) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), which take a series of images at different levels of the brain providing direct visualization of structures and features.
A
Structural
93
Q
According to psychophysics, the level of intensity of a stimulus at which a subject is able to detect the presence of the stimulus some proportion (usually 50%) of the time (e.g., the softest a sound can be and still be heard) is referred to as what?
A
Absolute
threshold (aka
detection
threshold)
94
Q
Regarding structural brain imaging techniques, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ measures density of brain tissue and is helpful in identifying tumors, blood clots, tissue damage, and multiple sclerosis, while \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ provides 3D images with more precise detail, does not require the use of x-rays, and is useful in examining the central nervous system.
A
CT scan;
MRI
95
Q
What psychophysics term refers to the magnitude of the difference between 2 stimuli of differing intensities that a subject is able to detect some proportion (usually 50%) of the time (e.g., differences in small changes in weight of an item)?
A
Difference
threshold (aka
just noticeable
difference)
96
Q
What types of brain imaging techniques include Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT).
A
Functional
techniques
97
Q
This functional brain imaging technique uses small amounts of injected radioactive material to measure regional cerebral blood flow, glucose metabolism, or oxygen consumption; it is useful for identifying brain dysfunction due to stroke, epilepsy, tumor, and other conditions.
A
Positron
Emission
Tomography
(PET)
98
Q
A person with this type of visual agnosia is unable to recognize objects by sight but can identify them by touch.
A
Aperceptive
agnosia
99
Q
Regarding focal brain syndromes, ________
refers to impaired ability to produce or
comprehend written or spoken language,
________ refers to impaired reading abilities,
________ involves impaired ability to execute
learned purposeful movements, ________ is the
inability to recognize familiar objects in the
absence of a primary sensory system
disturbance, and ________ is the inability (or
unwillingness) to acknowledge one’s own
functional impairment.
A
Aphasia;
alexia; apraxia;
agnosia;
anosognosia
100
Q
A person who is unable to recognize familiar faces, though maintains the capacity to recognize other objects, and can identify others by the sound of their voice, style of dress, or other characteristics likely has this type of agnosia.
A
Prosopagnosia
101
Q
Often mistaken for aphasia, what condition involves problems in articulation due to lesions or disease that disrupt the control of speech (e.g., Parkinson's disease, Huntington's chorea, and multiple sclerosis)?
A
Dysarthria
102
Q
A person who begins experiencing dull headaches, seizures, nausea and projectile vomiting, changes in vision and hearing, and/or other focal neurological signs (e.g., localized sensory loss, paresthesias, ataxia) is exhibiting symptoms of what?
A
Brain
tumor
103
Q
A person with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ apraxia cannot respond to commands requiring particular movement (e.g., pick up a fork) but may be able to do so spontaneously, while those with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ apraxia cannot draw or copy simple figures or arrange blocks in a pattern.
A
Ideomotor;
constructional
104
Q
What occurs when blood flow to the brain experiences a severe, sudden interference, such as by a blood clot (embolism) or hemorrhage, which leads to the onset of neurological symptoms?
A
Stroke (aka
cerebrovascular
accident, or
CVA)
105
Q
TRUE or FALSE: Symptoms caused by an open head injury (e.g., gun shot wound) tend to resolve more rapidly than problems caused by a closed head injury (e.g., severe car accident).
A
TRUE: Open head injuries are usually focal, affecting a specific part of the brain, while closed head injuries are more diffuse and lead to widespread damage
106
Q
What type of antidepressants work by blocking norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake at the synapse, and are used not only to treat depression, but panic attacks, OCD, bulimia, chronic pain, and agoraphobia?
A
Tricyclics (e.g., imipramine [Tofranil], clomipramine [Anafranil], amitriptyline [Elavil])
107
Q
What is the best overall predictor of prognosis following a closed head injury?
