lecture 31 Flashcards
when we take a blood sample what do we put in to stop it clotting
an anticoagulant
what does a centrifuge do
it separates blood into its solid and liquid components by spinning it fast
what are the solid/ formed elements in blood
white blood cells( luekocytes), platelets, and red blood cells, 45% of blood
what forms the plasma/ liquid component of blood
straw coloured, contains protiens, antibodies, other solutes and water 55% of blood make up
what is the process of turning stem cells in the bone marrow into red blood cell is called
hematopoiesis.
what are the three blood lineages
erythroid lineage—–> red blood cells
myeloid lineage—–> granulocytes, monocytes, dendritic cells, platelets
lymphoid lineage—-> B and T lymphocytes
what linages make white blood cells
the myeloid lineage and lymphoid lineages
what lineage is the innate lineage and what is the adapative arm linegaes
myeloid is innate arm lineage.
lymphoid lineage is the adaptive arm
75% of all leukocytes are what
neutrophils
normally neutrophils are found blood but they move where and cause what, when
they move from blood to tissue during the inflammation response
where are mast cells found
inside the tissue, not in blood.
what do the granules of mast cells do
they function to activate and alert the white blood cells that there are invader microorganisms
monocytes, when they move from blood to tissue what happens
they differentiate into macrophages and become more phagocytic
what are the two types of macrophages, describe these types
there is resident or migratory macrophages. resident only stays in one type of organ. or migratory moves around body to where needed.
what are the three important functions of the macrophages
1: to do phagocytosis
2: release chemical messangers, diff messangers to mast cells
3: show information about the pathogen they have ingested to T cells,
where are dendrites found
they are found in low number in tissues in contact with environment
dendrites role
they are also phagocytoic, but they are the most important cell type to help trigger adaptive immune responses
what are common PAMPS in viruses
Nucleic acid: ssRNA, dsRNA
what are common PAMPS in bacteria
Cell wall: lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/
endotoxins, lipoteichoic acid
Flagella: flagellin
Nucleic acid: unmethylated CpG DNA
nucleic acid in humans is what
methylated
whats one way of recognizing PAMPS on cells
through toll like receptors
where are toll like receptors found
on the cell surface and in the phagolysosome.
how many toll like receptors are there
9
whats heterodimer and homodimer
heterodimer is a pattern recognition receptor that is made of two different proteins, a homodimer is one thats made of two of the same
whatv are the signals that start a fever caused by hypothalamus
these signals are called pyrogens
where do pyrogens come from
immune system cells,
whats one of these specific pyrogens and what are they produced by
phagocytes produce it and it is Interleukin 1
whats a cytokine
a molecule produced by lots of immune cells that elicit immune responses in other cells
why is pathogen useful
as it inhibits microbe growth, it also increases the acxtion of immune cells.
