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Cardiology > Cardiology Exam Review Chapter 19-20 > Flashcards

Cardiology Exam Review Chapter 19-20 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Functions of the Blood?

A

Transportation of oxygen & Nutrients.
Regulation of body temp & PH in the blood as well as other fluids.
Protection of the body as it supports the Immune system.

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2
Q

What is the Basic composition of the blood?

A

The Content of “Whole Blood” is:

55% blood plasma, 45% formed elements.

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3
Q

What are the cells present in blood?

A

RBC’s, WBC’s.

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4
Q

What are the plasma proteins of the blood?

A

Abumins, globulins, Fibrinogens.

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5
Q

How does blood clotting occur?

A

The 3 stages of clotting are:
Extrensic & Intrensic pathways form “Prothrombinase”.

Prothrombinase converts to “prothrmbin” into thrombin.

Thrombin converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble Fibrin. The Fibrin form threads that form the Clot.

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6
Q

What is the Process of creating Formed elements Called?

A

This process is called “Hemopoiesis”.

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7
Q

What is the Epicardium made up of?

A

Composed of 2 tissue layers:
The outermost of the Epicardium is “Visceral layer of the Serous pericardium”.
The inner layer of the Epicardium is “variable elastic adipose tissue”.

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8
Q

What is Anemia?

A

This is a Low RBC count of the Blood.

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9
Q

What is the Myocardium made of?

A

Makes up about 95% of the heart wall and is used for the pumping action.
The cardiac muscle fibres are striated and in bundles that swirl around the heart and create a pumping action.

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10
Q

What is the Endocardium of the Heart made of?

A

This is a Thin layer overlaying connective tissue.

Provides a smooth inner lining for the chambers of the heart and reduces friction.

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11
Q

What are Clotting factors?

A

These are substances in the blood plasma that affect clotting and there is 12 of them labeled in roman numerals.

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12
Q

What is the Condition Hemophilia?

A

A person is prone to bleeding and have a hard time clotting blood.

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13
Q

What is the Condition Sickle Cell Disease?

A

A persons RBC contains “Hb-s a abnormal Hemoglobin.

This makes the RBC’s a unnatural Shape that break easier and do not hold as much O2 as a normal RBC.

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14
Q

What are Clotting factors?

A

These are any number of substances in the blood plasma involved in blood clotting.
There is 12 types and they are labeled in roman numerals.

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15
Q

What is treatment for Hemophilia?

A

Transfusion of of fresh blood plasma or concentrates of the deficient clotting factors to relive the tendency to bleed.

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16
Q

What are the Stem cells that give rise to WBC’s?

A

Lymphoid Stem cells.

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17
Q

What are the Stem cells that give rise to RBC’s?

A

Myloid stem cells.

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18
Q

What are the Stem cells that give rise to RBC’s?

A

Myloid stem cells.

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19
Q

What are the Valves of the Heart?

A

There are (AV) valves & (SL) valves.

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20
Q

What is Cardiac Output (CO)?

A

(CO) is the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle into the Aorta each min.
(CO) = the stroke volume of blood ejected from each contraction X the Heart rate.

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21
Q

What is the difference between Systemic & Pulmonary circulation?

A

Pulmonary Circulation is from the Right side of the heart through the Pulmonary Valve to the lungs and has a lower BP.

Systemic Circulation is the left side of the heart and pumps blood at a higher BP around the body to Systemic Capillaries.

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22
Q

What are the Valves of the heart that are associated with Systemic Circulation?

A

Bicuspid Valve & Aortic Valve.

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23
Q

What are all the Chambers of the heart?

A

Right & left Atrium + Right & left Ventricles.

24
Q

What is the difference between Systemic & Pulmonary circulation?

A

Pulmonary Circulation is from the Right side of the heart through the Pulmonary Valve to the lungs and has a lower BP.

Systemic Circulation is from the Left side of the heart and pumps the Oxygenated blood to the rest of the body and has higher BP.

25
Q

What is Coronary Circulation?

A

This is the Circulation for the Heart wall itself that branches off of the Ascending Aorta.

26
Q

What are the Papillary muscles & Chondrae tendoneae?

A

They’re what hold / pull the (AV) valves open into the ventricles.

27
Q

What is the Electrical System of the Heart?

A

This is made up of different nodes and nerves that provide stimulation to the cardiac muscle tissue of the heart.

28
Q

What are the Layers of the Pericardium?

A

There is a Outer Fibrous membrane & a inner Serous membrane composed of 2 layers.
One Parietal outer layer to the serous membrane & an inner Visceral layer to the Serous membrane.

29
Q

What are the Sulcus of the Heart?

