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Behavior of domestic animals > natural selection > Flashcards

natural selection Flashcards

1
Q

the two men associated with fitness in natural selection

A

Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace

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2
Q

what are two ways nature is significant in terms of fitness?

A
  • adapts species to a changing environment

- selects from variable populations the most “fit individual”

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3
Q

fitness measures what?

A

reproductive success

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4
Q

how are traits determined by fitness?

A

transmissible by biological inheritance

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5
Q

is the determination of fitness species-limited ?

A

yes

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6
Q

how can we determine if an animal is adapted to its environment?

A

by its physicality and behavior and if it survives

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7
Q

if an animal is highly adapted to a specialized environment, what is needed?

A

genetic variability

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8
Q

what happens when there is population loss

A

lack of genetic variation and there was a too sudden change in the environment (ex. timidness)

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9
Q

behavior considered typical of a population may be changed by what?

A
  • genetic selection

- learning and social tradition

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10
Q

define and provide an example of social inheritance

A
  • what the offspring learns from parental generation

ex. farmers poisoned lamb caracasses and coyotes learned to avoid them and only eat live lambs

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11
Q

what are the necessities that shape behavior? true or false: a successful animal will have more of one of these traits than the other

A

food
shelter
mates
avoiding predation

false: a successful animal will have balanced behaviors

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12
Q

what happens when there is an explosive population

A

there won’t be enough resources for species

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13
Q

true or false: if there is a stable population they’re in optimum conditions

A

true

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14
Q

are starvation, disease, predation the only limiting factors for population growth?

A

no, the behavior phenomena as well

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15
Q

what is territorial regulation and provide an example

A

animal defends its area of living, aggressive acts directed against other members of the same species and sex which trespass

ex. marking territory by spraying or scratching a tree

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16
Q

which gender is more likely to show territoriality?

A

males

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17
Q

what are the benefits of territoriality?

A
  • increased probability of successful reproduction
  • reduced predation
  • adequate food supply
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18
Q

which animals are territoriality not common in?

A

domesticated hoofed animals

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19
Q

name and define the types of space

A
  • home range- larger than territory, area which animal learns thoroughly in which habitually uses, not defended, can overlap
  • territory- defends area by fighting or demarcation and other individuals detect it and serves as a deterrent
  • individual space- minimal distance animal preserves for itself
20
Q

why may there be a reduction in male breeding success in feral populations?

A
  • low social status

- competition in polygynous species

21
Q

what is the difference between polygamy and polyandry?

A

polyandry is strictly females mating with several males and not vice versa

22
Q

why is the difference in male status not an important regulator in population size?

A

one male can mate with many females

23
Q

why is low social status of females important in controlling population size?

A

litter bearers, low ranking females can be forced out of the pack or not allowed to mate

24
Q

crowding leads to _____?

A

stress

25
Q

define stress

A

physiological changes that reduce reproductive capacity

26
Q

define self preservation

A

animal sustains itself, to cope reproduction decreases

27
Q

what happens when there is an increase in population density where it is crowded?

A

population and production decrease, more injury

28
Q

define secondary sexual dimorphism

A

males and females have different looks, morphology, body presence differs depending on sex

29
Q

which species exhibit or lack secondary dimorphism

A

mammalian and avian

30
Q

how does dimorphism attract females and why?

A
  • males are larger, more colorful, weapons

- males compete with other males to breed with females

31
Q

define ungulates

A

hoofed mammal

32
Q

define gallinaceous

A

domestic fowl

33
Q

Compare ethograms of species with marked secondary sexual dimorphism and those without

A

marked dimorphism

  • live in large social groups
  • don’t typically pair bond
  • lots of females and one or two breeding males, well organized social groups
  • breeding males possess harems (polygyny)
  • young are precocial (don’t need as much parental care, developed at birth)
  • horses

lacking dimorphism

  • live in nuclear family unit
  • pair bonding of male and female
  • young are altricial
  • cats., dogs, primates
34
Q

what species are the exception to dimorphism

A

ducks and geese

35
Q

why do differences exist in sexually dimorphic species?

A

males compete for females, so to be successful breeding they have to be competitive to pass on their genes

36
Q

why do males in polygynous, dimorphic species dominate other males?

A

they produce more offspring and that male gets the advantage

37
Q

list the function of males

A

inseminate females
litter care of young
expendable (as dominate male starts to age, younger males try to knock him off and take his place)

38
Q

what is the purpose of females

A

fitness = the ability to provide adequate care of young

39
Q

which sex has a larger lifespan and why

A

females because they bear the offspring and don’t have the responsibility of protecting and fighting

40
Q

why is instinctive behavior controversial?

A

genes vs environment

- implies behavior is entirely controlled by genetics

41
Q

define innate behavior

A

increases fitness and occurs in adequate form when first needed

42
Q

define behavior patterns

A

combination of innate and learned components

43
Q

what are examples of behavior patterns

A
  • characteristic movements of newborn mammals to locate mammary gland
  • suckle
  • swallow
  • distress call of lost
  • isolate neonatal
44
Q

define innate releasing mechanism (IRM)

A

hypothetical mechanism that is selectively sensitive to release stimuli for a particular instinctive action

45
Q

example of innate releasing mechanism

A

piglet knows to suck on teat

46
Q

how does a primate take care of her young when she is isolated

A

maternal behavior is lost because studies show that primate maternal behavior is learned

Behavior of domestic animals (19 decks)

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