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Cardiology > Operations of the Heart Valves / Coronary Circulation > Flashcards

Operations of the Heart Valves / Coronary Circulation Flashcards

1
Q

What are (AV) valves?

A

These are the valves between the Atria & the Ventricles.

This includes the Tricuspid & Bicuspid valve.

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2
Q

What happens when the (AV) Valves open?

A

When this happens the rounded ends of the cusps project into the Ventricle.
When the Ventricles are relaxed the Papillary muscles are relaxed, The chondrae tendineae are slack.
When the ventricles contract the (AV) valves push closed and the blood moves out of the ventricle.

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3
Q

What are Semilunar valves of the heart?

A

These are the Aortic & Pulmonary valves.
They are made up of 3 semi lunar shaped cusps.
They allow ejection of blood from heart into the arteries but prevent back flow of blood.

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4
Q

When do (SL) valves open?

A

They open when the pressure in the Ventricle exceeds the pressure in the Artery.
When the Ventricle contracts the (SL) valve moves into the Lumen of the Arteries.

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5
Q

What closes the (SL) valves?

A

The back flow of blood shuts the Valves together.

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6
Q

What is Systemic Circulation?

A

The left side of the heart is the pump for Systemic Circulation and Receives Red oxygenated blood from the lungs.
Then pumps blood all around the body to Systemic arteries.

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7
Q

What is Pulmonary Circulation?

A

The right side of the heart is the pump for Pulmonary Circulation.
This circulation pumps deoxygenated blood into the Pulmonary circulation to the Air sacs.

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8
Q

What is Coronary Circulation?

A

The nutrients of the blood cant defuse fast enough to the heart wall while in the heart.
So the heart has its own network of Arteries & Veins to supply itself with nutrients.

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9
Q

Where does the Coronary Arteries Branch from to supply the heart?

A

The Coronary Arteries branch from the “Ascending Aorta” then encircle the heart.

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10
Q

What is another name for Coronary Circulation?

A

Cardiac Circulation.

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11
Q

What are Coronary Veins?

A

After the nutrients get delivered to the heart wall, Then the waste products move into the Coronary veins.

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12
Q

Where does most of the Deoxygenated blood from the Myocardium get sent?

A

It gets moved into the large Vascular sinus in the coronary sulcus on the posterior surface of the heart called the Coronary Sinus.

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13
Q

What are all the Coronary Veins?

A

Great Cardiac Vein
Middle Cardiac Vein
Small Cardiac Vein
Anterior Cardiac Veins

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14
Q

What is the Great Cardiac Vein?

A

It is in the Anterior Interventricular sulcus, Which drains the areas of the heart supplied by the left Coronary artery.

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15
Q

What is the Middle Cardiac Vein?

A

In the Posterior interventricular Sulcus, which drains the areas supplied by the posterior interventricular branch of the right coronary artery.

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16
Q

What is the Small Cardiac Vein?

A

In the Coronary Sulcus, which drains the Right Atrium & Right Ventricle.

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17
Q

What are the Anterior Cardiac Veins?

A

They drain the Right Ventricle and open directly into the Right Atrium.

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18
Q

What happens when the Coronary Arteries are blocked and deprive the heart of Oxygen?

A

Reperfusion occurs.

19
Q

What is proper function of Heart valves?

A

They fully open and close in the proper times.

20
Q

What is the Narrowing of blood valves opening that restricts blood flow know as?

A

This is something know as “Stenosis”.

21
Q

What is the complete Failure of a heart valve called?

A

This is termed “Insufficiency”.

22
Q

What is the complete Failure of a heart valve called?

A

This is termed “Insufficiency” or incompetence.

23
Q

What is Mitral Stenosis of the heart?

A

This is when Scar tissue or a congenital defect causes narrowing of the Mitral / Bicuspid valve.

24
Q

What is a Cause of Mitral Insufficiency?

A

A Mitral valve Prolapse (MVP) can be the cause of mitral valve Insufficiency.

25
Q

What occurs in (MVP) of the Bicuspid valve / Mitral Valve?

A

In (MVP) one or both Cusp of the Bicuspid valve protrude into the Left Atrium during Ventricular contraction.

26
Q

What is one of the most common Valvular Disorders of the heart?

A

(MVP) Mitral valve Prolapse. Affecting as much as 30%of the population.
It is more common in woman and does not always pose a threat.

27
Q

What is Aortic Stenosis?

A

This is a condition of the Narrowing of the Aortic Valve.

28
Q

What is Aortic Insufficiency?

A

This is when there is back flow of blood from the Aorta into the Right Ventricle.

29
Q

What are some of the Infectious disease that can damage or destroy the heart valves?

A

One example is “Rheumatic Fever”.

This is an example of an Acute Systemic inflammatory Disease that usually occurs after strep throat.

30
Q

What does a Rheumatic Fever usually damage in the heart?

A

Most of the time it will damage the Aortic valve and the Mitral / Bicuspid valve.

31
Q

What must be done to the heart valve if it is affecting Daily activities and the valves cannot be repaired surgically?

A

The valve must be replaced.

32
Q

What is the most commonly replaced heart valve?

A

The Aortic valve.

33
Q

What do the Left & Right Coronary Arteries do?

A

They Deliver blood to the heart.

34
Q

What do the Coronary Veins do in the heart?

A

They drain the Waste products of the Heart wall into the Coronary Sinus.

35
Q

What may Partial obstruction of blood flow in the Coronary Arteries do to the heart?

A

It may cause Myo-cardial Ischemia.

This is a condition of reduced blood flow to the Myocardium.

36
Q

What is Ischemia?

A

This is When you have an obstruction that causes reduced blood flow to an area.

37
Q

What is Hypoxia?

A

This is Reduced Oxygen supply which may weaken cells without killing them.

38
Q

What can cause Hypoxia?

A

Usually Ischemia.

39
Q

What is “Angina Pectoris”?

A

This is a severe pain of the chest and usually accompanies Myo-cardial Ishemia.

40
Q

Where does the pain from Angina refer in a client?

A

It can refer into the Neck, chin and in the left arm into the elbow.

41
Q

What is Silent Myo-cardial Ischemia?

A

These are Ischemic episodes without pain & can be dangerous because it can lead to heart attack without warning.

42
Q

What can a Complete obstruction to the Coronary Artery result in?

A

A Myo-cardial Infraction (MI).

43
Q

What is a (MI) Myo-cardial infraction?

A 
(MI) is commonly known as a Heart Attack. 
During a (MI) the heart tissue distal to the Obstruction dies and is replaced with non-contractile Scar tissue. 
The heart loses strength and depending on the size of the dead tissue the conduction system may be interrupted.
44
Q

What are the steps to Systemic & Pulmonary Circulation?

A
  1. Right Atrium (Deoxygenated Blood)
  2. Right Ventricle
  3. Pulmonary Trunk & Pulmonary Arteries
  4. In Pulmonary Capillaries, Blood loses Co2, & gains o2
  5. Pulmonary veins (Oxygenated blood)
  6. Left Atrium
  7. Left Ventricle
  8. Aorta and Systemic Arteries
  9. In Systemic Capillaries blood loses o2 and gains Co2
  10. Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, Coronary Sinus.

Cardiology (14 decks)

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