A

These are a Series of grooves on the surface of the heart, That contain Coronary blood vessels & a variable amount of fat.
They mark the External boundaries of the Chambers of the heart.

30
Q

What do Autorhythmic fibres do for the heart?

A

They perform repeated electrical action that creates Heart contractions.

31
Q

How do you take BP of a client?

A

The formula for finding blood pressure is:
Cardiac Output (stroke volume X Heart rate)
Total Peripheral resistance

32
Q

What is Arrhythmia?

A

This is a Heart rhythm problem.
It occurs when the electrical impulses that coordinate your heartbeats don’t work properly, causing your heart to beat too fast, too slow or irregularly.

33
Q

what is Coronary Artery Disease?

A

Coronary artery disease is caused by plaque buildup in the wall of the arteries that supply blood to the heart (called coronary arteries). Plaque is made up of cholesterol deposits. Plaque buildup causes the inside of the arteries to narrow over time. This process is called atherosclerosis.

34
Q

What are Clotting Disorders?

A

Ex: Hemophilia, Sicle cell disease.

35
Q

What is (MI)?

A

Myo-cardial infraction is when there an obstruction in the coronary arteries and heart tissue dies.
This can lead to a heart attack as contractile fibres of the heart die.

36
Q

What is Heart Failure?

A

Heart failure is a chronic, progressive condition in which the heart muscle is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs for blood and oxygen. Basically, the heart can’t keep up with its workload.

37
Q

What are the Categories of HBP?

A 
Normal BP: less than 130 - less than 85 
high normal: 130 to 139 - 85 to 89 
Mild: 140 to 159 - 90 to 99
moderate: 160 to 179 - 100 to 109
Severe: 180 to 209 - 110 to 119 
Very Severe: 210+ - 120+
38
Q

What is Stenosis?

A

This is when Heart valves are Narrow when opening and reduce blood flow.

39
Q

What is Stenosis?

A

This is when Heart valves are Narrow when opening and reduce blood flow.

40
Q

What is insufficiency of a Heart valve?

A

This is when a Heart valve fails to close completely and there is back flow of blood.

41
Q

What is insufficiency of a Heart valve?

A

This is when a Heart valve fails to close completely and there is back flow of blood.

42
Q

What is Mitral Valve Prolapse? (MVP)

A

This the most common heart valve condition occurring in about 30% of people and more common in women than men.

43
Q

What is Mitral Valve Prolapse? (MVP)

A

This the most common heart valve condition occurring in about 30% of people and more common in women than men.
When one or both Cusp of the Bicuspid valve protrude into the left atrium when ventricular contraction occurs.

44
Q

What is the role of Vitamin K in clotting?

A

It is not used directly in clotting but used to four 4 clotting factors.

45
Q

What are Platelet Plugs good for?

A

They are good at preventing blood loss in a Small Vessel.

46
Q

How many clotting Factors are there in total?

A

12 all in roman numerals.

47
Q

What is a Vascular Spasm?

A

Immediately after Arteries or Arterioles are damaged the Smooth muscle around the lumen tightly close for mins to hours to prevent blood loss.
This known as a “Vascular Spasm”.

48
Q

What are the basic steps to Clot formation?

A

1: Extrinsic / Intrinsic - formation of prothrombinase
2: Prothrominbase is turned into Thrombin
3: Thrombin is used for threading RBC’s / clotting

49
Q

What is Cardiac reserve?

A

This is the difference between a person’s max (CO) & (CO) at rest?

50
Q

What are all the Components to the Conduction system of the heart?

A

1: (SA) Node
2: (AV) Node
3: AV bundle of HIS
4: Right & Left branches of HIS
5: Sub-Ebdocardial Pirkinje Fibres

51
Q

Where is the (SA) node located?

A

In the superior portion of the Right Atrium just inferior to the opening of the Superior vena cava.

52
Q

What is the portion of the heart that separates the Bundle of HIS?

A

The Inter-ventricular Septum.

53
Q

What do perkinje Fibres do for the Conduction system?

A

They branch from the Bundle of HIS and spread into the Endocardium of the ventricles on each side of the Inter-ventricular Septum.

54
Q

What are the Arteries that supply the Conduction system of the Heart?

A

The Right coronary Artery supplies the whole of the system besides the portion of the branch of the Left AV node.
The left branch of the AV node is supplied by the Left coronary artery.

55
Q

What portion of the Hearts conduction system is the Spontaneous source?

A

The (SA) Node.

56
Q

What are the components of the Cunduction system of the heart made up of?

A

They are made of “Auto-rhythmic fibres”.

Cardiology (14 decks)

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