stress responses and cortisol

Question 1

what is the other cause for cortisol to be secreted

Answer 1

low blood glucose or day night cycle

Question 2

what type of hormone is cortisol

Answer 2

a lipid soluble hormone

Question 3

what does the non stress neural inputs cause

Answer 3

causes the hypothalamus to secrete corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

Question 4

whats the target cell for CRH

Answer 4

the anterior pituitary gland

Question 5

what does CRH cause in the anterior pituitary gland

Answer 5

the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Question 6

whats the target cell for adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Answer 6

target cell is the adrenal cortex

Question 7

what does adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) cause in the adrenal cortex

Answer 7

it causes the secretion of cortisol

Question 8

what cells does cortisol have the main effects on

Answer 8

liver, muscle and fat

Question 9

what does cortisol cause in the liver

Answer 9

an increase in glucose synthesis

Question 10

what does cortisol cause in the muscle cell

Answer 10

increase in protein breakdown and decrease glucose uptake

Question 11

what does cortisol cause in the fat cell

Answer 11

increase in breakdown of fats, decrease in glucose uptake

Question 12

what other effects does cortisol have

Answer 12

helps one to cope with stress
long-term: suppresses immune system
* essential for maintaining normal blood pressure

Question 13

when does cortisol secretion peak

Answer 13

when one wakes up

Question 14

cortisol functions

Answer 14

increasing blood glucose levels
* increasing fat, protein and carbohydrate
metabolism to maintain blood glucose
* promoting anti-inflammatory actions
* increasing blood pressure
* increasing heart and blood vessel tone and
contraction
* activation of the central nervous system (CNS)

Question 15

integrated stress reponse involves what 3 pathways

Answer 15

cortisol, adrenaline and antidiuretic hormone

Question 16

whats the stimulus to release ADH

Answer 16

neural input into the posterior pituitary

Question 17

what does ADH cause in the body

Answer 17

decrease in water excretion in kidneys
increase in blood volume and blood pressure.

Question 18

what are the phases of stress in order

Answer 18

alarm, resistance and then exhaustion

Question 19

what are the phases of stress in order?

Answer 19

alarm, resistance and then exhaustion

Question 20

cortisol effects in integrated stress response

Answer 20

increase blood glucose by glucose production in liver and increases blood pressure

Question 21

whats the alarm phase

Answer 21

the stereotypical fight or flight response stage

Question 22

what happens in alarm phase

Answer 22

when we want rapid increase in blood glucose, so this is when adrenaline and noradrenaline is released
So increased action of sympathetic pathway
Increase heartrate
Increase contractile force of heart
Increased mental alertness
Increase in energy used by each cell
This is all initial response to stress

Question 23

what happens in the resistance phase

Answer 23

result of alarm phase for ages
Adrenal cortex releases cortisol
Increase blood glucose, mainly through making new blood glucose
Resistance phase is used to replenish the gluocse used in alarm phase, allowing us to continue the stress response
So more fats are broken down and amino acids are released by muscle.
Liver then increase gluconeogenesis
ADH gets involved to make extre fluid, as ADH increases blood volume and pressure

Question 24

why does resistance phase kick in

Answer 24

becuase the alarm phase has been going on too long

Question 25

why does the exhaustion phase kick in

Answer 25

body has been in resistance phase too long

Question 26

what happens in the exhaustion phase

Answer 26

After we have been in resistance too long.
When homeostatic regulation kinda breaks down
This can be fatal
Can cause heart falilure as body may longer be able to maintain appropriate levels of K+, as we cant actively move these as energy is used to do the stress response
Can occur due to over functioning adrenal cortex
Also resistance phase makes cortisol, and too much cortisol supresses the immune system.