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Micro and Immunology > Parasitology > Flashcards

Parasitology Flashcards

1
Q

Plasmodium, Toxoplasma gondii and Trypanosoma are _____ and ______ protozoa.

A

blood and tissue

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2
Q

Causative agent of malaria.

A

Plasmodium

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3
Q

Causative agent of Toxoplasmosis.

A

Toxoplasma gondii

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4
Q

Although most people get overwhelmed with the prospect of parasite infection, this is often blown out of proportion with the real risk. Why?

A

Most parasites are not very dangerous and tend to only produce chronic, yet poorly symptomatic infections.

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5
Q

The most dangerous of the malaria causative agents.

A

Plasmodium falciparum

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6
Q

Disease that is second only to AIDS as a mortality-causing agent.

A

Malaria

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7
Q

The WHO has released a report on Malaria, what did it suggest? What was the reason for it?

A

First time in many years that the amount of malaria cases has increased.
Blamed lack of global funding.

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8
Q

Nurses play a very large role in the diagnosis of Malaria. What is it?

A

Any patient that has returned from the tropics and has a fever, has malaria until proven otherwise.

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9
Q

What was the story related to Malaria that Dr. Colby talked about?

A

Tanzanea missionary story

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10
Q

Why is preventing malaria much more sensible than treating it?

A

There is a 1/3rd chance of dying if you get malaria.

27% of cases in the US are diagnosed at autopsy

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11
Q

What are some major issues in the areas where malaria is endemic (in terms of treatment)?

A

Marked increased in drug resistance

Counterfeit drugs

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12
Q

What mosquito is involved in Malaria transmission?

How are they attracted to humans?

A 
Anopheles mosquito (Females)
Attracted to body heat, and carbon dioxide
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13
Q

What are some preventions one can take to prevent Anopheles mosquito bites?

A

Sleep screened in an air conditioned room, mosquito repellant
and ANTI-MALARIAL DRUGS

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14
Q

Causative agent of the malaria that has the potential to relapse, years to months later.

A

Plasmodium vivax

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15
Q

Plasmodium vivax likes to infect what type of RBCs?

A

immature reticulocytes (i.e. immature RBCs) which are larger

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16
Q

Most human infections by this agent are benign, asymptomatic, or cause infectious mono and occasionally myocarditis.

A

Toxoplasma gondii

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17
Q

How is Toxoplasma gondii usually acquired?

A

By eating raw meat

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18
Q

What is the definitive host of Toxoplasma gondii?

How does this host acquired it?

A

house cat

acquired by hunting

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19
Q

What are the two forms of Toxoplasma gondii?

A

Tachyzoites - fast

bradyzoites - slow (encysted form)

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20
Q

How can Toxoplasma gondii be a large problem for neonates?

A

Can be a problem with neonatal infections - can get hydrocephalus and microcephaly

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21
Q

How can Toxoplasma gondii be a problem for immunocompromised people?

A

can attack the retina

22
Q

Although cleaning the litterbox of a cat infested by Toxoplasma gondii can cause many issues (esp. for pregnant women), how can this be essentially reduced?

A

Since the ova in cat feces takes days to embryonate and become infections, cleaning the literbox often (i.e. everyday) essentially eliminates any risk
Washing your hands after also helps
Also getting someone else to clean the litterbox would be helpful

23
Q

What should you never hold in?

A

a sneeze

24
Q

What are the two forms of Trypanosomiasis? What do each cause?

A

Trypanosoma cruzi - Chagas disease

Trypanosoma brucei - sleeping sickness

25
Q

Disease of C’s.

A

Chagas - Cruzi - C shape

26
Q

Chagas disease is transmitted by these bugs.

A

kissing bugs

27
Q

How does one get periorbital cellulitis from Kissing bugs?

A

Kissing bug takes a blood meal around eye while the person is asleep and leaves feces.
This causes the person to rub there eyes and the parasites into the bite wound

28
Q

What is tough about treating Chagas disease?

A

Drugs that treat it are quite toxic

29
Q

What is the agent that spreads African Sleeping sickness (i.e. Trypanosoma brucei)?

A

Tsetse flies

30
Q

To identify the TseTse fly, what do we look for?

A

Pattern of wing veins that look like a meat cleaver

31
Q

The bite of a TseTse fly infected with T. brucei produces what skin lesion?

A

Escar at initial bite

32
Q

This presentation which is abnormal for any presentation is common in the early stages of African Sleeping Sickness.

A

Posterior cervical lymphadenopathy

33
Q

The presence of any protozoa in stool indicates exposure to contaminated _____ and ______.

A

food and water

34
Q

There are two forms of enteric protozoa. The _____ are the infective form and the __________ are the active form.

A

Cysts - infective

Trophozoites - active

35
Q

Diagnosis of enteric protozoa is accomplished by ___ tests.

A

lab

36
Q

Environmentally resistant and passed from fecal-oral contamination.

A

Cyst form of enteric protozoa

37
Q

Enteric protozoan form that causes inflammation and damage to the host.

A

Trophozoite

38
Q

Giardia lamblia, entamoeba hystolytica and Entamoeba dispar belong to this group.

A

Enteric protozoa

39
Q

For Entamoeba histolytica/dispar, what is needed to reliably say there are no protozoans present?
What about Giardia?

A

at least 3 negatives

At least 5 negatives for Giardia

40
Q

Causative agent of Beaver fever.

Introduced into humans via contaminated _______.

A

Giardia lamblia

water

41
Q

Americans call G. lamblia by a different name. This is?

A

G. intestinalis

42
Q

Beaver fever infects the _______, but is ___-_______. It is resistant to _________, but _______ is effective against it.
However, if drinking potentially contaminated surface water, what is even better?

A 
duodenum
non-invasive
chlorination
iodination
boiling
43
Q

Residual lactose intolerance is common after infection by this agent.
Also causes soft, foul stools with flatus, bloating, gurgling, weight loss and fatigue.

A

Giardia lamblia

44
Q

The symptoms of this agent range from non-dysenteric (e.g. alernating constipation and diarrhea, lower abdominal cramps, bloating, etc.) to dysentery.

A

entamoeba histolytica

45
Q

For Entamoeba histolytica, _____ ulceration may lead to systemic spread via the blood to the _____, _____ or ______, producing abscesses.

A

colon

liver, lung, brain

46
Q

What is the test for Entamoeba histolytica?

A

Blood tests - amebic serology

47
Q

What is diagnostic for entamoeba histolytica, but often not seen?

A

Stools - will see trophozoites that have phagocytosed RBCs

48
Q

What is something you learned about the directionality of CT scans?

A

they go from the feet upwards (i.e. direction you look at when looking at a CT scan)

49
Q

Non-pathogenic species that is morphologically indistinguishable from E. histolytica.

A

Entamoeba dispar

50
Q

How then, can E. dispar be distinghished from E. histolytica?

A

Rapid stool antigen test

Micro and Immunology (38 decks)

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