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Cardiology > Chapter 21 Review > Flashcards

Chapter 21 Review Flashcards

1
Q

What carries blood away from the heart?

A

Arteries.

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2
Q

List & Describe 3 Tunics of the Arteries?

A

1: Tunica Interna, Forms the inner lining of the vessel, There is 2 components to this layer:
Includes A basement membrane & the innermost layer that is in contact with blood the Endothelium lining.

2: Media, Has the most variation among Arteries, containing smooth muscle & Elastic fibres.
3: Externa, Helps anchor vessels to surrounding tissues. They have nerves and tiny vessels called “ Vasa Vasorum” that supply the Walls of the arteries itself.

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3
Q

What is the definition of “Anastomosis”?

A

The Union of branches of 2 or more Arteries supplying the same body region is called an “Anastomosis”.

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4
Q

What is the definition of an “Arteries”?

A

The wall of Arteries are the layers of typical blood vessels but have a thick muscular to elastic tunica media.

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5
Q

What is the definition of “Arterioles”?

A

These are vessels that regulate the flow of blood into the capillary networks of the body tissues.
They are also know as the small vessels of the body.

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6
Q

What is the definition of “Capillaries”?

A

The smallest vessels of the body.
They have no Tunica Media & Externa so Substances can pass through to the interstitial fluid.
The primary function of capillaries is to exchange substances to tissues in the body.
They are the most frequent in the parts of the body with higher Metabolic activity.

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7
Q

What is the definition of “Veins”?

A

Returns blood to the heart, Facilitated by valves in the limbs.

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8
Q

What is the definition of “Venules”?

A

These are used for draining the capillary blood & begin the flow of blood back to the heart.

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9
Q

How do Arterioles & Capillaries Regulate Blood flow?

A

They do so by using resistance.

muscle rings called sphincters.

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10
Q

List & Describe 3 Tunics of the Vein?

A

Externa: Thickest of the 3 layers.
Media: much thinner than in Arteries, no External elstic lamina.
Interna: Endothelium & Basement membrane, no internal elastic lamina, contains valves.

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11
Q

What do Weak Venous Veins cause?

A

This can cause Varicose veins and will lead to a build up of blood in the area / veins.
Its appearance is twisted full veins that are discoloured.

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12
Q

The Venous system act as a Blood ______?

A

They act as a blood reservoir.

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13
Q

What is “Starlings Law” of capillaries?

A

Represents the movement of substances across the capillaries membrane into and out of the interstitial fluid.

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14
Q

Resistance of Blood depends on what?

A

Size of the Lumen
Blood Velocity
Total Blood vessel length

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15
Q

What is Neural Regulation of blood pressure?

A

This is based off of to types of Negative feedback loops called “Baroreceptor reflexes & Chemoreceptor reflexes”.

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16
Q

What is the main Region of Nervous system regulation of heart and blood vessels?

A

The main region for this is the (CV) Cardiovascular Centre in the centre of the medulla Oblongata.

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17
Q

What do Baroreceptor reflexes do for the (CV)?

A

These are used for sending Impulses to the CV to help regulate blood pressure.

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18
Q

What is the (CV) used for?

A

It is used for regulating the Heart rate & Stroke Volume.
The CV also regulates Hormonal & local Negative feedback systems that regulate blood pressure and blood speed to specific tissues.

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19
Q

Where are Baroreceptor reflexes located?

A

These can be found in the Aorta, Internal Carotid Arteries and other large arteries that supply the neck & chest?

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20
Q

What are the 2 most important Baroreceptor reflexes?

A

They are the Carotid Sinus & Aortic Reflex.

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21
Q

What is Carotid Sinus Reflex?

A

This is when Baroreceptors in the wall of the carotid Sinuses initiate the “Carotid Sinus Reflex” to help regulate blood Pressure to the Brain.

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22
Q

What are Carotid Sinuses?

A

These are small Widenings of the right & left internal carotid arteries just above the point where they brach from the common carotid arteries.
Blood pressure stretches the wall of the Carotid Sinus and Stimulates Baroreceptors.
Nerve impulses to the CV.

