endocrine flow charts

Question 1

insulin is secreted from where

Answer 1

the beta cells of pancreas

Question 2

what causes insulin to be released

Answer 2

the increase of blood glucose concentration

Question 3

insulin has an effect on what tissue cells

Answer 3

muscle cells and liver cells and adipose fat cells

Question 4

what does insulin do to muscle and fat cells

Answer 4

muscle cell: causes net increase in uptake of glucose, as increased amino acid uptake and increased glycogen and protein synthesis.
fat cells sees increase in fat synthesis

Question 5

what does insulin do to the liver cells

Answer 5

increases glycogen and fat synthesis, stops glucose output thereby increasing glucose intake.

Question 6

whats the negative feedback for insulin release

Answer 6

the lowering of the blood glucose levels.

Question 7

glucagon is secreted from where

Answer 7

the alpha cells of the pancreas

Question 8

what is the stimulus for glucagon secretion

Answer 8

low blood sugar

Question 9

what are the target cells of glucagon

Answer 9

the cells of the liver

Question 10

what type of hormones are insulin and glucagon

Answer 10

peptide, water-soluble hormones

Question 11

what does glucagon do to the target liver cells

Answer 11

increases breakdown of glycogen (glycogenolysis)
increases glucose synthesis (gluconeogenesis)
increases ketone synthesis

Question 12

what is the negative feedback for glucagon secretion

Answer 12

the raise of blood glucose concentration and blood ketone concentration

Question 13

what hormones can also raise blood glucose concentration

Answer 13

growth hormone, adrenaline and cortisol

Question 14

what triggers the release of GH-RH

Answer 14

The stimulus for GH-RH release is neural input to the hypothalamus.

Question 15

where is GH-RH hormone stored and secreted from

Answer 15

in GH-RH neurons in the hypothalamus

Question 16

what are the target cells for GH-RH

Answer 16

the target cells are in the anterior pituitary gland.

Question 17

what does the GH-RH signal cause in the anterior pituiary lobe

Answer 17

it signals the release of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary

Question 18

what are the target cells for GH

Answer 18

muscle cells, liver cells, fat cells,

Question 19

what does the hormone GH cause in the liver cells

Answer 19

it directly causes glucose synthesis in the liver, but also causes the secretion of another hormone, somatomedin C which has indirect effects

Question 20

what inderect effects does IGF 1 have

Answer 20

somatomedin c, or IGF 1 promotes the growth of bones, muscle and other tissues, which promotes cell division

Question 21

what effects does GH have on muscle cells

Answer 21

stimulates protein synthesis (long term) and inhibits, cellular uptake of glucose (short term)

Question 22

what effect does GH have on fat cells

Answer 22

increases triglyceride breakdown in adipose tissue
(short term).

Question 23

whats the negative feedback for the release of GH

Answer 23

the IGF-1 has negative feedback on the GH-RH neurons, slowing the release of GH-RH to the pituitary

Question 24

what other effect does IGF-1 have

Answer 24

it causes positive feedback on the release of GH-IH from the somatomedin neurons

Question 25

what does GH-IH do

Answer 25

it inhibits the release of GH from the anterior pituitary

Question 26

what triggers the start of the thyroid hormone flow chart

Answer 26

external and internal stimuli lead to CNS input to hypothalamus

Question 27

what does CNS input to the hypothalamus cause in TH cycle

Answer 27

it causes the release of thyrotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus

Question 28

what are the receptor cells for TRH

Answer 28

the anterior pituitary cells

Question 29

what does TRH cause in the anterior pituitary gland

Answer 29

it causes the release of thyrotropin-stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary

Question 30

what are the target cells for TSH

Answer 30

the thyroid gland cells

Question 31

what does TSH cause in the thyroid gland

Answer 31

causes the release of thyroid hormones T3 and T4.

