Parasitology - part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Nematodes (roundworms), cestodes (tapeworms) and trematodes (flukes) are part of this group.

A

Helminths

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2
Q

unsegmented flatworms.

A

Trematodes/flukes

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3
Q

Macroscopically visible intestinal nematode that live in the cecum.

A

Enterobius vermicularis

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4
Q

Child is woken up by itching caused by eggs that were laid on the perianal skin, or parents will see worms of this causative agent.

A

Enterobius vermicularis

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5
Q

Most common cause of nematode infection in North America.

30% of children are infected by it worldwide.

A

Enterobius vermicularis

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6
Q

Although the infection by Enterobius vermicularis is uncomfortable, it is completely _______.

A

benign (harmless, or other synonym)

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7
Q

Nematode which can be large enough to obstruct a bowel.

Transmitted through ingestion of soil.

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

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8
Q

Causative agent of the number one untreated tropical disease.

A

Ascaris lumbricoides - Ascariasis

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9
Q

Where do adult Ascaris lumbricoides worms live?

A

upper small intestine

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10
Q

Ascaris females produce _______ numbers of eggs, which do not become infective until __-__ weeks in soil.

A

enormous
2-3
(Eggs excreted in feces)

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11
Q

Ascaris lives primary in the upper SI, however it doesn’t like when the host gets a fever, or receives general anasthetic. In this instance it migrates. What problems can it cause?

A

Migrate into appendix and cause acute appendicitis
Migrate to biliary duct and cause obstructive jaundice
Migrate out anus
Migrate to stomach (doesn’t like acid) and can run out the mouth or nose.

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12
Q

An important thing to remember, is that if you are practicing in the tropics and a patient has a scheduled elective surgery, a week or two before they must be treated for ________. Why?

A

Ascaris

worms will migrate when a person receives general anesthetic

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13
Q

If a person is in the tropics and will receive elective surgery, why do they have to be treated for Ascaris infection? Why can’t the stools just be checked for eggs?

A

Perhaps there are only male worms in the bowel

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14
Q

Other than migration, what is a potential complication of Ascaris infection?

A

Hypersensitivity to larvae in the lungs

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15
Q

Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus are both this.

A

intestinal hookworms

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16
Q

Hookworms are acquired this way.

A

by penetrating intact skin

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17
Q

Walking barefoot, lying on a beach with bare skin exposed is a risk factor for infestation by this group of helminths.

A

Intestinal hookworms

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18
Q

These worms enter the circulation, are coughed and swallowed and live out in the microvilli of the SI.

A

Intestinal hookworms

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19
Q

Treatment for these worms is not medically necessary unless their blood meals is causing anemia in the patient (although patients may request treatment).

A

Intestinal hookworms

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20
Q

_______ _______ is the first manifestation following skin penetration by intestinal hookworms.

A

Ground itch

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21
Q

Unlucky infection in which the agent cannot complete its life cycle. Ends up crawling under the skin and producing very itchy eruptions on the skin.

A

Dog hookworm (ancylostoma brasiliense)

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22
Q

Why are local attempts at therapy useless against Ancylostoma brasiliense (dog hookworm)?

A

Because it leaves inflammatory proteins (causing skin eruptions), where it USED to be.

23
Q

Barefoot walking is a risk factor for this worm and causes pruritis and unusual skin eruptions.

A

Strongyloides stercoralis (threadworm)

24
Q

The only helminth that is able to reproduce in the body.

A

Strongyloides stercoralis

25
Q

Although the immune system usually keeps this worm in check, if a person is immunocompromised, it can cause hyperinfection syndromes.

A

Strongyloides stercoralis (Threadworm)

26
Q

Worm that causes a serpingious presentation on the skin. However, instead of occuring where the body contact soil, it always occurs on the trunk.

A

Strongyloides stercoralis - threadworm

27
Q

Sashimi can harbour the stomach worm, a hazard of consuming _____water fish.

A

Anisakis spp.

saltwater

28
Q

Flashfreezing sashimi eliminates the chance of getting infected by this.

A

Anisakis spp.

Stomach worm

29
Q

Usually causes upper abdominal pain and is discovered by endoscopy. Often removed by adding forceps to endoscope.

A

Anisakis spp. stomach worm

30
Q

Trichinella spiralis and Filariases are both examples of this.

A

Tissue nematodes

31
Q

Can get this nematode from eating undercooked pork, bear, walrus or COUGAR JERKY.

A

Trichinella spiralis

32
Q

Infection by this nematode causes periorbital edema (red swelling around the eyes).

A

Trichinella spiralis

33
Q

This nematode is usually only discovered by muscle biopsy. However, there is not much that can be done except?

A

Trichenella spiralis

Drugs don’t do much - basically treat with analgesis and corticosteroids until the cysts die off

34
Q

Main cause of elephantiasis.

A

Wuchereria bancrofti - (lymphatic filariasis)

35
Q

Worms in every sense of the word, but microscopic in size.

A

Filiariases - e.g. Wuchereria bancrofti

36
Q

How are filiriases speciated?

A

How the tail nuclei looks

whether or not they have a sheath

37
Q

How can wucheraria bancrofti cause elephantiasis?

A

Larvae migrate to lymphatics, develop into adults and block lymph vessels.

38
Q

For elephantiasis, there really is no treatment. What is a diagnostic sign that infection is present?

A

Can sometimes see adult worms through ultrasound - filarial dance sign

39
Q

Beef tapeworm

A

Taenia saginata

40
Q

Often seen infection from people from Lebanon who eat raw beef dishes.

A

Beef tapeworm (taenia saginata)

41
Q

What is done to identify the type of tapeworm?

A

Inject uterus with india ink and count the number of lateral uterine branches

42
Q

Above this line, cannot feel anything other than distention.

A

Dentate line

43
Q

Each segment of segmented worms (cestodes/tapeworms) is _________.

A

hermaphroditic

44
Q

How does the beef tapeworm adhere to the bowel?

A

Sucking disk on its scolex (head)

45
Q

How are tapeworms propagated?

A

Break off in segments and exits the body - e.g. passed in stool, or crawls out

46
Q

Cestode that is introduced into the body by eating raw pork.

A

Taenia solium - pork tapeworm

47
Q

For the most part, infection by the pork tapeworm is harmless, but in some cases it can cause very serious disease. Explain.

A

If eat food contamined with stool of swine that had eggs, the pork tapeworm can hatch, penetrate the body tissues and encyst –> cystocercosis - very often get cysts in the brain - get sudden seizures

48
Q

Freshwater sashimi can be infectd by this guy.

A

Diphyllobothrium latum - fish tapeworm

49
Q

This infective agents can cause vitamin B12 deficiency, although the reason is largely unclear.

A

Diphyllobothrium latum - fish tapeworm

50
Q

Put the different tapeworms in order of decreasing amount of intrauterine segments.

A

Beef –> pork –> freshwater

51
Q

What does vitamin B12 deficiency cause?

A

Megalobastic anemia - very large RBCs, but not enough of them

52
Q

The most common cause of hemoptysis, worlwide (don’t fucking say TB).

A

Lung fluke - paragonimus westermani

53
Q

Where does one acquire the lung fluke?

A

Undercooked crabs or crayfish

54
Q

The lung fluke goes from where to where?

A

Duodenum –> peritoneum –> lungs