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23
Q

What happens when pressure is placed on the wall of the Carotid Sinuses?

A

Baroreceptors are stimulated and nerve impulses are sent to the CV in the Medulla Oblongata.

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24
Q

Where does the “Aortic Reflexe” occur?

A

This comes from the Ascending Aorta & the Arch of the Aorta?

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25
Q

What happens to the Baroreceptor reflexes when Blood Pressure falls?

A

When Blood pressure falls the Baroreceptors are stretched less so they send nerve impulses to the CV slower.

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26
Q

What is the response of the Baroreceptor reflexes when the blood pressure drops?

A

In response to this the CV centre decrease Parasympathetic stimulation of the heart.

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27
Q

What are Chemoreceptors Reflexes?

A

These are Sensory Receptors that monitor Chemical composition of the blood.

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28
Q

Where are Chemoreceptors located?

A

They can be found close to the Baroreceptors of the Carotid Sinus & the Arch of the Aorta in small structures called Carotid Bodies and Aortic Bodies.

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29
Q

What do Chemoreceptors detect for?

A

They detect for things such as Hypoxia, Acidosis & Hypercapnia.
And overall changes in blood contents of o2, co2, H+.

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30
Q

Besides Detecting for changes in blood and changing Dilation of Blood vessels what else does the Chemoreceptors do?

A

It also increases Breathing rates.

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31
Q

What do the Chemoreceptors do in response to low or high chemicals in the blood?

A

In response the CV centre increases Sympathetic Stimulation to the Arterioles and veins producing vasoconstriction and an increase in blood pressure.

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32
Q

What is the Diagram for CV centre negative feedback loop look like?

A

First the Stimulus -> … look through book rn

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33
Q

Even if you have normal stroke volume and Cardiac output can you get shock from drop in blood pressure?

A

yes, if a decrease in Systemic Vascular resistance.

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34
Q

What can cause A Drop in Systemic Vascular Resistance?

A

Things such as Anaphylactic Shock, Septic Shock & Neurogenic Shock.

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35
Q

What is Neurogenic shock?

A

Vasodilation may occur after acute trauma to the head the causes malfunction of the CV centre in the brain.

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36
Q

What is Septic Shock

A

It is caused by bacterial toxins that produce Vasodilation.

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37
Q

What are factors affecting blood pressure?

A 
Cardiac output.
Peripheral vascular resistance.
Volume of circulating blood.
Viscosity of blood.
Elasticity of vessels walls.
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38
Q

Output for the cardiovascular center flows along __________________ and ________________ nerves

A

They travel along “Cardiac accelerator nerves & Vagus (X) nerves” to the heart.

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39
Q

What is Pulse?

A

The rhythmic dilation of an artery that results from beating of the heart.

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40
Q

What is Systolic Blood pressure?

A

The pressure your heart emits while beating.

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41
Q

What is Diastolic blood pressure?

A

The pressure in your arteries between heart beats.

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42
Q

What are the 3 main divisions of the Aorta?

A

Ascending Aorta, Arch of the Aorta, Descending Aorta.

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43
Q

What are some Congenital Heart Defects?

A

This includes:

Arrhythmia, Congenital Heart Failure.

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44
Q

What does Hemodynamics mean?

A

This refers to the force involved in circulating blood throughout the body.

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45
Q

Define hypertension (primary and secondary) and give the range of low to high stage 2 hypertension.

A

This is a condition in which the clients blood pressure is raised chronically.
Stage 1: 140-159 / 90-99
Stage 2: 160-179 / 100-109

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46
Q

Define deep vein thrombosis.

A

DVT is a Clot in a Vein and occurs mostly in the leg.

47
Q

Define phlebitis.

A

This means an inflammation of the vein.

48
Q

Define thrombophlebitis.

A

It is an inflammatory process that causes a blood vessel to clot and block the vessel.

49
Q

What do blood vessels develop from?

A

The Form from Endothelial Stem cells.

50
Q

Describe Aortic Reflex.

A

When Baroreceptors in the Wall of the Ascending Aorta and the Arch of the aorta initiate the Aortic Reflex which regulates systemic blood pressure.

51
Q

Describe Carotid Sinus Reflex.

