lecture 31

Question 1

when we take a blood sample what do we put in to stop it clotting

Answer 1

an anticoagulant

Question 2

what does a centrifuge do

Answer 2

it separates blood into its solid and liquid components by spinning it fast

Question 3

what are the solid/ formed elements in blood

Answer 3

white blood cells( luekocytes), platelets, and red blood cells, 45% of blood

Question 4

what forms the plasma/ liquid component of blood

Answer 4

straw coloured, contains protiens, antibodies, other solutes and water 55% of blood make up

Question 5

what is the process of turning stem cells in the bone marrow into red blood cell is called

Answer 5

hematopoiesis.

Question 6

what are the three blood lineages

Answer 6

erythroid lineage—–> red blood cells
myeloid lineage—–> granulocytes, monocytes, dendritic cells, platelets
lymphoid lineage—-> B and T lymphocytes

Question 7

what linages make white blood cells

Answer 7

the myeloid lineage and lymphoid lineages

Question 8

what lineage is the innate lineage and what is the adapative arm linegaes

Answer 8

myeloid is innate arm lineage.
lymphoid lineage is the adaptive arm

Question 9

75% of all leukocytes are what

Answer 9

neutrophils

Question 10

normally neutrophils are found blood but they move where and cause what, when

Answer 10

they move from blood to tissue during the inflammation response

Question 11

where are mast cells found

Answer 11

inside the tissue, not in blood.

Question 12

what do the granules of mast cells do

Answer 12

they function to activate and alert the white blood cells that there are invader microorganisms

Question 13

monocytes, when they move from blood to tissue what happens

Answer 13

they differentiate into macrophages and become more phagocytic

Question 14

what are the two types of macrophages, describe these types

Answer 14

there is resident or migratory macrophages. resident only stays in one type of organ. or migratory moves around body to where needed.

Question 15

what are the three important functions of the macrophages

Answer 15

1: to do phagocytosis
2: release chemical messangers, diff messangers to mast cells
3: show information about the pathogen they have ingested to T cells,

Question 16

where are dendrites found

Answer 16

they are found in low number in tissues in contact with environment

Question 17

dendrites role

Answer 17

they are also phagocytoic, but they are the most important cell type to help trigger adaptive immune responses

Question 18

what are common PAMPS in viruses

Answer 18

Nucleic acid: ssRNA, dsRNA

Question 19

what are common PAMPS in bacteria

Answer 19

Cell wall: lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/
endotoxins, lipoteichoic acid
Flagella: flagellin
Nucleic acid: unmethylated CpG DNA

Question 20

nucleic acid in humans is what

Answer 20

methylated

Question 21

whats one way of recognizing PAMPS on cells

Answer 21

through toll like receptors

Question 22

where are toll like receptors found

Answer 22

on the cell surface and in the phagolysosome.

Question 23

how many toll like receptors are there

Answer 23

9

Question 24

whats heterodimer and homodimer

Answer 24

heterodimer is a pattern recognition receptor that is made of two different proteins, a homodimer is one thats made of two of the same

Question 25

whatv are the signals that start a fever caused by hypothalamus

Answer 25

these signals are called pyrogens

Question 26

where do pyrogens come from

Answer 26

immune system cells,

Question 27

whats one of these specific pyrogens and what are they produced by

Answer 27

phagocytes produce it and it is Interleukin 1

Question 28

whats a cytokine

Answer 28

a molecule produced by lots of immune cells that elicit immune responses in other cells

Question 29

why is pathogen useful

Answer 29

as it inhibits microbe growth, it also increases the acxtion of immune cells.