A
Duration of
anterograde
(posttraumatic)
amnesia
108
Q
Commonly used to treat depression, OCD, panic disorder, binge eating, and other anxiety disorders, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ work by inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin, thereby increasing the availability at the synapse.
A
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (e.g., fluoxetine [Prozac], sertraline [Zoloft], paroxetine [Paxil])
109
Q
This neurodegenerative genetic disorder is characterized by affective and personality changes, forgetfulness, and most prominently, motor symptoms such as incoordination, clumsiness, and eventually involuntary jerky movements.
A
Huntington’s
Chorea (chorea =
involuntary writhing
movements)
110
Q
Use of an SSRI causes some people to experience unpleasant sensations of inner restlessness that manifests itself as an inability to remain still. This is referred to as what?
A
Akathesia
111
Q
What motor disorder is characterized by muscle rigidity, tremor, involuntary movements, akinesia (slowed movement, emotionless speech, blank facial expression), posture and equilibrium disturbances, and often depression?
A
Parkinson’s
Disease
112
Q
Usually used to treat atypical symptoms of depression, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ block the action of enzymes that break down norepinephrine and serotonin, thereby making them more available at synapses.
A
Monamine Oxidase Inhibitors (e.g., phenelzine [Nardil], tranylcypromine [Parnate])
113
Q
The most popular medication used to treat Bipolar Disorder, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is believed to work by reducing postsynaptic responsivity to dopamine and norepinephrine.
A
Lithium
114
Q
One of the most serious side effects of traditional antipsychotics, this condition is characterized by repetitive, involuntary, purposeless movements, including lip smacking, grimacing, puckering lips, and rapid eye blinking.
A
Tardive
dyskinesia
115
Q
What is one of
the most common
side effects of
lithium?
A
Fine hand
tremor
116
Q
True of False: Symptoms of tardive dyskinesia can be expected to immediately diminish as a person is gradually
withdrawn from taking the drug.
A
False- usually symptoms temporarily increase before decreasing
117
Q
The notion that schizophrenia is the result of overactivity of dopamine is referred to as what?
A
The
dopamine
hypothesis
118
Q
What class of drugs are the most commonly prescribed to treat anxiety and panic disorders, are addictive when improperly used, and work by enhancing the activity of GABA, a neurotransmitter that has an inhibitory effect on the central nervous system?
A
Benzodiazepines (e.g., diazepam [Valium], alprazolam [Xanax], clonazepam [Klonopin])
119
Q
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, haloperidol) are most useful at alleviating positive symptoms of psychosis, whereas \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ antipsychotics (e.g., clozapine, risperidone) effectively alleviate both positive and negative symptoms.
A
Traditional
(typical);
atypical
120
Q
This drug is commonly used to treat anxiety and works by interrupting impulses to the reticular activating system; it is
rarely prescribed anymore due to its addictiveness and the
effectiveness of safer
benzodiazepines.
A
Barbiturates (e.g., thiopental [Pentothal], amobarbital [Amytal])
121
Q
Typically used to treat anxiety
disorders, ________ differs from benzodiazepines and other anxiolytics in that it does not produce sedative, anticonvulsant, or muscle relaxant side effects, nor does
it appear to be addictive.
A
Buspirone
BuSpar
122
Q
A person presenting with symptoms
of severe anxiety about public speaking might be prescribed what
type of drug, which is good at treating the physical symptoms of
anxiety and traditionally used to treat hypertension, migraine,
essential tremor, and cardiac arrhythmias?
A
Beta-Blocker
e.g., propranolol [Inderal]
123
Q
Often used to treat ADHD, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a psychostimulant that decreases motor activity, diminishes impulsivity, and increases concentration and attention.
A
Methylphenidate
Ritalin
124
Q
TRUE or FALSE: A person prescribed Ritalin to treat ADHD is encouraged to take the drug continuously for the best effects.
A
FALSE: Psychostimulants can lead to growth suppression in youngsters, thus many doctors recommend "drug holidays"
