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Cardiology > Anatomy of the Heart > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Heart Flashcards

1
Q

What is the location of the heart?

A

The heart lies in the “mediastinum”, an anatomical region that extends from the sternum to the vertebral column.

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2
Q

What is the Apex of the heart?

A

This is the portion of the heart formed by the Tip of the left ventricle and it rests on the diaphragm.

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3
Q

What are all the main anatomical sides and faces to the heart?

A

Apex & Base

Anterior, Inferior, right, left surfaces.

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4
Q

What is the Base of the Heart?

A

This is Opposite of the apex and is it’s posterior aspect.

It is formed by the Atria, mostly the left Atrium.

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5
Q

Where is the Anterior surface of the Heart located?

A

This is just deep to the Sternum & Ribs.

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6
Q

Where is the Inferior surface of the Heart located?

A

This is the portion of the heart located between the Apex and the right surface. It rest mostly on the diaphragm.

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7
Q

Where is the Right surface of the Heart located?

A

This portion of the heart faces the right lung and extends from the inferior surface to the Base.

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8
Q

Where is the Left surface of the Heart located?

A

Faces the left lung and extends from the Base to the Apex.

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9
Q

What is the Pericardium of the Heart and where is it located?

A

The Pericardium is a triple layered sac that surrounds and protects the heart.
It confines the heart to the Mediastinum but provides room for rapid movement and contractions.

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10
Q

What are the 2 main parts of the Pericardium?

A

It consist of the:
Fibrous pericardium
&
Serous pericardium

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11
Q

What is the Superficial fibrous pericardium made of?

A

It’s composed of tough, inelastic, dense irregular connective tissue.
It rest and attaches to the diaphragm.
The open end is fused to the vessels entering and leaving the heart.

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12
Q

What is the inner Serous pericardium made of?

A

It is composed of 2 layers:
the outer parietal layer of serous pericardium, The inner visceral layer of the serous pericardium which is also referred to as “Epicardium”.

It is a thiner, more delicate membrane that forms a double layer around the heart.

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13
Q

What does the Outer fibrous pericardium provide for the heart?

A

It prevents overstretching of the heart, provides protection, and anchors the heart in the mediastinum.

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14
Q

Why is deep diaphragmatic breathing good for blood flow?

A

This is because the heart is attached to the diaphragm.

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15
Q

What is the inner visceral layer of the serous pericardium also called?

A

Epicardium

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16
Q

What are the layers of the heart wall?

A

There are 3 layers:
Epicardium (outer)
Myocardium (middle)
Endocardium (inner)

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17
Q

What is pericardial fluid & Pericardial Cavity?

A

The slippery secretion of the pericardial cells is known as pericardial fluid.
The pericardial cavity is the space that holds this fluid.

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18
Q

What is the purpose of pericardial fluid?

A

To reduce friction between the layers of the serous pericardium as the heart moves.

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19
Q

What is the epicardium composed of?

A

It is composed of 2 layers.
A outer visceral layer of the Serous pericardium.
&
Under the Mesothelium/Visceral layer of the heart wall is a Variable layer of Elastic Adipose tissue.

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20
Q

What is the Myocardium composed of?

A

It makes up about 95% of the Heart wall & is responsible for the pumping action.
Made of Cardiac Muscle.

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21
Q

What is the endocardium composed of?

A

Provides a smooth lining for the blood to pass into and out of the heart.
The lining also continues into the large blood vessels in and entering the heart.

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22
Q

What is the composition of Cardiac muscle?

A

They are organized in bundles that swirl diagonally around the heart and generate the strong pumping actions of the heart.

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23
Q

What are the Chambers of the heart?

A

The heart has 4 chambers:
2 superior receiving chambers, Atria
2 inferior pumping chambers, Ventricles

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24
Q

What do the Atria do for the heart?

A

The paired Atria receive blood from the returning veins.

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25
Q

What do the Ventricles do for the heart?

A

The Ventricles eject the blood from the heart into blood vessels called Arteries.

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26
Q

What is an “Auricle” and what does it do?

A

On the anterior portion of each Atrium is a wrinkled pouch-like structure called a Auricle.
It is used for slightly increasing the capacity of each atrium to hold a greater volume of blood.

27
Q

What is a “Sulci” of the heart?

A

On the surface of the heart are a series of grooves, called Sulci that contain coronary blood vessels and a variable amount of fat.
Each Sulcus marks the boundary of each chamber of the heart.

28
Q

What is the “Deep Coronary Sulcus” of the heart?

A

This encircles the most of the heart and marks the external boundary between the Superior Atria & inferior Ventricles.

29
Q

What is the “Anterior Inter-ventricular Sulcus”?

A

This is a shallow groove on the anterior surface of the heart that marks the external boundary between the right and left ventricles on the anterior aspect of the heart.

30
Q

What is the “Posterior inter-ventricular Sulcus”?

A

This is a continuation of the Anterior Inter-ventricle sulcus.
Marking the Posterior boarder of the Ventricles from the posterior portion of the heart.

