Innate Immunity - Part 1 - before class

Question 1

Innate immunity is the ______ line of defence against a pathogen.

Answer 1

first

Question 2

Innate immunity is effective at stopping the ______ of pathogens at an ______ stage,

Answer 2

majority

early

Question 3

Innate immune defences include what two branches?

Answer 3

Barriers

Innate cells and proteins

Question 4

In the context of the innate immune system, what do barriers do?

Answer 4

Block pathogen entry into tissues

Question 5

In the context of the innate immune system, what do innate cells and proteins do?

Answer 5

Rapidly eliminate pathogens that enter tissues

Question 6

IF innate immunity is unsuccessful, certain inate cells will initiate ______ ________ to help eliminate the pathogen.

Answer 6

Adaptive immunity

Question 7

What is the relative time-scale of innate immunity?

Answer 7

0-12 hours - barriers being first, and innate proteins and cells second

Question 8

Properties of innate immune defences:

• _____ with innate immunity
• All humans have the _____ innate immunity
• _______ initiated when pathogen contacts body
• Responds __________ to a pathogen
• • pathogen is usually eliminated before ______ arise
• No _______; i.e. the response will be the _____ each time a specific pathogen is encoutered

Answer 8

Born with it
Same
Always
Immediately
symptoms
No memory
- same

Question 9

What is the physical barrier that prevents pathogen entry into the body?

Answer 9

Epithelial cells

Question 10

Properties of epithelial cells:

• Form _____ junctions
• _______ renewable
• Removal of adherent pathogens - ________
• Secrete __________ _______ that destroy pathogen cell wall

Answer 10

Tight
rapidly
desquamation (shedding)
Antimicrobial peptides

Question 11

______ cell is a specialized type of epithelial cell that secretes mucus.

Answer 11

Goblet

Question 12

Barriers used to prevent pathogen entry, other than epithelial cells include?

Answer 12

Mechanical barriers
Chemical barriers
Microbiological barriers

Question 13

Microorganisms that colonize us are called what?

Answer 13

Normal Microbiota or flora

Question 14

Microbiota are associated with ________ cells that line ____ pathogen entry points.

Answer 14

epithelial

all

Question 15

What are common microflora bacteria in the GI tract?

Answer 15

Coliforms, enterococcus spp.

Anaerobic bacteria

Question 16

What are common microflora bacteria in the Genital tract?

Answer 16

Lactobacillus spp.

Candida spp. in women

Question 17

What are common microflora bacteria in the mouth and URT?

Answer 17

Streptococcus spp.
Haemochilus spp.
Neisseria spp.
Actinomyces spp.
Trichonomads
Anaerobic bacteria

Question 18

What are common microflora bacteria in the skin?

Answer 18

Staphylococcus spp.
Streptococcus spp.
Pitysporum spp.
Anaerobic bacteria

Question 19

What is one issue with antibiotics?

Answer 19

Kill all bacteria - both pathogenic and normal bacterial flora

Question 20

Describe the barriers of the: mouth.

Answer 20

Antimicrobial factors in saliva (lysozymes, peroxidase, lactoferrin, myeloperoxidase)

Question 21

Describe the barriers of the: URT.

Answer 21

Mucociliary escalator

Question 22

Describe the barriers of the: skin

Answer 22

Physical barrier, fatty acids, commensals

Question 23

Describe the barriers of the: stomach

Answer 23

Stomach acid

Question 24

Describe the barriers of the: duodenum.

Answer 24

Rapid pH change

Question 25

Describe the barriers of the: vagina.

Answer 25

pH and commensals

Question 26

Describe the barriers of the: eyes/tear ducts.

Answer 26

Lysozyme in tears and other secretions

Question 27

Describe the barriers of the: LI.

Answer 27

Paneth cells

Question 28

Describe the barriers of the: urinary tract

Answer 28

Flushing

Question 29

Many normal flora are ________ - can become pathogenic when the opportunity arises.

Answer 29

Opportunistic

Question 30

What is the opportunistic pathogen of: - most concern? - teeth? - Gastroenteritis? - Gastric ulcers? - Pneumonia? - Infections from invasive medical devices (ex: catheters)?

Answer 30

MRSA - methicillin resistance Staph aureus Streptococcus mutans E. Coli; Clostridium (c. diff) H. pylori Streptococcus pneumonia; Haemophilus influenzae Staphylococcus epidermidis

Question 31

Describe one theory on the development of Chron's disease.

Answer 31

A genetic mutation in the NOD2 gene leads to abnormal innate immunity response against gut bacterial flora and chronic inflammation

Question 32

Describe an extracellular vs. intracellular pathogen.

Answer 32

Extracellular - outside the cell | Intracellular - inside the cell

Question 33

What is the major difference between bacteria and viruses?

Answer 33

Bacteria have DNA and organelles (no nucleus) - self-reproducing Viruses are smaller and cannot self-replicate

Question 34

Viruses can only replicate....

Answer 34

inside a living host cell, by hijacking the host's cellular machinery

Question 35

All viruses have both ________ and _______ phases. | Bacteria, however,...

Answer 35

Intracellular and extracellular phases | Only some bacteria have both phases