Question 32

what are the main effects of thyroid hormone

Answer 32

an increase in basal metabolic rate via the synthesis and activity of K+ Na+ ion pump

Question 33

what other effects does thyroid hormone have

Answer 33

stimulates growth in fetus and early childhood, it maintains normal alertness and reflexes

Question 34

whats the negative feedback for the release of thyroid hormone

Answer 34

the release of thyroid hormone inhibits the release of TRH and TSH

Question 35

low blood calcium concentration causes what

Answer 35

causes the parathyroid to secrete PTH

Question 36

what are the target cells for PTH

Answer 36

kidney and bone cells

Question 37

what does PTH cause in the kidneys

Answer 37

it increases the calcium reabsorption to the blood stream and causes vitamin D to be converted to calcitriol

Question 38

what does calcitriol do

Answer 38

calcitriol amplifies the reabsorption of calcium to the blood, also amplifies the bone resorption by the osteoclasts, also increases calcium absorption from food

Question 39

what is negative feedbakc for calcitriol prooduction and why

Answer 39

the negative feeback for calcitriol production is calcitriol itself, does this as it has an amplification effect on other processes caused by PTH

Question 40

what does an increase in calcium reabsorption cause

Answer 40

it causes a decrease in calcium lost via urine

Question 41

what does PTH cause in bone

Answer 41

it causes an increase in bone resorption by osteoclasts

Question 42

what does an increase in bone resorption cause

Answer 42

an increase in blood calcium

Question 43

what is the negative feedback for PTH release

Answer 43

the raising of blood calcium concentration

Question 44

what is the stimulus for stress response

Answer 44

a stress acting on a person, the hypothalamus takes this stress and coordinates a response

Question 45

what does the stress response of the hypothalamus cause

Answer 45

it causes the stimulation of preganglionic sympathetic nerves

Question 46

what does stimukation of preganglionic nerve fibres cause

Answer 46

causes an action potential to propagate down the neuron

Question 47

where does the AP of the preganglionic sympathetic neuron go

Answer 47

it goes to the adrenal medulla, ACh binding to the receptors

Question 48

what does ACh binding to receptors on the adrenal meddula cause

Answer 48

causes the adrenaline to be secreted froim the adrenal medulla

Question 49

what are the target cells for adrenaline

Answer 49

fat tissue, skeletal muscle and liver

Question 50

what is the overall effect of adrenaline

Answer 50

Makes fuel (glucose & fatty acids) more readily available to cells. systems not crucial or short-term survival are shut down

Question 51

what does adrenaline cause in fat cells

Answer 51

causes an increase in breakdown of fat to fatty acids

Question 52

what does adrenaline cause in liver and skeletal muscle fibres cause

Answer 52

incr breakdown of glycogen to glucose

Question 53

whats the negative feedback for the release of adrenaline

Answer 53

there isnt really one, the only way to stop the release of adrenaline is to remove the stress causing this response.

Question 54

what initiates the cortisol secretion cycle

Answer 54

non stress based neural inputs, like day night ryhtym and low blood glucose concentration

Question 55

what does a non stress neural input cause

Answer 55

it causes the hypothalamus to secrete corticotropin releasing hormone

Question 56

what does corticotropin-releasing hormone, CRH, cause

Answer 56

causes the anterior pituitary gland to release adrenocorticotropic hormone, ACTH

Question 56

what are the target cells for corticotropin-releasing hormone, CRH

Answer 56

target cells are found in the anterior pituitary gland

Question 57

what are the target cells for ACTH

Answer 57

adrenal cortex cells

Question 58

what does ACTH cause in the adrenal cortex

Answer 58

the secretion of cortisol

Question 59

what are the target cells for cortisol

Answer 59

muscle fat and liver cells

Question 60

what does cortisol cause in muscle

Answer 60

an increase in protein breakdown and a decrease in glucose uptake

Question 61

what does cortisol cause in fat

Answer 61

increase in fat breakdown, a decrease in glucose uptake

Question 62

what does cortisol cause in liver cells

Answer 62

glucose synthesis

Question 63

what are some other effects of cortisol

Answer 63

helps one to cope with stress, long term it supresses the immune system, its also essential for maintaining blood pressure

Question 64

whats the negative feeback for cortisol release

Answer 64

the removal of the stress its self. or in a non stress case, the cortisol inhibits the release of CRH and ATCH