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Cardiology > Disorders & Pathologies of the Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Disorders & Pathologies of the Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What is Sickle Cell Disease?

A

This is a Genetic defect in the hemoglobin.

The RBC can break easier causing Anemia and blood clots.

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2
Q

What is Angina Pectoris?

A

This is pain related to MI.

The pain is local to Sternum, down the left arm and in to the neck.

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3
Q

What is MI?

A

This is also referred to as a “Heart attack”, they occur after arteries to the heart wall have been blocked for a long enough time for tissue death of the heart muscle to occur.

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4
Q

What is Hemophilia?

A

Inherited deficiency of clotting factors

bleeding spontaneously (nosebleeds, blood in urine, articular bleeding) or after minor trauma

subcutaneous & intramuscular hemorrhaging

pain
• Hemophilia A lacks factor VIII (males only) - most common
• Hemophilia B lacks factor IX (males only)
• Hemophilia C (males & females) - less severe because alternate clotting activator exists
• Treatment is transfusions of fresh plasma or concentrates of the missing clotting factor

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5
Q

What is Anemia?

A

It is reduced o2 carrying capacity and because of low RBC’s count.

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6
Q

What is Leukemia?

A

Red bone marrow cancers in which white blood cells multiply uncontrollably (affecting normal production on WBC, RBC, and platelets reducing the oxygen carrying capacity

Makes person more susceptible to infection and leads to abnormal clotting

Causes WBCs to spread to lymph nodes, spleen, and liver enlarging them

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7
Q

What is Atherosclerosis?

A

This is a condition of a hardening of the Arteries.

It occurs when fat, cholesterol and other substances build up in the arteries and form hard structures called plaques.

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8
Q

What are Cerebrovascular Diseases?

A

This refers to a group of conditions that affect the circulation of blood to the Brain.

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9
Q

What are Symptoms of Anemia

A

Includes:

Fatigue, cold intolerance & paleness.

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10
Q

What are the Symptoms of Leukemia?

A

Symptoms include: fatigue, intolerance to cold, pale skin, weight loss, fever, night sweats, excessive bleeding and recurrent infections

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11
Q

What are the charectoristics of Leukemia?

A

Acute – rapid onset

Chronic – symptoms take years to develop

Lymphoblastic –cells form lymphoid stem cells or lymphocytes

Myelogenous – myeloid stem cells or myeloblasts

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12
Q

What are the Symptoms of Atherocclerosis?

A

Does not show symptoms until blood flow slows or is blocked

If the arteries to the heart become narrow, blood flow to the heart can slow down or stop. This can cause chest pain (stable angina), shortness of breath, and other symptoms.

Narrowed or blocked arteries may also cause problems and symptoms in your intestines, kidneys, legs, and brain

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13
Q

What are the symptoms of Sickle cell disease?

A

This include:

Animea, shortness of breath, fatigue, paleness, fever, inflammation of the hands & feet, Frequent urination.

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14
Q

What are the types of Anemia?

A

All the types are:

Iron deficiency, Metabolic Anemia, Pernicious, Hemorrhagic, hemolytic, thalassemia, Aplastic.

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15
Q

How is Iron deficiency Anemia Caused?

A

lack of absorption or loss of iron, this is the most common type.

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16
Q

How is metabolic Anemia caused?

A

Inadequate B12or folic acid intake.

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17
Q

How is Pernicious Anemia Caused?

A

Insufficient hemopoiesis.

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18
Q

How is Hemorrhagic Anemia Caused?

A

Loss fo RBC’s due to bleeding.

19
Q

How is Hemolytic Anemia Caused?

A

Defects in cell membranes causing rupture.

20
Q

How is Thalassemia Caused?

A

This is a Hereditary deficiency of Hemoglobin.

21
Q

How is Aplastic Anemia Caused?

A

Destruction of the bone marrow.

22
Q

What are the symptoms of Leukaemia?

A

This is going to include:
Fatigue, Intolerence to the cold, pale skin, weight loss, fever, night sweats, excessive bleeding and recurring infections.

23
Q

What are the types of leukaemia?

