Spacing Behavior

Question 1

define spacing behavior

Answer 1

◼ Maintain & negotiate space

◼ Physical & social requirements

Question 2

2 general categories of spacing behavior

Answer 2

◼ Individual space

◼ Home range & territory

Question 3

Spacing & social organization: static or dynamic

Answer 3

dynamic

Question 4

Spacing depends on _______ of group members

Answer 4

activities

Question 5

what are contact species and provide an example

Answer 5

Allow fairly close physical proximity between one another

- farm animals

Question 6

flight distance

Answer 6

The radius of space within which the animal will not voluntarily permit intrusion of a person or other animals which might be dangerous

Question 7

what contributes to flight distance decreasing?

Answer 7

husbandry & socialization to humans

Question 8

why may flight distance disappear?

Answer 8

maintain avoidance zone

Question 9

what defense reactions will intrusion into flight zone cause?

Answer 9

Startle, alarm, fight-or-flight, vocalization

Question 10

define agnostic behavior

Answer 10

Both aggressive & submissive acts, including

escape of submissive animal from dominant one

Question 11

what is the purpose of agnostic behavior

Answer 11

Serves to organize social groups & to maintain social hierarchies because organized groups are better adapted than disorganized ones

Question 12

what is agnostic behavior used against

Answer 12

behavior involving threat,

attack, defense

Question 13

what type of action is involved in agnostic behavior so that members of the same group are involved in the same behavior?

Answer 13

synchrony

Question 14

why are there little fighting or threat in grazing animals?

Answer 14

Because of system of social organization

Question 15

home range

Answer 15

Animal learns thoroughly & habitually uses

◼ Core Area – area of heaviest use in home range

Question 16

territory

Answer 16

◼ Defended by fight or demarcation

◼ Not always permanent

Question 17

individual space

Answer 17

Minimum distance from other animals

Question 18

what is individual space required for?

Answer 18

basic movements

Question 19

Advantages of maintaining an individual space include reductions in:

Answer 19

◼ Damages to body due to contact
◼ Interference/competition during feeding
◼ Impedance when starting to flee
◼ Chance of forced copulation

Question 20

Personal space declines to zero during:

Answer 20

◼ Mating behavior

◼ Shelter seeking for warmth

Question 21

social distance

Answer 21

◼ Maximum distance a group living animal
will tolerate before moving toward others
◼ Affiliative social force vs. dispersal force reflected by personal space

Question 22

Association typically seen between:

Answer 22

mother & offspring and

animals reared together

Question 23

“Distance to nearest neighbor”

Answer 23

Special type of spacing behavior results when individuals with close bonds arrange themselves

Question 24

which type of animals maintain close contact with one another?

Answer 24

grazing herbivore

Question 25

Distance to nearest neighbor varies much ____ than distance to others in group

Answer 25

less

Question 26

In __-__% of animals an individual is the nearest neighbor of it’s nearest neighbor

Answer 26

60-70

Question 27

Minimum spatial needs:

Answer 27

◼ Amount of room for physical size & basic movement requirements ◼ Even stalled animal needs distance of length, breadth & height to stand, lie, stretch, etc.

Question 28

what is the last portion of personal space to be surrendered?

Answer 28

bubble of space around head

Question 29

how may personal space be altered by adjusted living conditions? what is the last portion of personal space to be surrendered?

Answer 29

- Enforced groupings | - Last portion of personal space to be surrendered is bubble of space around head

Question 30

long term loss of head space:

Answer 30

◼ Futile negotiations of interpersonal space needs ◼ Increases the incidence of aggressive exchanges within an enclosed group ◼ OK for short-term crowding/resting

Question 31

Corners in enclosures increase ________________ of an enclosure

Answer 31

conceptual space

Question 32

arrange shapes in idealness of corners

Answer 32

□ > Δ > O

Question 33

Variables that influence spatial needs:

Answer 33

◼ Group size ◼ Available area ◼ Stocking density ◼ Shape of available area

Question 34

Corners can be dangerous for what animals?

Answer 34

weak, subordinate

Question 35

define crowding

Answer 35

Groups of animals whose movements are restricted by the physical presence of others

Question 36

what happens when there is high density crowding?

Answer 36

``` ◼ More likely one animal will come into contact w/ another one - Intrusion into individual space ~Aggression ~Avoidance ```

Question 37

does crowding always lead to agnostic behavior?

Answer 37

no

Question 38

define over-crowded

Answer 38

High social density causes adverse effects of the fitness of the individuals

Question 39

what can prevent overcrowding

Answer 39

Good distribution of resources

Question 40

what are symptoms of overcrowding

Answer 40

``` ◼ Adrenal hypertrophy ◼ High blood pressure ◼ Kidney failure ◼ Reduced immune response ◼ Reproductive failure ◼ Reduced weight gain ◼ Reduced egg production ```

Question 41

what increases competitive behavior in terms of crowding?

