lecture 32 Flashcards
what cell types secrete interleukin 1
the phagocytic cells
inflammatory process starts with
the physical barrier is broken by something. Microorganisms can thus enter the body. In response to the sudden presence of these microorganisms the resident macrophages in the tissue release chemical signals which attract more cells to the infection site.
what is the second part of the inflammatory response
the neutrophils enter the blood stream from the bone marrow. move very quickly through the blood
whats part three of inlflammatory response
the neutrophils slow themselves down, so that they can enter the damaged tissue, by clinging to the capillary wall
as well as attracting neutrophils what do the chemical signals from tissue-resident cells do
these chemicals dilate the blood vessel making the capillary leakier, which makes it easier for neutrophils to pass through
what does vasodilation do to the inflammed area
the vasodilation causes an increased blood flow to that area. this increased blood flow makes the area both hotter and more red
whats step four of immune inflammatory response
the neutrophils can now squeeze through the leaky capillary walls and follow the chemical trail to the injury response.
what does the moving of the neutrophils to the tissue cause
causes the inflammation symptoms. redness, swelling and all that.
once the neutrophils gets to the inflammation site what do they do
phagocytosis
step one of phagocytosis by the neutrophils
the phagocyte adheres to the pathogen or debris.
whats step two of the phagocytosis by the neutrophils
the phagocyte forms a pseudopod that eventually engulfs the particles becoming a phagosome
whats step three of the phagocytosis by the neutrophils
the phagosome fuses with a lysosome to form a phagolysosome
are all myeloid cells phagocytic
not all of them no
whats step four of the phagocytosis by the neutrophils
toxic compunds and lysosomal enzymes destroy the pathogens in the phagosome.
step 5 of the phagocytosis process if it occurs
this doesn’t always occur, but the products of breaking down the pathogen may be exocytosis, removing the indigestible and residual materials.
whats in the lysosome that causes the phagocytosis response
There’s a low PH environment,
reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates. Like H2O2 and N2O2,
There are also several different hydrolytic enzymes like proteases, which break down proteins in the pathogen. Lipases which break down fats and nucleases which break down nucleic acids
what enzymes are in a lyosome, what do they do
proteases- which break down proteins
lipases- things that break down fats
nucleases which break down nucleic acid
whats complement
9 major proteins/protein complexes
(C1-9) which act in sequence to clear pathogens from blood and tissues
complement enzymes are usually inactive y/n
yes, only when activated do they divide into the cascades
what does the complement cascade do
labels pathogens for the phagocytes (opsonisation)
recruits phagocytes by chemical messengers
destroy the pathogens (lysis) punches hole in pathogen
what are the 3 ways to trigger the complement pathway
classical, alternative and lectin
describe the classical pathway
an antibody binds to the pathogen, which binds to the complement causing the enzyme C3 to start the amplify cascade.
describe the alternate pathway
pathogen binds complement to its surface or another part of the pathogen, this triggers the amplifaction through C3
describe the lectin pathway
where carbohydrate components of microbes bind to complement triggering C3 and the rest of the cascade
what two pathways dont need the adaptive immune response
the alternative and the lectin, they dont need it as they dont use T cells.
complement pathways develop what
c3 convertase
C3 convertase goes onto what outcomes
opsonisation, destroy and recruitment
what complement is used for opsonisation
C3b
what complement is used for making MAC
C9
what complement is used for recruitment processes
C3a and C5a
complement is most useful against what
bacterial pathogens
