motivation

Question 1

define motivation

Answer 1

Process within the brain controlling which behaviors and physiological changes occur and when

Question 2

list some activities that pigs do

Answer 2

◦ Search for food
◦ Search for mate
◦ Search for water
◦ Go back to sleep

Question 3

Regulation of vital body functions occur at two levels:

Answer 3

1. Sensory input to the brain about the body’s environment
2. Behavior responses occur if sensory responses (autonomic nervous system) are not adequate to bring body into equilibrium

Question 4

what two things receive signals from the hypothalamic regions that cause physiologic response?

Answer 4

autonomic nervous system and pituitary gland

Question 5

what is the purpose of sensory input to the brain about the body’s environment?

Answer 5

Provide information about general or specific body functions

Question 6

what are some other aspects of animals life can counteract food searching?

Answer 6

◦ Skin irritation

◦ Presence of potential mate

Question 7

true/false: some factors will be altered (in their effect on the probability of a particular behavior being initiated) by the previous experience of that animal

Answer 7

false: all factors

Question 8

What experiences might make a pig less likely to start food searching?

Answer 8

◦ Experienced odor of food, but never been followed by food being made available
◦ Gut may be empty, but knows gut must be empty for several hours before food is forthcoming
◦ Sound of 2 people talking, food-searching unnecessary because pig will be fed soon
◦ Dominant pig at the feeder

Question 9

Each input to the brain must be interpreted in relation to _____ experience

Answer 9

previous

Question 10

do all inputs reach the decision-making center?

Answer 10

no, interpretation results in their relevance to be zero

Question 11

define casual factors

Answer 11

Interpretations of a wide variety of external changes and internal states of body

Any identifiable entity or circumstance in the internal or external environment of an organism presumed to be primarily responsible for its individual psychological states & behavioral activities

Question 12

All changes in behavior are a manifestation of the animal’s response to changes in the _____________

Answer 12

casual factors

Question 13

what state depends on the number and importance of casual factors?

Answer 13

motivational

Question 14

what is an example of a motivational state?

Answer 14

pig deprived of water

Question 15

what are three ways there can be input to the brain (causal factors)

Answer 15

1. Monitors of body fluids
2. Sensory receptors in mouth that indicate dry mouth
3. Brain centers that indicate to pig that drinking has not been possible for awhile

Question 16

Level of causal factors which promote a particular action vary over a ______

Answer 16

range

Question 17

Why does an animal show a particular behavior at a particular time?

Answer 17

innate response

Question 18

define innate response

Answer 18

Nature motivates naïve animals into giving the correct response when stimulated for situations where learning how to respond would be too hazardous or slow to assure fitness

Question 19

learned responses are a “_________” of an animal’s behavior

Answer 19

“fine tuning”

Question 20

many essential responses occur initially as _______ behavior

Answer 20

innate

Question 21

three characteristics of innate behavior

Answer 21

1. Adaptive
2. Stereotyped
3. Unlearned

Question 22

Instinct replaced with the concept of ______

Answer 22

drive

Question 23

what is drive a component of?

Answer 23

homeostatic control

Question 24

how can drive concepts be useful?

Answer 24

if defined independently of the variations in behavior which they are supposed to explain

Question 25

Thirst is ________ variable between independent and dependent variables

Answer 25

intervening

Question 26

what is an independent variable

Answer 26

effects on animal such as water deprivation

Question 27

what is a dependent variable

Answer 27

behavioral responses such as amount of water drunk

Question 28

Contemporary theory sees the animal as being: (5)

Answer 28

1. Intrinsically active rather than passive 2. Goal-seeking (purposeful) 3. Flexible 4. Able to learn cognitions 5. Exploratory

Question 29

define motivational behavior and provide and example

Answer 29

Object or event that is not directly detectable or not actually occurring at the time is a cognitive representation ◦ Dog searching for a thrown stick

Question 30

define displacement activity and an example

Answer 30

Animals in situation where two actions are likely, but a third is observed Behavior that is seemingly irrelevant to the situation being faced by an animal Coined by ethologists to label behavior that was seemingly out of context (or “displaced” from the situation) ◦ Alarmed gull lands near its nest and starts preening

Question 31

when may displacement activity occur?

Answer 31

when an animal is frustrated in its attempts to perform actions appropriate to the circumstances Or when it apparently experiences conflict among motivations for different actions

Question 32

how can you monitor physiological measurements?

Answer 32

Assays for blood sugars, hormones

Question 33

what are ways to monitor motivation

Answer 33

- Observation of behavior - Brain recordings - physiological measurements

Question 34

how can observation of motivation be misleading?

Answer 34

Many causal factors (levels) may be high without there being any evidence of this from current activity

Question 35

what is a thermal neutral zone

Answer 35

Animal seeks to maintain itself in tolerable range

Question 36

explain negative feedback

Answer 36

As displacement from an initial state within the tolerable range occurs, this changed is monitored, and as soon as a set point is reached some corrective action is taken

Question 37

explain Feed forward control

Answer 37

◦ A displacement from the tolerable range is predicted and a correction is made before the state changes ◦ Animals use a variety of cues and previous experience to predict that the state will depart from tolerable range & they act in a way in which prevents this from happening

Question 38

Sollwert- "__________ behavior"

Answer 38

should be

Question 39

Istwert- "________ behavior"