Answer 41

High social density & large number of individuals in group

Question 42

why would we want constant floor space (.4 m2) for birds?

Answer 42

Frequency of aggressive pecks 3x higher if group size was 28 vs. 8 birds

Question 43

what was the result when with constant stocking density of large number of birds (100-400)

Answer 43

Competitive interaction did not increase

Question 44

how do cattle show territorial aggressive acts?

Answer 44

butting or threatening to butt

Question 45

how do cattle defend their head space

Answer 45

“hook” with sharp, oblique head swings

Question 46

what age do bulls show strong territorial behavior?

Answer 46

~4 years

Question 47

how do bulls show territorial behavior?

Answer 47

``` ◼ Dig soil with forefeet, scooping loose soil over back ◼ Horn ruts in soil, rub head on ground ◼ Stand and bellow repeatedly ◼ May occur on selected site ```

Question 48

where does pairing of cattle tend to occur

Answer 48

on pasture

Question 49

describe crowding in cattle

Answer 49

Tend to position themselves around outer edges of pen | ◼ Alleviates crowding

Question 50

what's the benefit of animals on a slotted floor?

Answer 50

require less area per individual

Question 51

describe rangeland and cattle

Answer 51

Bulls require more individual space which is located on margins of herd

Question 52

which dairy cows prefer to occupy adjacent stalls?

Answer 52

dominant

Question 53

Cows of low social status keep to ______ of group

Answer 53

periphery

Question 54

what happens with cows when it's crowded and feeding time?

Answer 54

low social status cows move around more to avoid impinging on personal space of dominant cows

Question 55

territorial aggression in horses

Answer 55

◼ Bite, kick out w/ hind feet or strike w/ fore feet ◼ Back up to intruder & kick w/ both hind feet - Double kick with no aim ◼ Kicking out defensively w/ one hind limb - Mule kick - Precisely directed

Question 56

what are some equine territorial rituals?

Answer 56

◼ Stallions pass feces in specific sites | ◼ Mark territory

Question 57

All horses use certain territorial sites for ________

Answer 57

defecation

Question 58

do they graze "roughs", where do they graze?

Answer 58

no, only "lawns" | will only consume roughs if it is all they have

Question 59

how do sheep threaten one another?

Answer 59

head movements ◼ May push or butt if no submissive response ◼ Look may be enough of a threat & lead to avoidance

Question 60

spacing varies with what two things?

Answer 60

breeds and location

Question 61

true or false: Flock of sheep drawn from different sources do not readily integrate

Answer 61

true

Question 62

how do pigs threaten?

Answer 62

head movements | ◼ May be followed by barking, pushing with nose & shoulder barges

Question 63

what happens if stocking density is too high?

Answer 63

◼ Reduce productivity ◼ Low social status - Cannot avoid aggressive encounters

Question 64

what type of behavior do pigs practice more than any other farm animal?

Answer 64

contact behavior, show little territorialism

Question 65

define social limit (social distance)

Answer 65

◼ Maximum distance any animal will move away from the group | ◼ Maximum distance that a group-living animal will tolerate before moving toward others

Question 66

when do poultry show territorial behavior?

Answer 66

Dominant males during mating season

Question 67

Males maintain ______ throughout the year

Answer 67

harems

Question 68

Harems utilize overlapping ____ ranges

Answer 68

home

Question 69

Territorial arrangement of flock members seems dependent on ____ alignment of nearby birds

Answer 69

facial, 90 -180°

Question 70

Territorial organization of flock is evident in what kind of birds?

Answer 70

free range birds

Question 71

if birds territories overlap, what kind of behavior is likely to happen?

Answer 71

agnostic behavior

Question 72

where do high ranking birds orient to feeders?

Answer 72

beside or in front

Question 73

what is a perch?

Answer 73

serves as refuge for subordinates rather than controlling position

Question 74

"site attachment"

Answer 74

when bird is moving away from its area in the building, the bird is gonna get pressured into staying in its specific area. the more it moves away from its area, the more pecking will occur to that bird

Question 75

What happens when a dog or human enters the space that an individual dog regards as constituting a serious risk to its person or territory?

Answer 75

◼ Attack may be presaged by louder and more frightening signs of intent ◼ Speed of movement associated with bites is often a surprise to humans

Question 76

how do cats mark certain individuals and objects?

Answer 76

facial and tail based glands

Question 77

how do cats show aggressive behavior?

Answer 77

clawing and biting at head area | vocalization

Question 78

why is there much violation of feline territory

Answer 78

in human urban environments, 6-8 cats in 20 adjacent human houses, territories overlap