motivation Flashcards
define motivation
Process within the brain controlling which behaviors and physiological changes occur and when
list some activities that pigs do
◦ Search for food
◦ Search for mate
◦ Search for water
◦ Go back to sleep
Regulation of vital body functions occur at two levels:
- Sensory input to the brain about the body’s environment
- Behavior responses occur if sensory responses (autonomic nervous system) are not adequate to bring body into equilibrium
what two things receive signals from the hypothalamic regions that cause physiologic response?
autonomic nervous system and pituitary gland
what is the purpose of sensory input to the brain about the body’s environment?
Provide information about general or specific body functions
what are some other aspects of animals life can counteract food searching?
◦ Skin irritation
◦ Presence of potential mate
true/false: some factors will be altered (in their effect on the probability of a particular behavior being initiated) by the previous experience of that animal
false: all factors
What experiences might make a pig less likely to start food searching?
◦ Experienced odor of food, but never been followed by food being made available
◦ Gut may be empty, but knows gut must be empty for several hours before food is forthcoming
◦ Sound of 2 people talking, food-searching unnecessary because pig will be fed soon
◦ Dominant pig at the feeder
Each input to the brain must be interpreted in relation to _____ experience
previous
do all inputs reach the decision-making center?
no, interpretation results in their relevance to be zero
define casual factors
Interpretations of a wide variety of external changes and internal states of body
Any identifiable entity or circumstance in the internal or external environment of an organism presumed to be primarily responsible for its individual psychological states & behavioral activities
All changes in behavior are a manifestation of the animal’s response to changes in the _____________
casual factors
what state depends on the number and importance of casual factors?
motivational
what is an example of a motivational state?
pig deprived of water
what are three ways there can be input to the brain (causal factors)
- Monitors of body fluids
- Sensory receptors in mouth that indicate dry mouth
- Brain centers that indicate to pig that drinking has not been possible for awhile
Level of causal factors which promote a particular action vary over a ______
range
Why does an animal show a particular behavior at a particular time?
innate response
define innate response
Nature motivates naïve animals into giving the correct response when stimulated for situations where learning how to respond would be too hazardous or slow to assure fitness
learned responses are a “_________” of an animal’s behavior
“fine tuning”
many essential responses occur initially as _______ behavior
innate
three characteristics of innate behavior
- Adaptive
- Stereotyped
- Unlearned
Instinct replaced with the concept of ______
drive
what is drive a component of?
homeostatic control
how can drive concepts be useful?
if defined independently of the variations in behavior which they are supposed to explain
Thirst is ________ variable between independent and dependent variables
intervening
what is an independent variable
effects on animal such as water deprivation
what is a dependent variable
behavioral responses such as amount of water drunk
Contemporary theory sees the animal as being: (5)
- Intrinsically active rather than passive
- Goal-seeking (purposeful)
- Flexible
- Able to learn cognitions
- Exploratory
define motivational behavior and provide and example
Object or event that is not directly detectable or not actually occurring at the time is a cognitive representation
◦ Dog searching for a thrown stick
define displacement activity and an example
Animals in situation where two actions are likely, but a third is observed
Behavior that is seemingly irrelevant to the situation being faced by an animal
Coined by ethologists to label behavior that was seemingly out of context (or “displaced” from the situation)
◦ Alarmed gull lands near its nest and starts preening