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Cardiology > Structure & Function of Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Structure & Function of Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 main types of Blood vessels?

A

Arteries, Arterioles, Blood capillaries, Capillaries, Venules & Veins.

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2
Q

What is the Basic structure of a Blood vessel?

A

There are 3 layers / Tunics to a blood vessel:

  1. An Epithelial inner lining
  2. A middle layer consisting of Smooth muscle & Elastic connective tissue.
  3. A connective outer layer connective tissue covering.
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3
Q

What is another name for the layer of a Blood vessel?

A

It is also referred to as a Tunic.

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4
Q

What are the 3 layers of a blood vessel with the Tunic names?

A

They are called;
Tunica Interna
Tunica Media
Tunica Externa

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5
Q

What is the Lumen of the Blood vessel?

A

This is the portion the blood flows through / Interior opening.

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6
Q

What are the Blood vessel layers from inner most to outer most?

A

They are:
Tunica Interna
Tunica Media
Tunica Externa

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7
Q

What does the Tunica Interna Form in the blood vessel?

A

It forms the Inner lining of the blood vessel & is in direct contact with the Blood as it flows through the lumen.

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8
Q

What are the 2 components of the Tunica Interna?

A

There is an Endothelium layer and a basement membrane that provides a physical support base for the epithelial layer.

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9
Q

What is the Tunica Media Comprised of?

A

in most Vessels it it composed of A relatively thick layer comprising mainly of smooth muscle cells & Substantial amounts of elastic fibres.

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10
Q

What is the main role in the Tunica Media?

A

It is to control the diameter of the Lumen.

Through Vasodilation and Vasoconstriction.

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11
Q

When does Vasoconstriction occur in the Blood vessels?

A

This occurs when there is an increase in Sympathetic nerve stimulation increases.

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12
Q

What is an increase in Lumen Diameter?

A

This is called Vasodilation.

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13
Q

What does the Tunica Externa consist of?

A

Consisting of elastic and collagen Fibres.
It contains nerves on the outside wall of the vessel.
There are small vessels that supply the tissue of the blood vessels.

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14
Q

What is the name of the Blood vessels that supply the Blood vessels with nutrients?

A

They are called “Vasa Vasorum” and can easily be seen on the outside of the Aorta.

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15
Q

What is different in the Tunica Media of Arteries?

A

They contain more Elastic fibres compared to normal blood vessels?
Because of the high elasticity the Arteries have a high “compliance”.

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16
Q

What does it mean for Blood vessels to have a high Compliance?

A

This means that their walls stretch or expand without tearing in response to increased pressure.

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17
Q

What are Elastic Arteries?

A

These are the largest blood vessels in the body.
They have the largest diameter among arteries.
They are characterized by well defined internal and external elastic laminae fibres called “Elastic lamellae”.

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18
Q

What is the reason for “Elastic Arteries”?

A

They help keep the blood flowing during Ventricular relaxation.

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19
Q

What are the Largest Arteries in the body?

A

Elastic arteries.

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20
Q

What is considered medium arteries in the body?

A

Muscular Arteries.

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21
Q

What is considered the Small Arteries in the body?

A

Arterioles.

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22
Q

Why does the Medium / Muscular Arteries have their name?

A

This is because their Tunica Media contains more Smooth muscle & Fewer Elastic Fibres than Elastic Arteries.

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23
Q

What are Muscular / Medium Arteries also called?

A

They are also referred to as Distributing Arteries because they continue to branch out and distribute blood to each of the various organs.

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24
Q

What is “Vascular Tone”?

A

This is the ability of the Muscle of the Artery to contract and stay partially contracted.

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25
Q

What is Vascular Tone used for?

A

It is used for Vasodilation & Vasoconstriction.

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26
Q

What is an Artery that does not “Anastomosis”?

A

This type of Artery is know as an End Artery.

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27
Q

What is an Artery that does not “Anastomosis”?

A

This type of Artery is know as an End Artery.

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28
Q

What is Collateral Circulation?

A

This is the alternative route of blood flow to a part of the body through an “Anastomosis” known as a Collateral Circulation.

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29
Q

How thick are the walls of Arterioles?

A

They are about one half of the total vessel diameter.

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30
Q

What are Arterioles?

A

They are Small Arteries, They regulate blood flow into capillary networks in the body’s tissues.

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31
Q

What are Arteriols Also know as?

A

They Are also referred to as Resistance Vessels.

32
Q

Why are Arterioles also called Resistance Vessels?

A

This is because they play a big role Regulating blood flow into capillaries with resistance.
When the Diameter of the vessel is smaller there is greater Friction and Therefor greater resistance.

33
Q

What are Capillaries?

A

They are the smallest of the blood vessels.

The Primary Function of the Capillaries is to exchange nutrients

34
Q

What are Capillaries Also referred to as?

A

They are also called “Exchange Vessels”.
This is because the primary Function of the Capillaries is to exchange Substances between the blood and the Interstitial Fluid.

35
Q

Where are Capillaries the most frequent?

A

They are found in the parts of the body with Higher Metabolic Activity.

36
Q

What do Capillaries lack?

A

They Lack a Tunica Media & Externa.

37
Q

Why do Capillaries Lack Tunica Externa & Media?

A

Because if Capillaries Walls only contain a single layer of endothelial cells & a basement membrane it makes it easier for substances to pass through to the Interstitial fluid.

38
Q

What is a Capillary Bed?

A

Throughout the body the Capillaries function as apart of a capillary bed.
A capillary bed is a network of 10-100 capillaries from one Metarteriole.

