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Behavior of domestic animals > Spacing Behavior > Flashcards

Spacing Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

define spacing behavior

A

◼ Maintain & negotiate space

◼ Physical & social requirements

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2
Q

2 general categories of spacing behavior

A

◼ Individual space

◼ Home range & territory

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3
Q

Spacing & social organization: static or dynamic

A

dynamic

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4
Q

Spacing depends on _______ of group members

A

activities

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5
Q

what are contact species and provide an example

A

Allow fairly close physical proximity between one another

- farm animals

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6
Q

flight distance

A

The radius of space within which the animal will not voluntarily permit intrusion of a person or other animals which might be dangerous

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7
Q

what contributes to flight distance decreasing?

A

husbandry & socialization to humans

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8
Q

why may flight distance disappear?

A

maintain avoidance zone

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9
Q

what defense reactions will intrusion into flight zone cause?

A

Startle, alarm, fight-or-flight, vocalization

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10
Q

define agnostic behavior

A

Both aggressive & submissive acts, including

escape of submissive animal from dominant one

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11
Q

what is the purpose of agnostic behavior

A

Serves to organize social groups & to maintain social hierarchies because organized groups are better adapted than disorganized ones

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12
Q

what is agnostic behavior used against

A

behavior involving threat,

attack, defense

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13
Q

what type of action is involved in agnostic behavior so that members of the same group are involved in the same behavior?

A

synchrony

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14
Q

why are there little fighting or threat in grazing animals?

A

Because of system of social organization

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15
Q

home range

A

Animal learns thoroughly & habitually uses

◼ Core Area – area of heaviest use in home range

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16
Q

territory

A

◼ Defended by fight or demarcation

◼ Not always permanent

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17
Q

individual space

A

Minimum distance from other animals

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18
Q

what is individual space required for?

A

basic movements

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19
Q

Advantages of maintaining an individual space include reductions in:

A

◼ Damages to body due to contact
◼ Interference/competition during feeding
◼ Impedance when starting to flee
◼ Chance of forced copulation

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20
Q

Personal space declines to zero during:

A

◼ Mating behavior

◼ Shelter seeking for warmth

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21
Q

social distance

A

◼ Maximum distance a group living animal
will tolerate before moving toward others
◼ Affiliative social force vs. dispersal force reflected by personal space

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22
Q

Association typically seen between:

A

mother & offspring and

animals reared together

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23
Q

“Distance to nearest neighbor”

A

Special type of spacing behavior results when individuals with close bonds arrange themselves

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24
Q

which type of animals maintain close contact with one another?

A

grazing herbivore

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25
Q

Distance to nearest neighbor varies much ____ than distance to others in group

A

less

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26
Q

In __-__% of animals an individual is the nearest neighbor of it’s nearest neighbor

A

60-70

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27
Q

Minimum spatial needs:

A

◼ Amount of room for physical size & basic
movement requirements
◼ Even stalled animal needs distance of length, breadth & height to stand, lie, stretch, etc.

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28
Q

what is the last portion of personal space to be surrendered?

A

bubble of space around head

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29
Q

how may personal space be altered by adjusted living conditions? what is the last portion of personal space to be surrendered?

A
  • Enforced groupings

- Last portion of personal space to be surrendered is bubble of space around head

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30
Q

long term loss of head space:

A

◼ Futile negotiations of interpersonal space
needs
◼ Increases the incidence of aggressive exchanges within an enclosed group
◼ OK for short-term crowding/resting

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31
Q

Corners in enclosures increase ________________ of an enclosure

A

conceptual space

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32
Q

arrange shapes in idealness of corners

A

□ > Δ > O

33
Q

Variables that influence spatial needs:

A

◼ Group size
◼ Available area
◼ Stocking density
◼ Shape of available area

34
Q

Corners can be dangerous for what animals?

A

weak, subordinate

35
Q

define crowding

A

Groups of animals whose movements are restricted by the physical presence of others

36
Q

what happens when there is high density crowding?

A 
◼ More likely one animal will come into
contact w/ another one
      - Intrusion into individual space  
            ~Aggression
            ~Avoidance
37
Q

does crowding always lead to agnostic behavior?

A

no

38
Q

define over-crowded

A

High social density causes adverse effects of the fitness of the individuals

39
Q

what can prevent overcrowding

A

Good distribution of resources

40
Q

what are symptoms of overcrowding

A 
◼ Adrenal hypertrophy
◼ High blood pressure
◼ Kidney failure
◼ Reduced immune response 
◼ Reproductive failure
◼ Reduced weight gain
◼ Reduced egg production
41
Q

what increases competitive behavior in terms of crowding?

