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Micro and Immunology > Structure-Function relationships in bacteria > Flashcards

Structure-Function relationships in bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main limitation in size for bacteria?

A

Lack of complex organelles - have to diffuse nutrients in and wastes out - thus limited by surface to volume ratio

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2
Q

What happens to the volume:surface area ratio as something gets bigger? Why is this an issue?

A

As something gets bigger, the volume gets way bigger for a smaller increase in area - this is limiting to diffusion.

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3
Q

A greater surface to volume ratio allows greater ________ activity.

A

metabolic

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4
Q

Hydrophobic extracellular polysaccharides or protein polymers

A

Capsules (or slimes)

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5
Q

Organized structure which aids bacteria in resisting phagocytosis

A

Capsule

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6
Q

Amorphous polymers in large amounts.

A

Slime layers

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7
Q

What are other words for slime layers?

A

Glycocalyx, vegetations, plaque, biofilms

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8
Q

The cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria is similar to that of eukaryotes. How is it different?

A

it has mesosomes (invaginations)

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9
Q

What is the purpose of cell walls in bacteria?

A

Function as osmotic barriers to prevent the influx of water

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10
Q

What is the main stiffener of the cell wall of gram +ve bacteria?

A

Peptidoglycan

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11
Q

What is the gram positive cell wall composed of?

A

Peptidoglycan matrix with some polymers (especially teichoic acid), exterior to the cytoplasmic membrane

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12
Q

What is peptidoglycan composed of?

A

Alternating subunits of NAG and NAM (monosaccharides), cross linked at NAM by peptide chains

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13
Q

How are gram negative cell walls different from those of gram positives?

A

The gram negative cell wall has a thin layer of peptidoglycan anchored inside the outer membrane by murein lipoprotein.

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14
Q

In which type of bacteria is LPS found in?

A

gram negatives

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15
Q

What is LPS also known as?

A

endotoxin

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16
Q

What are the components of LPS?

A

O antigen, core polysaccharide, lipid A

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17
Q

When is LPS or endotoxin released?

A

When the gram negative cell lyses and dies

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18
Q

Physiological response of the body to overwhelming infection - systemic inflammatory response syndrome due to infection.

A

Sepsis

19
Q

Sepsis is also called what?

A

Cytokine storm

20
Q

What is the toxic part of LPS?

A

Lipid A

21
Q

What part of LPS is used for sero-typing?

A

O antigen

22
Q

What is the staining term for mycobacterial cell walls?

A

Acid fast

23
Q

How are the cell walls of mycobacteria different from gram positive cell walls?

A

Contain more lipids, including long chain B-hydroxylated fatty acids called mycolic acids

24
Q

What is the main organism that causes tuberculosis?

A

mycobacterium tuberculosis

25
Q

What is another word for pili?

A

fimbriae

26
Q

What do pili do?

A

Mediate adhesion to other cells

27
Q

What are specialized pili?

A

Specialized sex pili to mediate bacterial conjugation

28
Q

Bacteriophages carry DNA from one bacteria to another

A

transduction

29
Q

When cells lyse, genomes get fragmented and can be picked up by living cells and incorporated into plasmids of the main chromosome

A

transformation or transfection

30
Q

What is bacterial conjugation?

A

One bacterium makes a sex pilus and connects to the other. Will then transfer plasmids from one organism to another.

31
Q

Whip-like structures responsible for cell motility

A

flagella

32
Q

What type of bacteria have flagella?

A

Motile bacteria

33
Q

What antigens are carried on flagella?

A

H antigens

34
Q

What is a polar flagellar arrangement? Peritrichous?

A

Polar is on one side

Peritrichous is all over the cell

35
Q

What is required for flagellar movement?

A

Energy (ATP)

36
Q

What are the characteristics of flagella? What is it composed of?

A

Hollow tube connected to a basal body. Composed of flagellin.

37
Q

Repackaged copies of bacterial DNA in a highly impermeable, 6-layered envelope.

A

Spores

38
Q

Can spores divide?

A

NO

39
Q

Many fungi reproduce exclusively via this method.

A

Spores

40
Q

How are spores destroyed?

A

By autoclave

41
Q

What is an autoclave?

A

Apparatus that heats up water under pressure - allows water to get hotter than 100°C

42
Q

What does simply heating spores do?

A

Causes some spores to germinate and revert to vegetative bacteria that are dividing as per usual

43
Q

If a bacterium is aerobic and makes spores it is what?

A

Bacillus

44
Q

If a bacterium is anaerobic and makes spores it is what?

A

Clostridium

Micro and Immunology (38 decks)

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