Stats Flashcards

1
Q

Counterbalancing

A

Reduce Carryover effects

Latin Square

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2
Q

Practice/Testing Effects

A

Solomon Four-Group Design

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3
Q

Internal Validity

A

intervention causes changes in DV

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4
Q

Construct Validity

A

other factors in the intervention not intended to cause changes do

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5
Q

External Validity

A

interfere with generalizability

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6
Q

Reactivity

A

Hawthorne Effect
bx change b/c observed
External Validity

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7
Q

Rosenthal Effect

A

Construct Validity;

self-fulfilling prophecy

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8
Q

Statistical Conclusion Validity

A

low power (small sample size, poor interventions), unreliable measures, procedure variability, subject heterogeneity

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9
Q

Mean and SD Math

A

add or subtract from scores (Mean changes, SD does not)

multiple or divide (both change)

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10
Q

Z-Score

A

Z = (score - mean)/SD

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11
Q

Standard Error of the Mean

A

average amount of deviation between sample means

SDpop/square root of N

can be used to see if a treatment mean was far enough away to suggest it was the treatment that cause the difference and not just sampling error

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12
Q

Type I Error

A

reject null incorrectly
found a difference when there isn’t really one

Alpha = probability of Type I Error
direct with Power
indirect with Beta

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13
Q

Type II Error

A

accept null incorrectly
found no difference but there really is one

Beta = probability of Type II Error

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14
Q

Power

A

reject null correctly
found a difference and there is one

Power = 1 - Beta

  1. Large sample size
  2. Magnitude of intervention is large
  3. Random error is small
  4. Parametric Stats
  5. One-Tailed Test
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15
Q

F ratios

A
  1. 0 no significance

2. 0 + significant

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16
Q

Trend Analysis

A

analyzes non-linear data

obtained from quantitative IV

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17
Q

Nominal Data Tests

A

Test of Difference:
Chi Square
McNemar - correlated

Correlation/Association:
Phi

18
Q

Ordinal Data Tests

A

Test of Difference:
1 Ind Gp - Kolmogorov
2 Ind Gp - Mann-Whitney, Median, K-S
3 Ind Gp - Kruskall Wallis

2 Cor Gp - Wilcoxon
3 Cor Gp - Friedman

Correlation/Association:
Spearman or Kendall rank correlation

19
Q

Interval/Ratio Data Tests

A

Tests of Difference:
1 Ind Gp - t-test single sample
2 Ind Gp - t-test ind samples
3 Ind Gp - 1-way ANOVA

2 Cor Gp - t-test matched samples
3 Cor Gp - 1-way repeated measures ANOVA

2 IVs:
both Ind - 2-way or factorial ANOVA

1 Ind 1 Cor - mixed or split-plot ANOVA

2 Cor - repeated measures factorial ANOVA

Correlation/Association:
Pearson R

20
Q

Coefficient of Determination

A

correlation coefficient squared

amount of variability in Y that is shared with, explained by, or accounted for by X

21
Q

Assumptions of Bivariates

A
  1. Linear Relationship
  2. Homoscedasticity
  3. Unrestricted Range
22
Q

Eta

A

correlation b/w X & Y is curvilinear

23
Q

Correlation Tests

A

X and Y interval/ratio - Pearson r
X and Y ordinal - Spearman’s Rho or Kendall’s Tau
X and Y true dichotomy - Phi
X and Y artificial dichotomy - Tetrachoric

X i/r Y true dichotomy -Point-Biserial
X i/r Y artificial - Biserial

XY Curviliniar - Eta

24
Q

Types of Correlations

A

Zero-Order - no 3rd

Partial/First Order - 3rd removed from both

Part/Semipartial - 3rd removed from one

25
Moderator Variable
affects the strength of the relationship strength changes based on moderator
26
Mediator Variable
explains why there is a relationship; when controlled for there is no relationship
27
Multivariate Tests
several predictors/IV (X) and 1+ criterions/DV (Y)
28
Multiple R
2+ Xs and 1 Y Y is interval/ratio 1X is interval/ratio
29
Multiple Regression
predict Y based on Xs best when low correlation b/w X's and mod to high b/w each X and Y compensatory technique
30
Multicollinearity
predictors (X's) are highly correlated thus redundant
31
Stepwise vs. Hierarchiacal
Stepwise - all computer, fwd or bkwd (add/take away until change) - find fewest X's Hierarchical - person chooses adding order based on theory
32
Canonical R and Analysis
2+ of each variable Analysis - prediction test
33
Discriminant Function Analysis
2x/1y but y is nominal
34
Loglinear (logit) Analysis
2x/1y all nominal
35
Correlational Causality
Path Analysis and Structural Equation Modeling (LISREL)
36
Tests of Structure
which variables in a set fit best together or form independent subtests Factor Analysis Cluster Analysis
37
Increase Reliability
- more items - homogeneity of items - unrestricted range - less ability to guess
38
Reliability Types
1. Test-Retest 2. Parallel Forms 3. Internal Consistency Split-Half Kuder-Richardson and Cronbach's Coefficient Alpha 4. Interrater (Kappa)
39
Spearman-Brown Formula
used to predict how much more reliability if more questions (used for split-half)
40
Validity
Content - (content area) Criterion - infer, predict, estimate outcome Concurrent Predictive Construct - trait or construct (Convergent [monotrait, heteromethod] and Divergent/Discriminant [heterotrait, monomethod] validity)
41
Incremental Validity
amount of improvement when using a predictor test best when mod base rate and low selection ratio