lecture 32

Question 1

what cell types secrete interleukin 1

Answer 1

the phagocytic cells

Question 2

inflammatory process starts with

Answer 2

the physical barrier is broken by something. Microorganisms can thus enter the body. In response to the sudden presence of these microorganisms the resident macrophages in the tissue release chemical signals which attract more cells to the infection site.

Question 3

what is the second part of the inflammatory response

Answer 3

the neutrophils enter the blood stream from the bone marrow. move very quickly through the blood

Question 4

whats part three of inlflammatory response

Answer 4

the neutrophils slow themselves down, so that they can enter the damaged tissue, by clinging to the capillary wall

Question 5

as well as attracting neutrophils what do the chemical signals from tissue-resident cells do

Answer 5

these chemicals dilate the blood vessel making the capillary leakier, which makes it easier for neutrophils to pass through

Question 6

what does vasodilation do to the inflammed area

Answer 6

the vasodilation causes an increased blood flow to that area. this increased blood flow makes the area both hotter and more red

Question 7

whats step four of immune inflammatory response

Answer 7

the neutrophils can now squeeze through the leaky capillary walls and follow the chemical trail to the injury response.

Question 8

what does the moving of the neutrophils to the tissue cause

Answer 8

causes the inflammation symptoms. redness, swelling and all that.

Question 9

once the neutrophils gets to the inflammation site what do they do

Answer 9

phagocytosis

Question 10

step one of phagocytosis by the neutrophils

Answer 10

the phagocyte adheres to the pathogen or debris.

Question 11

whats step two of the phagocytosis by the neutrophils

Answer 11

the phagocyte forms a pseudopod that eventually engulfs the particles becoming a phagosome

Question 12

whats step three of the phagocytosis by the neutrophils

Answer 12

the phagosome fuses with a lysosome to form a phagolysosome

Question 13

are all myeloid cells phagocytic

Answer 13

not all of them no

Question 14

whats step four of the phagocytosis by the neutrophils

Answer 14

toxic compunds and lysosomal enzymes destroy the pathogens in the phagosome.

Question 15

step 5 of the phagocytosis process if it occurs

Answer 15

this doesn’t always occur, but the products of breaking down the pathogen may be exocytosis, removing the indigestible and residual materials.

Question 16

whats in the lysosome that causes the phagocytosis response

Answer 16

There’s a low PH environment,
reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates. Like H2O2 and N2O2,
There are also several different hydrolytic enzymes like proteases, which break down proteins in the pathogen. Lipases which break down fats and nucleases which break down nucleic acids

Question 17

what enzymes are in a lyosome, what do they do

Answer 17

proteases- which break down proteins
lipases- things that break down fats
nucleases which break down nucleic acid

Question 18

whats complement

Answer 18

9 major proteins/protein complexes
(C1-9) which act in sequence to clear pathogens from blood and tissues

Question 19

complement enzymes are usually inactive y/n

Answer 19

yes, only when activated do they divide into the cascades

Question 20

what does the complement cascade do

Answer 20

labels pathogens for the phagocytes (opsonisation)
recruits phagocytes by chemical messengers
destroy the pathogens (lysis) punches hole in pathogen

Question 21

what are the 3 ways to trigger the complement pathway

Answer 21

classical, alternative and lectin

Question 22

describe the classical pathway

Answer 22

an antibody binds to the pathogen, which binds to the complement causing the enzyme C3 to start the amplify cascade.

Question 23

describe the alternate pathway

Answer 23

pathogen binds complement to its surface or another part of the pathogen, this triggers the amplifaction through C3

Question 24

describe the lectin pathway

Answer 24

where carbohydrate components of microbes bind to complement triggering C3 and the rest of the cascade

Question 25

what two pathways dont need the adaptive immune response

Answer 25

the alternative and the lectin, they dont need it as they dont use T cells.

Question 26

complement pathways develop what

Answer 26

c3 convertase

Question 27

C3 convertase goes onto what outcomes

Answer 27

opsonisation, destroy and recruitment

Question 28

what complement is used for opsonisation

Answer 28

C3b

Question 29

what complement is used for making MAC

Answer 29

C9

Question 30

what complement is used for recruitment processes

Answer 30

C3a and C5a

Question 31

complement is most useful against what

Answer 31

bacterial pathogens