A

The types of this condition include:

ALL, AML, CLA, CMA.

24
Q

What is ALL Leukaemia?

A

Acute Lymphoblast Leukaemia: Most common type in children.

25
Q

What is AML Leukaemia?

A

Acute Myelogenous Leukaemia: Children and Adults.

26
Q

What is CLA Leukaemia?

A

Chronic Lymphoblast Leukaemia:most common type in adults over 55.

27
Q

What is CMA Leukaemia?

A

Chronic Myelogenous Leukaemia: mostly in adults.

28
Q

What are the symptoms of Atherocclerosis?

A

This includes things such as:
Does not show symptoms until blood flow is slowed or blocked.
Narrowed or blocked arteries may also cause problems and symptoms with your intestines, kidneys, legs and brain.

29
Q

If arteries to the heart become narrow because of Atherocclerosis what can occur?

A

The client may have chest pain (Angina pectoris).

Or other things such as Shortness of breath.

30
Q

What are Symptoms of MI / heart attack?

A

This includes things such as:
Chest, shoulder, arm, teeth, jaw, neck, belly or back PAIN.
Pain is described as compressing/Squeezing and bad indigestion lasting for longer than 20 mins.
A silent heart attack is a MI with no symptoms.

31
Q

What are the types of Cerebrovascular Diseases?

A

This includes different types of Strokes:

Ischemic Stroke, hemorrhagic Stroke.

32
Q

What are things that can cause Angina?

A

Precipitators to this include:

Eating a large meal, increase in physical activity, Emotional stress, Smoking.

33
Q

What is Hypertension and Congestive heart failure?

A

Hypertension is a chronically raised blood pressure.

Congestive heart failure is an Acute or chronic condition that places excessive stress on the heart.

34
Q

What is the formula for blood pressure?

A 
cardiac output (stroke volume X Heart rate)
Total Peripheral Resistance
35
Q

What are the types of hypertension?

A

Primary & secondary

36
Q

What are CI’s for massage on a client with Hypertension?

A

A client with Severe or uncompliant hypertension are CI’d.
Increasing Sympathetic nervous system firing will elevate blood pressure & prolonged painful work in avoided.
TP therapy and fascial work is applied segmentally.

There are great concerns with working around the neck and Carotid portions.

37
Q

What is the positioning for massage on a client with hypertension?

A

The client’s sleeping position is a good reference point.

if the client is able to sleep on the stomach or back then this position is allowed.

38
Q

What type of massage is used on clients with hypertension?

A

Depends on the severity of the condition.
The goal of treatment is going to be to reduce Sympathetic nervous system firing to lower blood pressure.

If the client has moderate hypertension things such as reduced treatment time in the prone position and some elevation of the upper body.
Begin massage to the limbs using short strokes.

39
Q

What are CI’s fo ra client with Congestive heart failure?

A

This includes:
Full body lymph drainage are avoided as is elevation of the limbs.
Lymphatic drainage is completely Ci’d with cardiac edema.

40
Q

What is Massage like on a client with Raynaud’s Disease?

A

This is going to include:
Full body relaxation massage is performed.
Where facial & connective restrictions are palpated, tissue cutting is used over a limited area per treatment.

41
Q

What are Ci’s for Raynaud’s Disease?

A

Cold hydro on the affected tissue, Stimulating or painfull work is avoided to prevent Sympathetic nervous system firing.
Deep work is avoided on affected tissue.

42
Q

What are the Ci’s for treating a client with DVT / Thrombophebitis?

A

This includes:
local massage to the affected limbs are Ci’d.
Passive and active movements are Ci’d in the Acute stage of DVT.
Hydro to the affected limb.

43
Q

What are the Ci’s for a client with Varicose veins?

A

Deep specific work is Ci’d over affected and any local tissue.
massage to the local limb is Ci’d.

44
Q

What is involved in a massage treatment for a client with Varicose veins?

A

Legs elevated.
Lymphatic drainage is helpful.
passive movements of the joints in the legs are used throughout the massage.

Cardiology (14 decks)

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