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Micro and Immunology > Classification of infectious agents > Flashcards

Classification of infectious agents Flashcards

1
Q

Which organelle produces ATP in cells?

A

Mitochondria

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2
Q

Which part of the body has the most amount of bacteria?

A

Mouth

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3
Q

How does cyanide kill us?

A

Blocks off the ETC and kills us in minutes

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4
Q

The mitochondria in eukaryotic cells is related to what?

A

Rickettsia

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5
Q

Abnormally configured self-replicating protein templates.

A

Prions

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6
Q

What are the two basic configurations that proteins come in (2D stuctures)?

A

Alpha helix or B-pleated sheets

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7
Q

Normal prion proteins are in what configuration?

A

Alpha-helix

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8
Q

What is the diseased configuration of prions?

A

Beta-pleated sheets

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9
Q

Nucleic acid (DNA/RNA) genes packaged in protein coats which can subvert host cells to replicate virus particles.

A

Viruses

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10
Q

Are viruses alive?

A

no

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11
Q

This classification consists of animals (including helminths), plant, fungi, algae and protozoa

A

eukaryotes

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12
Q

This group consists of the Archaea and Bacteria

A

Prokaryotes

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13
Q

Why aren’t viruses or prions part of the eukaryotes or prokaryotes?

A

Viruses and prions are not cells

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14
Q

Extremely old, primitive lifeforms that live in hot water upwellings at the bottom of the sea, where there is warm volcanic water.

A

Archae

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15
Q

Who are archaea most closely related to?

A

Prokaryotes

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16
Q

What is the defining characteristics of eukaryotes?

A

Nuclear membrane

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17
Q

Describe the genetic organization of eukaryotes.

A

dsDNA organized into linear chromosomes; multiple chromosomes

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18
Q

Describe eukaryotes in terms of organelles, ribosomes and size.

A

Eukaryotes have subcellular organelles.
They have larger, 80S ribosomes, some of which are attached to the ER (RER), some are free.
These are larger cells (10-100 microns)

19
Q

Describe prokaryotes in terms of genetic organization, ribosomes, cell size and differentiating factor(s) between them and eukaryotes.

A

Single, circular ds DNA chromosome
smaller (70s) ribosomes, free in cytoplasm
smaller cell size
No nuclear membrane (nucleoid) and no subcellular organelles

20
Q

What is a nucleoid?

A

Area where the supercoiled prokaryotic DNA is tucked away

21
Q

What is the importance of cell walls?

A

Function as osmotic barriers

22
Q

Which bacterial genuses do not have cell walls?

A

Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma

23
Q

Which bacterial group has a flexible cell wall?

A

Spirochaetes

24
Q

Which bacterial group has a rigid cell wall?

A

Most bacteria

25
Q

Net diffusion of water across an osmotic gradient until solutes are of equivalent concentration across a semi-permeable membrane.

A

Fick’s law of diffusion

26
Q

Which bacterial groups are filamentous?

A

Mycobacterium, Actinomyces, Nocardia

27
Q

Which bacterial groups are simple and unicellular?

A

Most bacteria

28
Q

Although most bacteria are free-living, which groups are obligate intracellular parasites?

A

Chlamydia, Coxiella, Ehrlichia, Rickettsia (latter makes sense since it is related to the mitochondria)

29
Q

Can tolerate significant concentrations of ambient oxygen

A

Aerobes

30
Q

If a bacteria is classified as aerobic, does that necessarily mean they use oxygen?

A

NO, simply means they have means of surviving oxygen

31
Q

Poisoned by significant concentrations of ambient oxygen

A

Anaerobic

32
Q

If you give too much oxygen (i.e. too high of a concentration) to a patient, what occurs?

A

Pulmonary fibrosis, and possibly ARDS (Adult respiratory distress syndrome)

33
Q

Test to classify bacteria based on whether or not they were decolourized by alcohol after staining with gentian violet (crystal violet now) and iodine.

A

Gram stain

34
Q

What does a gram-positive mean?

A

Retained the stain

35
Q

Instead of using gentian violet, what reagents do we use?

A

Crystal violet

Safranine counter stain

36
Q

Describe the gram positive cell wall

A

Simple, thick layer of peptidoglycan outside of the cell membrane
Contains teichoic acid

37
Q

Describe the gram negative cell wall.

A

Complex structure with inner and outer membranes, LPS, porin proteins and a thin peptidoglycan layer

38
Q

What are the different bacterial shapes?

A 
Cocci - chains or clusters
Robs - bacilli
Short rods - coccobacilli
Curved
Spiral
Branched - filamentous
39
Q

What does staph mean?

A

Grape

40
Q

Which bacterium causes typhoid fever?

A

Salmonella enterica serovar typhi

41
Q

Which bacterium causes cholera

A

Vibrio cholerae

42
Q

What is fermentation?

A

The anaerobic metabolism of sugar

43
Q

Fermentation is used to classify what?

A

Gram -ve rods

44
Q

What are the issues with non-fermenters?

A

Hard to classify and treat

Micro and Immunology (38 decks)

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