Answer 39

actual

Question 40

animals prefer events that are ___________

Answer 40

predictable

Question 41

Rats & dogs show a clear preference for _______ & control over ____________

Answer 41

prediction | unpredictability

Question 42

predictable shocks caused _______ ulcers in rats then unpredictable shocks

Answer 42

fewer

Question 43

Unpredictability in feeding after regular feeding leads to increases in ___________ activity

Answer 43

adrenal cortex

Question 44

if adverse events are predictable animals can prepare for them behaviorally or by activating the ______________________________

Answer 44

analgesic brain opiate system

Question 45

what is frustration

Answer 45

A theoretical concept referring to a condition that is produced when an organism is blocked in its attempts to achieve a goal

Question 46

Levels of most causal factors which promote a behavior are high enough for occurrence of the behavior, but because of absence of a key stimulus or presence of some ______ or _______ barrier, the behavior cannot occur

Answer 46

physical | social

Question 47

feelings and emotions are causal factors that can have a substantial effect on decision making ______ System

Answer 47

Limbic

Question 48

feelings and emotions ______ casual effect on much behavior

Answer 48

modify

Question 49

feelings and emotions are active when individual has _______

Answer 49

feelings

Question 50

define feelings

Answer 50

stemming from the brain and involving sophisticated processing ◦ Brain construct involving at least perceptual awareness which is associated with a life-regulating system, is recognizable by the individual when it recurs and may change behavior or act as a reinforce of learning

Question 51

define emotions

Answer 51

A physiologically describable component of a feeling characterized by electrical and neurochemical activity in particular regions of the brain, autonomic system nervous system activity, hormone release and peripheral consequences including behavior

Question 52

Fear is a feeling, but ____________ occur

Answer 52

bodily changes

Question 53

the term feeling __________ the emotion

Answer 53

encompasses

Question 54

what happens during emotions

Answer 54

Physiological changes in the body associated with brain activity and often also behavioral modification

Question 55

a covered food bowl was associated with what in goats?

Answer 55

Time spent away from bowl, increased locomotion, little indication of autonomic changes and increased prefrontal cortical activity

Question 56

Near-infrared spectroscopy indicates _______ changes in the brain

Answer 56

hemodynamic

Question 57

food availability in goats resulted in:

Answer 57

Reduced locomotion, stayed near food bowl, showed sympathetically mediated arousal indicating anticipation

Question 58

care must be taken in the interpretation of ________

Answer 58

information

Question 59

Some physiologic and behavioral changes are associated with more than one _____

Answer 59

feeling

Question 60

when a dog has done something "wrong" that the owner has told it not to do is interpreted as indicating a feeling of ____, may be a response to the ______ behavior of the owner

Answer 60

guilty | current

Question 61

Torres-Pereira and Broom observed pet dogs that had been told not to take a food object, while the owner left the room some dogs ate the food object. what was the result of this study and what can we take away from it?

Answer 61

◦ While owner was absent, these dogs had higher HR than dogs that obeyed ◦ When owners returned after 30s and behaved exactly the same whatever the dog had done, carefully not looking at dog ◦ Difference in behavior between dog that had taken food vs. those that didn’t ◦ Suggests the concept of “wrongness” ◦ Cannot be separated from a prediction of negative consequences

Question 62

hypothalamus governs ___________ state

Answer 62

motivational

Question 63

hypothalamus is important in regulating several homeostatic mechanisms and related emotional reactions such as:

Answer 63

◦ Body temperature ◦ Ingestion of food & water ◦ Sexual behavior and rage

Question 64

hypothalamus regulates which system

Answer 64

autonomic nervous system

Question 65

hypothalamus links which two systems

Answer 65

nervous system to endocrine system

Question 66

how does the hypothalamus regulate the hypophysis (pituitary gland)?

Answer 66

◦ Neurohypophysis (ADH and oxytocin) (posterior pituitary gland) ◦ Adenohypophysis (prolactin, ACTH) (anterior pituitary gland)

Question 67

vassopressin

Answer 67

ADH, conserve water

Question 68

oxytocin

Answer 68

bonding, smooth muscle contraction, "love" hormone, released during parturition

Question 69

ACTH

Answer 69

adrenocorticotropic hormone, cortisol released, "stress" hormone

Question 70

prolactin

Answer 70

milk production or lactation, grooming behavior

Question 71

what are the main parts of the limbic system?

Answer 71

◦ Hypothalamus ◦ Hippocampus ◦ Amygdala

Question 72

what does the orbitofrontal cortex from the limbic system do?

Answer 72

important for decision making

Question 73

what is the nucleus accumbens in the limbic system?

Answer 73

produces feelings of pleasure and pain (addiction)

Question 74

what is the overall purpose of the limbic system?

Answer 74

Reacts to external and internal pleasant or unpleasant stimuli vs. Coordinates changes needed to maintain homeostasis (hypothalamus)

Question 75

the amygdala is primarily responsible for regulating our perceptions of and reactions to :

Answer 75

aggression and fear - fear, including the sympathetic nervous system, facial responses, the processing of smells, and the release of neurotransmitters related to stress and aggression ◦ Also helps animal learn from situations that create fear ◦ When animal experience events that are dangerous, the amygdala stimulates the brain to remember the details of the situation so animal learns to avoid it in the future

Question 76

what is the hippocampus important for?

Answer 76

storing information in long-term memory navigation ◦ Living in a strange world where everything it experiences just fades away, even while older memories from the time before the damage are untouched ◦ Spatial and temporal pattern separation, sequential learning, short-term and intermediate-term memory

Question 77

what happens if the hippocampus is damaged?

Answer 77

animal cannot build new memories