hormone diseases Flashcards
addisons disease is a result of what
a reduction in cortisol and aldosterone release
whats the hormone levels of addisons disease
hyposecretion
whats the cause of addisons
autoimmunity, destruction of receptors
what does the low cortisol cause
no negative feedback on CRH and ATCH, so increased production of both of these hormones.
what does excess ACTH cause and why
causes darkening pigment of skin as the ACTH binds to receptors associated with melanin synthesis, it also causes low blood pressure and weakness
cushings disease is as a result of
a tumour and hypersecretion of hormone. as tumour causes rapid proliferation of adrenal cortex, so lots of cortisol secreted
whats the hormone level of cushings
hypersecretion
symptoms of cushing
moon face, buffalo hump, high blood pressure and weakness (due to excessive protein breakdown)
why do the fat piles arise in cushings
because the breakdown of protein and fat, we mobilise glucose. which isnt needed so the glucose depositis in places near the core.
tumours often lead to a what
hypersecretion situation
gigantism is as a result of what
hypersecretion of GH, as a result of pituitary tumour.
dwarfism is as a result of
hyposecretion of GH
primordial dwarfism is what
a dwarf who has normal body proportions, so hands and legs will be a normal proportion but its all just tiny.
infantile hypothyroidism is caused by
hyposecretion of thyroid hormone, as the baby doesn’t recieve enough iodine as a fetus and infant as mothers iodine is low.
what are symptoms of infantile hypothyroidism
retardation of growth and brain development, low metabolic rate, cold intolerance
simple goute or iodine deficiency is order is what
hyposecretion of thyroid hormone due to not enough iodine in the diet
not enough iodine in diet causes what and why
causes simple goute, due to the lack of TH produced
why does a lack of TH make Goute
because the lack of TH cannot do negative feedback on the release of TSH and TRH. the constant TSH signal leads to growth of the thyroid and thus swelling neck
graves disease is caused by
it is a hypersecretion caused by autoimmunity
how does autoimmunity cause graves
the thyroid is overstimulated by antibodies causing lots of TH release
symptoms of graves
weight loss, high metabolic rate, hair loss, increased heart rate, heat intolerance, nervousness and exophthalmos.
what is hyperparathyroidism caused by
hypersecretion of PTH due to a tumour of the parathyroid glands. which causes to much PTH to be released
symptoms of hyperparathyroidism
Bones become soft, deformed
and fragile
* Raises the blood levels of
calcium and phosphate ions
* Promotes formation of kidney
stones composed of calcium
phosphate
why does hyperparathyroidism cause bones to be soft
PTH increases the resorption of bone into blood plasma so inorganic calcium aspect of bone decreases.
why does hyperparathyroidism cause kidney stones
the excess filtering of calcium and phosphate in the blood leads to these mineral deposits.
hypercalcemia is caused by what
a tumour of Parathyroid
what does hypercalcemia cause
Nerve and muscle cells less responsive and
excitable, depression of nervous system, slowed reflexes. emotional disturbances. even death as heart tissue cant reach threshold to be able to contract.
why does hypercalcemia cause less excitable cells
because too much Ca in the ECM causes the membrane potential to decrease, making it further from threshold and thus harder for neurons to reach that point.
hypocalcemia, what are the causes
vit D deficiency, diarrhoea (as food moves too fast that enough calcium isnt absorbed). under active or removal of PTH, or calcium is directed elsehwere ( like during pregnancy)
what are symptoms of hypocalcemia
Increased excitability of the nervous system
* Leads to of muscle tremors, spasms or
cramps
* When very low: get paraesthesia
(tingling/burning sensation) in hands and
face, muscle cramps, and in some cases the
muscles of the larynx may contract tightly
(laryngospasm), which can shut off airflow
and cause suffocation
type one diabeties cause
its a hyposecretion, as too little insulin is released, caused by the destruction of beta cells by the immune system.
symptoms of diabeties mellitus
polyuria, excess urine made. polydipsia, increased thurst. inflammation of nerve, glucosuira as glucose passes through kidneys.
why cant insulin be given as a tablet
as its a peptide hormone, would be broken down.
type 2 diabeties cause
hyposensitivity, as receptors have been exposed to high blood sugar too long, so have been damaged, so insulin cant do its stuff.
