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Behavior of domestic animals > stress > Flashcards

stress Flashcards

1
Q

define stress

A

 An environmental effect on an individual which over-taxes it’s control systems & reduces its fitness
 Unfavorable state being brought on by unpleasant or harmful conditions
 Environmental conditions having adverse effect on an individual

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2
Q

stressors lead to symptomatic physiological changes, what is an example?

A

hormone response pattern

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3
Q

what kind of hormones indicate stress?

A

adrenal hormones

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4
Q

how are animals affected by stress in terms of environment?

A

Distinguish situations which are adverse & those that are not

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5
Q

how does an animal cope by regulatory systems from an affected environmental conditions?

A

adaptation

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6
Q

what is fundamentally different from situation in which environment has detrimental consequences?

A

adaptation

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7
Q

describe detrimental

A

How to assess

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8
Q

define fitness of genotype

A

Measured as being per capita rate of ↑ of corresponding phenotype

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9
Q

provide examples of fitness of phenotype in the environment

A

◼ Age at 1st breeding
◼ Interval between successive breedings
◼ Survivorship from birth to 1st breeding
◼ Survivorship of adults between successive breedings
◼ Number of female offspring / breeding attempt

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10
Q

Fitness reduced if any of these adversely affected:

A

◼ Delayed breeding
◼ Mortality
◼ Reduced number of offspring

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11
Q

what stress response system is responsible for fight or flight system?

A

Hypothalamic-adrenal-medullary stress response system

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12
Q

Why is Walter Cannon important?

A

◼ Identified hormone secreted by adrenal glands
◼ Response to physiological stimuli
◼ Prepares & supports body in fight/flight situations

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13
Q

what is secreted when cats in cages are scared by barking dogs?

A

Secrete adrenaline (epinephrine)

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14
Q

what are some human examples of epinephrine release?

A

◼ Taking exam

◼ Cheering at ball game

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15
Q

what is epinephrine and norepinephrine associated with and what’s the difference between them?

A

◼ High anxiety/Activity

epinephrine: More effect on heart
norepinephrine: More effect on blood vessels

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16
Q

the 4 “E” (epinephrine) situations

A

exercise
excitement
embarrassment
emergency

17
Q

how does the sympathetic alarm reaction affect the animal?

A

Animal must decide almost immediately whether to stand or run

18
Q

what is the alarm reaction?

A

Make’s animal’s subsequent reactions vigorous

19
Q

mass sympathetic discharge increases in:

A 
◼ ↑ arterial pressure & HR
◼ ↑ blood flow to active muscles concurrent with ↓ blood flow to GI tract organs
◼ ↑ rate of cellular metabolism
◼ ↑ blood glucose concentration
◼ ↑ muscle & liver glycolysis
◼ ↑ muscle strength
◼ ↑ mental activity
20
Q

examples of parasympathetic responses

A
  • stimulates flow of saliva
  • slows heartbeat
  • constricts bronchi
  • stimulates peristalsis and secretion
  • stimulates the release of bile
  • constricts bladder
21
Q

parasympathetic system’s sludd:

A 
salivation 
lacrimation
urination 
digestion
defecation
22
Q

examples of sympathetic responses

A
  • dilates pupil
  • inhibits flow of saliva
  • accelerates heartbeat
  • dilates bronchi
  • inhibits peristalsis and secretion
  • conversion of glycogen to glucose
  • secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline
  • inhibits bladder contraction
23
Q

describe the fight or flight response starting with the hypothalamus (flow chart)

A

hypothalamus activates the adrenal-cortical system by releasing CFR, then the pituitary gland secretes ACTH and the ACTH arrives at the adrenal cortex and releases ~ 30 hormones which is released into the bloodstream and neural activity combines with hormones in the bloodstream by constituting fight or flight response

hypothalamus activates the sympathetic nervous system where impulses activate glands and smooth muscles and neural activity combines with hormones in the bloodstream by constituting fight or flight response
the sympathetic nervous system can also activate the adrenal medulla where it can release norepinephrine or epinephrine into the bloodstream and neural activity combines with hormones in the bloodstream by constituting fight or flight response

24
Q

why is Hans Selye important?

A

◼ General concept of
stress developed
◼ Medical student (1936)
 Injected tissue extracts in rats -produced triad of symptoms

25
Q

what happened when Selye injected tissue extracts with formalin in rats?

A
  1. Adrenal cortex enlarged
  2. Lymphatic tissue atrophy
  3. Bleeding ulcers in stomach & duodenum
26
Q

general adaptation syndrome was described from Selye as:

A

occurring when stressors continue to act over prolonged period of time

27
Q

what are the three stages of general adaptation syndrome?

A
  1. Alarm reaction
  2. Stage of resistance
  3. Stage of exhaustion
28
Q

what is Hypothalamic –Pituitary – Adrenocortical System (HPA) associated with?

A

long-term, physiologic stress

29
Q

HPA has _______ response to stressors which is compared to which system?

A

sustained

SA system

30
Q

HPA effects are oriented to _______ changes

A

metabolic

31
Q

how do metabolic changes effect the animal?

A

Strengthen the animal’s ability to cope with stressors

32
Q

HPA’s stressful stimuli acts on the ________ which release ___

A

hypothalamus

CRF

33
Q

crf vs ACTH

A

corticotropin releasing factor
- acts on anterior pituitary from hypothalamus

ACTH- released from anterior pituitary

34
Q

CRF acts on ____________ causing the release of ____

A

anterior pituitary

ACTH

35
Q

ACTH stimulates _____ in cells of ___________ where ______ is released

A

cAMP
adrenal cortex
cortisol

36
Q

list the effects of cortisol

A

◼ Mobilize liver & muscle glycogen stores
◼ Anti-inflammatory response
◼ ↓ protein stores in body cells, except liver
-  Utilization of AA for enzymes  Protein synthesis
◼ Stimulation of gluconeogenesis by liver
- ↑ blood glucose
◼ Mobilization of fatty acids

37
Q

almost any type of stress will cause immediate and marked increase in ______ followed within minutes by and increase adrenocortical secretion of _______

A

ACTH

cortisol

38
Q

when rats’ tibia and fibula were fractured, what were the stresses that increased cortisol?

A 
 Trauma
 Infection
 Intense heat or cold
 Surgical operation
 Injection of necrotizing substances under skin 
 Restraint
 Debilitating disease

Behavior of domestic animals (19 decks)

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