A

Baroreceptors in the Wall of the Carotid Sinuses helps regulate blood pressure to the brain.

52
Q

What is Renin?

A

It is apart of the (RAA) system and produced by the kidneys in response to low blood pressure.

53
Q

What is Antiogensin 2?

A

This is what is produced by the body to help raise blood pressure.
It does this by using Vasoconstriction.

54
Q

What are Epinephrine and Norepinephrine used for in blood pressure regulation?

A

They are produced by the Adrenal medulla in response to sympathetic stimulation and help raise cardiac output.

55
Q

What is ADH used for in the hormonal response of blood pressure?

A

it is produced by the Hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary in response to dehydration or decreased blood volume.

56
Q

What is ANP used for in blood pressure regulation?

A

It is released by cells of the atria of the heart. Lowers blood pressure by causing vasodilation and promoting the loss of salt and water in urine, which reduces blood volume.

57
Q

What is a EKG?

A

This is a graph that relays action potentials from the heart.

58
Q

What are P waves?

A

It is “Atrial Depolarization”.

59
Q

What is the P to Q interval?

A

Conduction time from Atrial to Ventricular Excitation.

60
Q

What is a QRS complex?

A

Ventricular Depolarization.

61
Q

What are T waves?

A

Ventricular Re-polarization.

62
Q

What is the Average Heart Rate?

A

75 BPM

63
Q

What is the Equation for (SV) stroke volume?

A

(SV) = EVD - ESV

64
Q

What is EDV?

A

This is End Diastolic Volume,

volume in the Ventricle at the end of Diastole about 130ml.

65
Q

What is ESV?

A

This is End Systole Volume,

Volume in the ventricle at the end of systole about 60ml.

66
Q

What are general Chemicals that regulate the heart rate?

A

This is going to include:

Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Thyroid Hormones.

67
Q

What are factors that can affect your heart rate?

A

Things such as:

Age, gender, physical fitness and temp.

68
Q

What is Edema?

A

An abnormal increase in interstitial fluid if Filtration exceeds reabsorption.

69
Q

What is the Input to the Cardiovascular Centre of the Brain?

A

Involves things such as the Baroreceptors, Chemoreceptors and Proprioceptors.

70
Q

What are Proprioceptors?

A

These input to the brain during Physical Activity.

71
Q

What is involved in the output of the CV?

A

The Parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves to the heart and the sympathetic vasomotor nerves to the blood vessels.

72
Q

What is Syncope?

A

Fainting or a sudden, temporary loss of consciousness not due to trauma.

73
Q

What are the Causes for Syncope?

A

This can include:
vasodepressor syncope = sudden emotional stress –situational syncope = pressure stress of coughing, defecation, or urination–drug-induced syncope = antihypertensives, diuretics, vasodilators and tranquilizers–orthostatic hypotension = decrease in BP upon standing.

74
Q

What is Hepatic Portal Circulation?

A

The hepatic portal circulation collects blood from the veins of the pancreas, spleen, stomach, intestines, and gallbladder and directs it into the hepatic portal vein of the liver before it returns to the heart.

75
Q

What are the types of capillaries?

A

There are 3 types:

Continuous Capillaries, Fenestrated Capillaries, Sinusoids.

76
Q

What are Continuous Capillaries?

A

They contain Intercellular clefts, gaps between neighbouring cells.
They can be found in Skeletal & smooth muscle, Connective tissue and in the lungs.

77
Q

What are Fenestrated Capillaries?

A

The plasma membrane have holes, They can be found in the Kidneys, Small intestine, Choroid plexuses, Endocrine Glands.

78
Q

What are Sinusoids?

A

Very large Fenestrations, incomplete basement membrane, They can be found in the Liver, bone marrow, Spleen, Anterior pituitary, Parathyroid Gland.

79
Q

What are the Veins that drain the Head and Neck?

A

External & Internal Jugular drain the head and neck into the Superior Vena Cava.

80
Q

What is Primary Hypertension?

A

This is about 90-95% hypertension cases.

It is a chronically high blood pressure that cannot be attributed to any particular cause.