31
Q

What are the Sulcus on the heart that continues from the Anterior portion to the posterior portion that create the boundary of the Ventricles.

A

This is the anterior and posterior inter-ventricle Sulcus.

32
Q

What 3 veins does the “Right Atrium” Receive from?

A

From the:
Superior veina cava
Inferior vena cava
Coronary sinus

33
Q

Where does the “Left Atrium” receive blood from?

A

It gets blood from the lungs through pulmonary veins.

34
Q

What is the Valve that blood has to go through to get into the Left Ventricle?

A

Bicuspid Valve / Mitral

35
Q

What is the Inner Serous pericardium Also named?

A

It is also called the Epicardium.

36
Q

What is the Visceral layer of the serous pericardium made of?

A

This thin, transparent outer layer of the heart wall is composed of “Mesothelium”.

37
Q

What portion of the heart does the “Right Atrium” form?

A

It forms the right surface of the heart.

38
Q

What about the Anterior & Posterior walls of the Right Atrium different?

A

The inside of the posterior wall is smooth.

The inside of the anterior wall is rough.

39
Q

Why is the inside anterior portion of the right Atrium Rough?

A

This is because of the presence of muscular ridges called “Pectinate Muscles”.

40
Q

What are the valves of the heart made of?

A

They consist of dense connective tissue and are covered in endocardium.

41
Q

What is another name for the Tricuspid valve?

A

It is also called the “Right Atrioventricular valve”.

42
Q

What are the “Pectinate muscles” of the heart?

A

These are a presence of muscle ridges of the inside Anterior wall of the Right Atrium and in the left Atrium but only in the Auricle of the left Atrium.
They also extend into the Auricle.
They help with contraction of the heart.

43
Q

Where does blood flow when entering the Right Atrium?

A

Blood passes from the 3 veins: Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava & Coronary Sinus.
When blood enters the Right atrium it moves through the Tricuspid valve into the Right Ventricle.

44
Q

What is the “Inter-Atrial septum” of the Right Atrium?

A

This is between the Right atrium and Left atrium.

45
Q

Where does the Tricuspid valve get its name?

A

It is named this because it contains 3 Cusps.

46
Q

What portion of the heart does the “Right Ventricle” form?

A

It forms most of the Anterior surface of the heart.

47
Q

What are all the Ridges on the inside of the Right ventricle and what is it called?

A

The inside of the Right Ventricle contains a series of ridges formed by raised bundles of cardiac muscle fibres called Trabeculae Carneae.

48
Q

What is the “Chordrae tendineae” of the Right Ventricle?

A

These are the tendon like cords that the Tricuspid valve of the Right Atrium is connected to.

49
Q

What is the muscle that the Tricuspid valve is connected to through the Chordrae tendineae?

A

The muscle that the Tricuspid valve is connected to is the Papillary Muscles.

50
Q

What is the portion of the heart that Separates the Right ventricle and the Left ventricle?

A

This is the “Interventricular Septum”.

51
Q

What is the blood flow through the Right ventricle like?

A

Blood moves from the Right ventricle to through the Pulmonary valve, into a large Artery called the “Pulmonary trunk”.
This divides into right & left Pulmonary Arteries and carries blood to the lungs.

52
Q

What is the pulmonary Valve?

A

This is the valve for the blood leaving the Right ventricle to go to the Lungs.

53
Q

What portion of the heart does the Left Atrium form?

A

The majority of the base.

54
Q

What does the Left Atrium receive blood from?

A

It gets blood from the lungs through 4 pulmonary veins.

55
Q

What is the thickest chamber of the Heart?

A

It is the Left ventricle.

56
Q

What is the thickest chamber of the Heart?

A

It is the Left ventricle.

57
Q

Does the Left ventricle have trabeculae Carnae & papillary muscles to move and anchor the valves of the Heart chambers.

A

Yes it has these to help anchor and move the Bicuspid valve.

58
Q

What do the coronary Arteries do?

A

They bring blood from the Aorta to the heart wall.

59
Q

What is the Ascending Aorta?

A

This is what the blood leaving the Left ventricle goes into after leaving the Aortic Valve.

60
Q

When the blood leaves the Left ventricle where does it go?

A

After leaving the Aortic Valve it passes into the Ascending Aorta.
Some of the blood flows into the Coronary Arteries.
The remainder of the blood passes into the Arch of the Aorta & Descending Aorta, this brings blood to the rest of the body.

61
Q

Why is the Myocardial Wall of the heart in the Atria less dense than the walls of the ventricles?

A

This is because the blood being delivered by the atria is under less pressure than the ventricles.

62
Q

What has higher pressures when pushing blood?

A

The ventricles because they push blood through longer distances and around the body.

63
Q

Which ventricle in the heart has a higher workload and overall more pressure?

A

It is the Left because the right ventricle pushes blood to the Lungs not the entire body.

Cardiology (14 decks)

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