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Micro and Immunology > Innate Immunity - Cytokines > Flashcards

Innate Immunity - Cytokines Flashcards

1
Q

Small proteins secreted by activated nucleated cells.

A

Cytokines

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2
Q

Proteins used to communicate with other cells

A

cytokines

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3
Q

Proteins that activate or suppress (i.e. modulate) most cellular behaviour.

A

Cytokines

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4
Q

True or False? Cytokines only have a role in innate immunity.

A

False. They have a role in both innate and adaptive immunity.

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5
Q

Describe the mode of action of a cytokine.

A

Cytokine binds to its receptor expressed on the cell surface which, through signalling, induces the cell how to behave

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6
Q

Which cytokines have a key role in innate immunity?

A

Chemokines
Interferons
pro-inflammatory cytokines

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7
Q

Which cytokines have a key role in hematopeoisis?

A

CSFs

GFs

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8
Q

What are some examples of pro-inflammatory cytokines?

A

ILs

TNFs

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9
Q

_________ (i.e. becoming myeloid or lymphoid progenitors) is dictated by _________.

A

hematopoeisis

cytokines

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10
Q

An activated cell secretes ______ types of cytokines ________.

A

many

simultaneously

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11
Q

A phagocyte binding a pathogen results in what?

A
  1. Phagocytosis
  2. Release of cytokines
    a) pro-inflammatory cytokines
    b) chemokines
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12
Q

Describe the pathway (or draw) from phagocyte-pathogen interaction to release of cytokines.

A
  1. Phagocyte binds to pathogen through PRR-PAMP interaction
  2. Phagocyte gets activated
  3. Initiates phagocytosis and release of cytokines
  4. Pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines are released
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13
Q

What do pro-inflammatory cytokines do?

A

Activate endothelial cells

vasodilation and increase permeability

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14
Q

How do activated endothelial cells contribute to the inflammation reaction?

A

Activated endothelial cells:
1. Vasodilate
2. Increase blood vessel permeability
(This allows circulating immune cells and proteins to enter the infected tissue)

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15
Q

Which immune cells are initially located in the blood?

A

(immature) dendritic cells, neutrophils, monocytes, NK cells (T-cells)

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16
Q

What happens to monocytes when they enter infected tissues?

A

Mature into macrophages

17
Q

What do chemokines do?

A

These are chemo-attractant molecules which attract immune cells.

18
Q

Why can WBCs only penetrate veins, rather than arteries?

A

Main reason: lower blood pressure (cells cannot adhere to endothelial cells)
other reason: thinner walls

19
Q

Describe the process of inflammation when an extracellular pathogen breaches the tissues.

A
  1. Extracellular pathogen breaches the tissue
  2. Tissue-resident phagocytes (immature dendritic cells and macrophages) bind to pathogens through PRR-PAMP interactions - get activated
  3. Activated phagocytes initiate phagocytosis and release cytokines (Chemokines and pro-inflammatory cytokines)
  4. Pro-inflammatory cytokines activate endothelial cells
  5. Activated endothelial cells vasodilate and increase vascular permeability
  6. Circulating immune cells (neutrophils, immature dendritic cells, monocytes, NK cells (T-cells)) are attracted to site of injury, and enter the infected tissue
20
Q

During inflammation, what causes redness?

Swelling?

A

Redness is caused by vasodilation

Swelling is caused by increased vessel permeability and the outflow of fluid into the tissues

21
Q

How is fever initiated?

A

PRR-PAMO –> pro-inflammatory cytokines –> inflammation –> cytokines return to blood –> induce hypothalamus to release prostaglandins –> induce fever

22
Q

Why is fever a good thing in innate immunity?

A 
Fever kills pathogens - as most pathogens require a lower body temperature to replicate
Fever causes sweat:
- flushes out microbes
- contains antimicrobial peptides
- contains IgA antibodies
23
Q

For what type of pathogen are IFNs important?

A

Viruses (obligate intracellular parasites)

24
Q

What are the two functions of IFNs?

A
  1. IFNs tell NK cells to kill the virus-infected cell

2. IFN induces nearby healthy cells to produce antiviral enzymes to protect themselves (inhibit viral replication)

25
Q

Describe how a virus infected cell gets destroyed by an NK cell, starting from IFN release.

A
  1. Virus-infected cell releases IFNs and chemokines (quick)
  2. Chemokines will attract NK cells and IFN will bind to IFN receptor on NK cell, activating it
  3. Activated NK cell releases toxic enzymes onto virus-infected cell causing apoptosis
26
Q

______ is rapidly secreted after an infection

A

IFN

27
Q

______ cells have the IFN receptor.

A

ALL

28
Q

How are some viruses able to get around NK cell-mediated immunity?
How are they dealt with?

A

Able to block IFN production/release pathway.
Thus, NK cells do not get activated.
Get around this using T-cell immunity

29
Q

What type of pathogen is poorly affected by NK cells?

A

intracellular bacteria

Micro and Immunology (38 decks)

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