lecture 30

Question 1

what makes up the immune system

Answer 1

organs, cells and molecules

Question 2

what does pathogen mean

Answer 2

a microbe which is disease causing

Question 3

what are the primary lymphoid organs

Answer 3

bone marrow and the Thymus

Question 4

whats a lymphocyte

Answer 4

a type of white blood cell in most vertebraes

Question 5

what does the bone marrow act as

Answer 5

a source of stem cells which produce the innate and immune cells

Question 6

what does the thymus act as

Answer 6

a school for the T cells, where they go and mature, learning to detect recognise viruses and pathogens, and also learn to not attack the body cells.

Question 7

how many T cells make it through the thymus

Answer 7

about 10%

Question 8

what are the secondary lymphoid organs

Answer 8

the spleen and the lymph nodes

Question 9

what does the spleen act as

Answer 9

the site of initiation of response against blood borne bacteria

Question 10

what do the lymph nodes act as

Answer 10

where the fluid of tissues and blood is filtered and immune response is initiated

Question 11

what is lymph

Answer 11

fluid in the space between cells of the body

Question 12

what does lymph do

Answer 12

it moves through lymphatic vessels, picking up debris and potential pathogens, showing these invaders to the lymph nodes

Question 13

what are lymph nodes and where are they found

Answer 13

they are found along the lymphatic vessels, they collect and filter lymph fluid

Question 14

what happens at the lymph nodes

Answer 14

this is where the adaptive immune response is initiated.

Question 15

viruses are whatv

Answer 15

nucleic acid with protein code

Question 16

what does a virus need to replicate

Answer 16

needs to invade body cells to inject their DNA code so the virus may be copied

Question 17

epidermis contains what

Answer 17

dead cells, keratin and phagocytic immune cells

Question 18

the dermis is what

Answer 18

thick layer of connective tissue, collagen and blood vessel and phagocytic immune cells

Question 19

what immune cells are found in the skin

Answer 19

dendritic cells

Question 20

dendrites do what

Answer 20

helps to alert the immune system something is going on

Question 21

what are the chemical defence layers on the skin

Answer 21

defensins, lysozyme, sebum and salt

Question 22

what are defensins and what do they do

Answer 22

defensins are little antimicrobial peptides on the skin that form holes in the cell membrane of pathogens.

Question 23

whats lysozyme does it do

Answer 23

it functions to break down bacterial cell walls

Question 24

whats Sebum and where does it come from

Answer 24

its a fluid on the skin that comes from sebaceous glands. Sebum lowers PH on skin which vreates hostile environment for pathogens

Question 25

where does saltniness of skin come from, what does it do

Answer 25

this salt is from sweat glands and it creates a hypotonic environment. causing pathogen cells to lose water and lyse and die.

Question 26

where are the goblet cells

Answer 26

they are within the epithelium of the mucosal membranes

Question 27

what do goblet cells do

Answer 27

the produce the mucous that lines the mucous membranes.

Question 28

where are mucosal membranes

Answer 28

on eyes, in trachea, in the gastrointestinal and urogential membrane

Question 29

from the mucosiliary elevator, where does the mucous go?

Answer 29

goes up to the pharynx where the mucous is swallowed.

Question 30

what are chemical defences about mucosal surfaces

Answer 30

Stomach – low pH Gall bladder – bile Intestine – digestive enzymes Mucus-traps it Defensins-like the skin ones Lysozyme (tears, urine)-

Question 31

what are the surfaces barriers of innate arm

Answer 31

the skin and mucosal layers

Question 32

what are the internal defences of innate arm

Answer 32

phagocytes, naturall killer cells, inflammation, antimicrobal proteins, fever

Question 33

what are the adaptive defences cells

Answer 33

T cells and B cells

Question 34

b cells amke what

Answer 34

antibodies.