81
Q

What is Secondary Hypertension?

A

This is the Hypertension that has an Identifiable cause such as Obstruction of renal blood flow or disorders that damage renal tissue.

82
Q

What are Examples of Disorders that can cause Secondary Hypertension?

A

Hyper-secretion of:
Aldosterone, Epinephrin & Norepinephrine.
Or Obstruction of Renal blood flow.

83
Q

What does massage for hypertension involve?

A

The number of modifications for treatment relates to the severity of the condition.

84
Q

What is Raynaud’s Disease?

A

It is a problem that causes decreased blood flow to the fingers. In some cases, it also causes less blood flow to the ears, toes, nipples, knees, or nose. This happens due to spasms of blood vessels in those areas.

85
Q

What are the Symptoms of Raynaud’s Disease?

A

Includes things such as:
Vasospasm in the vessels supplying the hands and sometimes the feet.
Slight swelling may occur.
Digits appear shiny and often go numb.
Ulcers may occur do to chronic infection.

86
Q

What do you modify for treatment if the client has moderate stable hypertension?

A

Reduced treatment time in the prone position, and some elevation of the upper body while the client is Supine.
Painful work is used over several treatments with only limited time use.

87
Q

Can you treat a client with hypertension over the moderate stage?

A

No.

88
Q

What percent of blood plasma is water?

A

91.5%

89
Q

What is the process of blood formation?

A

Hematopoiesis

90
Q

What is the hormone that proliferates WBC production?

A

Erythropoietin

91
Q

What is a response to a damaged blood vessel?

A

Vascular Spasm,

This also raises blood pressure.

92
Q

Where does Blood cell formation occur in a an embryo?

A

Spleen, Liver & Yolk Sack

93
Q

How many O2 molecules can a single hemoglobin carry?

A

It can carry up to 4 O2

94
Q

What are the cells that become wandering macrophages when they leave the blood stream?

A

Monocytes

95
Q

What Chambers of the heart contain Deoxygenated blood?

A

The Right Atrium & Right Ventricle.

96
Q

What layer of the Serous pericardium makes up the Epicardium?

A

The Visceral / Inner layer makes up the Epicardium.

97
Q

On the ECG the P wave represents what?

A

The P wave represents the “Atrial Depolarization.

98
Q

What regulates Heart rate?

A

The CV.

99
Q

What is the sequence of structures in the in the cardiac action potential.

A 
It flows in this order:
SI node 
AV node 
Bundle of HIS 
Right & Left bundle branches 
Purkinje Fibres
100
Q

What does HR X SV = ?

A

HR X SV = CO / Cardiac Output

101
Q

What accounts for most of the resistance of the systemic circulation?

A

Small Diameter Vessels

102
Q

What are the vessels that carry blood from organs towards the heart?

A

Venules

103
Q

What portion of the Vessel wall is composed of Elastic & Collagen Fibres?

A

Tunica Externa

104
Q

What is the Vessel that drains blood from the head and neck into the Superior Vena Cava?

A

The Jugular Vein.

105
Q

What is another name for Elastic Arteries?

A

They can also be referred to as “Conducting Arteries”.

106
Q

The Venous system acts as a Blood reservoir and how much blood of the body does it hold?

A

About 64% at rest.

107
Q

What are symptoms of high blood pressure?

A

A client may experience:
Chest pain, Dizziness & Difficulty Breathing.
Headache, Nausea & blurred vision.
No symptoms at all.

108
Q

What is the definition of Congestive heart failure?

A

The hearts inability to pump blood to supply the bodies needs.

109
Q

What is a technique that is CI’d for a client with Chronic congestive heart failure & unstable hypertension?

A

Full body manual Lymph drainage.

110
Q

What vessels does Raynaud’s Disease affect?

A

It affects the vessels outside the Heart & Thorax.

111
Q

What is DVT another name for?

A

It is another name for “Thrombophelitis”.

112
Q

Can you treat a client locally if they have the condition DVT / Thrombophebitis?

A

NO it is CI’d.

113
Q

What condition has a receive Gene on the X Chromosome making it less common in woman?

A

Hemophilia.

Cardiology (14 decks)

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