A

High social density & large number of individuals in group

42
Q

why would we want constant floor space (.4 m2) for birds?

A

Frequency of aggressive pecks 3x higher if group size was 28 vs. 8 birds

43
Q

what was the result when with constant stocking density of large number of birds (100-400)

A

Competitive interaction did not increase

44
Q

how do cattle show territorial aggressive acts?

A

butting or threatening to butt

45
Q

how do cattle defend their head space

A

“hook” with sharp, oblique head swings

46
Q

what age do bulls show strong territorial behavior?

A

~4 years

47
Q

how do bulls show territorial behavior?

A 
◼ Dig soil with forefeet, scooping loose soil
over back
◼ Horn ruts in soil, rub head on ground 
◼ Stand and bellow repeatedly
◼ May occur on selected site
48
Q

where does pairing of cattle tend to occur

A

on pasture

49
Q

describe crowding in cattle

A

Tend to position themselves around outer edges of pen

◼ Alleviates crowding

50
Q

what’s the benefit of animals on a slotted floor?

A

require less area per individual

51
Q

describe rangeland and cattle

A

Bulls require more individual space which is located on margins of herd

52
Q

which dairy cows prefer to occupy adjacent stalls?

A

dominant

53
Q

Cows of low social status keep to ______ of group

A

periphery

54
Q

what happens with cows when it’s crowded and feeding time?

A

low social status cows move around more to avoid impinging on personal space of dominant cows

55
Q

territorial aggression in horses

A

◼ Bite, kick out w/ hind feet or strike w/ fore feet
◼ Back up to intruder & kick w/ both hind feet
- Double kick with no aim
◼ Kicking out defensively w/ one hind limb
- Mule kick
- Precisely directed

56
Q

what are some equine territorial rituals?

A

◼ Stallions pass feces in specific sites

◼ Mark territory

57
Q

All horses use certain territorial sites for ________

A

defecation

58
Q

do they graze “roughs”, where do they graze?

A

no, only “lawns”

will only consume roughs if it is all they have

59
Q

how do sheep threaten one another?

A

head movements
◼ May push or butt if no submissive response
◼ Look may be enough of a threat & lead to
avoidance

60
Q

spacing varies with what two things?

A

breeds and location

61
Q

true or false: Flock of sheep drawn from different sources do not readily integrate

A

true

62
Q

how do pigs threaten?

A

head movements

◼ May be followed by barking, pushing with nose & shoulder barges

63
Q

what happens if stocking density is too high?

A

◼ Reduce productivity
◼ Low social status
- Cannot avoid aggressive encounters

64
Q

what type of behavior do pigs practice more than any other farm animal?

A

contact behavior, show little territorialism

65
Q

define social limit (social distance)

A

◼ Maximum distance any animal will move away from the group

◼ Maximum distance that a group-living animal will tolerate before moving toward others

66
Q

when do poultry show territorial behavior?

A

Dominant males during mating season

67
Q

Males maintain ______ throughout the year

A

harems

68
Q

Harems utilize overlapping ____ ranges

A

home

69
Q

Territorial arrangement of flock members seems dependent on ____ alignment of nearby birds

A

facial, 90 -180°

70
Q

Territorial organization of flock is evident in what kind of birds?

A

free range birds

71
Q

if birds territories overlap, what kind of behavior is likely to happen?

A

agnostic behavior

72
Q

where do high ranking birds orient to feeders?

A

beside or in front

73
Q

what is a perch?

A

serves as refuge for subordinates rather than controlling position

74
Q

“site attachment”

A

when bird is moving away from its area in the building, the bird is gonna get pressured into staying in its specific area. the more it moves away from its area, the more pecking will occur to that bird

75
Q

What happens when a dog or human enters the space that an individual dog regards as constituting a serious risk to its person or territory?

A

◼ Attack may be presaged by louder and more frightening signs of intent
◼ Speed of movement associated with bites is often a surprise to humans

76
Q

how do cats mark certain individuals and objects?

A

facial and tail based glands

77
Q

how do cats show aggressive behavior?

A

clawing and biting at head area

vocalization

78
Q

why is there much violation of feline territory

A

in human urban environments, 6-8 cats in 20 adjacent human houses, territories overlap

Behavior of domestic animals (19 decks)

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