39
Q

What are the Steps of blood flowing through a Capillary Network?

A

….

40
Q

What does a Capillary Connect Arterioles to?

A

Capillaries Connect Arterioles and Venules through a Capillary Bed.

41
Q

What does a Capillary Connect Arterioles to?

A

Capillaries Connect Arterioles and Venules through a Capillary Bed.

42
Q

What are “Postcapillary Venules”?

A

These are Venules that Initially receive blood from capillaries.

43
Q

What are “Varicose Veins”?

A

This is a condition where Leaky Venous Valves Cause the veins to become dilated & twisted in appearance.

44
Q

What is “Vasomotion”?

A

This is the Intermittent Contraction & relaxation of blood flowing through Capillaries.

45
Q

What are Precapillary Sphincters?

A

These are muscles rings that help control the Blood flow through Capillaries.

46
Q

What Arteries are capable of greater vasoconstriction & Dilation?

A

Muscular Arteries.

This is because the Tunica Media is much thicker than most arteries, About 3/4 the mass of the artery is smooth muscle.

47
Q

What is a “Microcirculation”?

A

This is when a Venual receives blood from a Capillary.

This is called a Microcirculation of the Body.

48
Q

Where does Exchange of Substances occur in the body?

A

This will only occur in the Capillary of the body and the beginning of Venuals.

49
Q

What are the factors for Vascular resistance?

A

1: Size of the Blood vessels Lumen
2: Blood Velocity
3: Total blood vessel Length

50
Q

What is Vascular Resistance?

A

It is the Opposition of blood flow due to fricton between blood and the wall of the Blood vessel.

51
Q

What is Venous Return?

A

This is the volume of blood flowing back to the heart through the Systemic Veins.

52
Q

How does Venous Return work?

A

It works from the pressure created by the hearts left ventricle.

53
Q

When does Venous Return Decrease?

A

Only if pressure increase in the Right Atrium or Ventricle.

54
Q

What are the other 2 mechanisms that help return blood from the lower limbs back to the heart?

A

1: The Skeletal muscle pump
2: The Respiratory Pump

55
Q

How does the Skeletal Muscle Pump work?

A

1: When standing at rest Both the Venous Valves are closer to the heart.
2: Contraction of the Leg Muscles, Compress the leg veins. The compression pushes blood through the Proximal valve.
3: After compression the proximal valve closes and blood pushes through the Distal Valve into the Vein.

56
Q

What is the Action of “milking” in the Venous Return?

A

This is the action of Compression of Venous veins and pushing blood through Venous Valves toward the heart.

57
Q

What is Respiratory Pump of Venous Return?

A

When Breathing there is a Decrease in pressure of the thoracic cavity and an increase in the abdominal.
As a result of the pressure changes the Veins in these areas get compressed and move blood.

58
Q

When BP decreases what happens to the Heart?

A

The Heart Rate increases.

59
Q

What is Pulse?

A

This is the Expansion and recoil of Elastic arteries after each time the Left ventricle makes a traveling wave called a Pulse.

60
Q

What are Pulse Points on the body?

A 
Superficial Temporal Artery 
Facial Artery 
Common Carotid Artery 
Brachial Artery 
Femoral Artery 
Popliteal Artery 
Radial Artery 
Dorsal Artery of the foot
61
Q

What is a Rapid resting Heart rate or pulse over 100 BPM called?

A

It is referred to as a “Tachycardia”.

62
Q

What is the name for a Resting heart rate or pulse under 50 BPM

A

It is referred to as “Bradycardia”.

63
Q

What is the name for a Resting heart rate or pulse under 50 BPM

A

It is referred to as “Bradycardia”.

64
Q

What are the Various sounds that can be heard when listening to Blood Pressure.

A

They are called “Korotkoff Sounds”.

65
Q

What are the Various sounds that can be heard when listening to Blood Pressure.

A

They are called “Korotkoff Sounds”.

66
Q

What are the types of Shock on your Body?

A

1: Hypovolemic Shock
2: Cardiogenic Shock
3: Vascular Shock
4: Obstructive Shock

67
Q

What is Hypovolemic Shock?

A

This is due to Decreased Blood volume.

68
Q

What is Cardiogenic Shock?

A

This is due to Poor Heart Function.

69
Q

What is Vascular Shock?

A

This is due to Inappropriate Vasodilation.

70
Q

What is Obstructive Shock?

A

This is due to Obstruction of blood flow.

71
Q

What is a common reason for Hypovolemic Shock?

A

This is usually related to blood loss.

Mat be internal if the client is unaware.

72
Q

What is a common reason for Hypovolemic Shock?

A

This is usually related to Acute trauma of External / internal blood loss.
Excessive Fluid loss related to sweating or Vomiting.
Overall it is Due to inadequate Fluid intake.

73
Q

What is a Treatment for Hypovolemic shock?

A

This involves replacing fluid volume as fast as you can.

74
Q

What is Cardiogenic Shock caused by?

A

Most often is caused by the inadequate pumping of blood from the heart because of (MI).
Other causes are: Heart valve problems, impaired heart contractility.

75
Q

What are Signs and Symptoms of Shock?

A 
This can Include:
Rapid resting HR 
Systolic BP is lower than 90
Weak pulse 
Client is thirsty due to fluid loss
Skin is cool and pale 
Mental State is Reduced due to reduced O2 supply 
....
76
Q

What is the cause for Vascular Shock?

A

….

Cardiology (14 decks)

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