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Micro and Immunology > Introduction to Adaptive immunity > Flashcards

Introduction to Adaptive immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two branches of adaptive immunity?

A

B-cell immunity (humoral)

T-cell immunity (cellular)

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2
Q

What components comprise B-cell immunity? What is it effective against?

A

Antibodies

Effective against extracellular pathogens

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3
Q

What components comprise T-cell immunity? What is it effective against?

A

Helper T cells
Cytotoxic T cells
Effective against intracellular pathogens

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4
Q

What are other nomenclatures for helper T cells?

A

CD4+ T cells

Th cells

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5
Q

What are other nomenclatures for cytotoxic T cells

A

CD8+ T cells

CTL (cytotoxic lymphocytes)

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6
Q

T cells and B cells are derived from which cells?

A

Lymphoid progenitor cells

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7
Q

________ since immune response is more efficient with re-exposure to the same pathogen

A

adaptive

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8
Q

Differentiate between the primary immune response and subsequent immune responses to the same pathogen for adaptive immunity. (Broadly)
Provide relative time frames for both.

A

During the primary immune response - magnitude is small. (takes ~5-10 days to develop)
The second, subsequent exposure will be both larger and faster, and overall more effective. (takes ~1-3 dys to develop)

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9
Q

What is the purpose of vaccination?

A

To stimulate the adaptive immunity’s primary response so that subsequent exposure to the pathogen will be faster, stronger and more effective.

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10
Q

Describe the development of memory cells after infection.

A

Naive B and T cells encouter an antigen (to which they are specific) for the first time. These will then develop into effector and memory cells.
Memory cells now have memory of that pathogen.

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11
Q

Immunological memory is the basis for __________.

A

vaccination

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12
Q

Do you develop more memory cells after subsequent exposures to the same pathogen?

A

Yes, this is the reason for a faster and stronger immune response after each, subsequent exposure.

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13
Q

Summarize the first exposure response and subsequent exposure responses for adaptive immunity.

A

First exposure
- naive B and T cells develop into effector and memory cells

Second exposure
- memory cells respond to pathogen - more effective

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14
Q

What are the two most important features of adaptive immunity?

A

Memory and specificity

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15
Q

Where to B and T cells develop? Where specifically?

A

Primary lymphoid tissues
Bone marrow - B and T
Thymus - T

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16
Q

Where do B cells develop?

A

Bone marrow

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17
Q

Where to T cells develop?

A

Thymus

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18
Q

Where are HSCs located?

A

The bone marrow

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19
Q

Describe the path of lymphocytes from HSC to naive cells in circulation.

A

HSC –> lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow.
Differentiate into naive B cells.
Naive B cells can enter the ciruclation.
T cells differentiate in the thymus then can enter the ciruclation as naive CD4 or CD8 cells.

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20
Q

At which stage of life is the thymus largest? Why?

A

During infancy and when young. This is because the individual is constantly developing an immune response.

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21
Q

What is immunosenescence?

A

over time, the immune system starts to get weaker at fighting off pathogens; don’t have development of T cells consntaly like when you were a child

22
Q

What are secondary lymphoid tissues?

Name them.

A

This is where naive B and T cells meet/respond to pathogens and become effector and memory cells. (i.e. where adaptive immunity is initiated).

Lymph nodes, spleen, MALT/GALT

23
Q

What are the different MALT areas?

A

Tonsils, adenoids, appendix, Peyer’s patch of small intestine

24
Q

What is the main characteristic of lymph nodes?

A

Filters lymph and is thus the location where B and T cells meet lymph-borne pathogens.

25
Q

In terms of location of cells, what is pertinent of secondary lymphoid tissues?

A

There are different zones for both B and T cells. (although they are sometimes found in very close proximity)

26
Q

Describe the path of blood to the lymph nodes.

A

Blood leaves the heart and reaches the capillaries.
High pressure causes blood to leave the capillaries and enter the tissue - now referred to as interstitial fluid.
This fluid is then picked up by the lymphatic system, and is now lymph.
Lymph is then brought to lymph nodes to be filtered.
B and T cells are located there and can mount an immune response, if need be.

27
Q

What does lymph remove from tissues?

A

Waste products - ex: dead cells, CO2, pathogens

28
Q

Describe the concept of intradermal vaccines.

A

Vaccine is administered into the dermis (i.e. tissues) and is picked up by the lymphatic system, to the closest lymph node.
B and T cells there recognize the specific antigen and mount an immune response, developing memory.

29
Q

Describe the purpose of the spleen, and its role in adaptive immunity.

A

The spleen filters blood and thus is the site where B and T cells meet blood-bourne pathogens

30
Q

Which part of the spleen is the immune focused area?

A

White pulp

31
Q

Describe the role of the MALT in adaptive immunity.

What are MALT locations?

A

Site where B and T cells meet pathogens in mucosal areas.

Locations include the respiratory, GI and reproductive tracts

32
Q

_______ is the largest opening in the body, so provides an entrance for numerous pathogens.

A

mouth

33
Q

Which components of the MALT guard the entrance to the GI and respiratory tract?

A

Adenoids and Tonsils

34
Q

Why are tonsils often swollen in childhood?

A

Due to infections from many “first-time” pathogens

35
Q

What are reasons for removing and against removing tonsils?

A

Bad - near the largest opening - may be more susceptible

Good - there are so many areas to develop adaptive immunity that it probably doesn’t matter

36
Q

What are the BCRs composed of?

A

Ig molecules

37
Q

Describe the BCR.

A

Composed of two chains, HC and LC (2 of each).
The HCs are identical to each other; the LCs are identical (kappa-kappa or lambda-lambda) to one another.
The tops of the receptor are called the variable region and are the areas that bind to the antigen.
The constant chain/region is boudn to the cell memrbane and to the variable region.

38
Q

Describe the TCR.

A

composed of alpha and beta chains.
top regions are variable regions and bind to the antigen.
Constant region attached to variable and membrane region.

39
Q

How are TCRs and BCRs held onto the cell?

A

Transmembrane domains

40
Q

What is an antigen?

A

Any substance that a B and T cell can bind and mount an immune response against.

41
Q

How many antigens does a pathogen express?

A

Many different antigens.

42
Q

What is the part of an antigen that binds to the variable region of the BCR/TCR?
What is another word for it?

A

Epitope or Antigenic epitope

43
Q

What is the binding between the variable region of BCR/TCR and an epitope based on?

A

Structural fit

44
Q

How does the BCR and TCR specificity arise?

A

Random rearrangement of variable region genes.
i.e. for B cells - differnet HC and LC variable region genes associated
for T cells - different alpha and beta variable region genes associate

45
Q

Which genes are those accounting for the variable region of BCR/TCRs?

A

VDJ genes

46
Q

How does each B/T cell have specificity to ONLY one antigenic epitope?

A

Each B/T cell expresses a BCR/TCR with its own unique variable region.

47
Q

Can antigens be self-molecules? Give an example?

A

Yes - RBCs express glycoprotein surface antigens which can be recognize during blood transfusions.

48
Q

What are the different markers that are possible on RBCs?

A

A, B, Rh factor

49
Q

What is the universal donor for blood?

A

O- - no surface markers

50
Q

What is the universal acceptor for blood?

A

AB+ - has no antibodies against any of the surface markers

51
Q

The B/T cell that binds an antigen undergoes what?

A

Mitosis = Clonal expansion which results in a “clone or army” of identical B/T cells with the same specificity

Micro and Immunology (38 decks)

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