cyclic activity Flashcards by Havanna Ramsdell

define cyclic activity

Levels of arousal range from deep sleep to high levels of excitement or irritability
 States of activation
 Subdivisions associated with brain wave patterns

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what is drowsing, describe the postures of a horse, cattle and dog

 State of wakefulness alternating with light sleep (head movement, eyeclosure)
 Horse-standing
 Cattle-lying on sternum
 Dog-lying on sternum with forelegs flexed under or extended

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define resting

Typically in recumbent position posture with evident wakefulness

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resting reduces ____ utilization

energy

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what activities can occur when resting?

grooming, rumination

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define sleeping

brain changes and loss of behavioral responses to many stimuli

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two types of sleep

non REM and REM

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describe the brain waves of slow wave sleep (strong/weak, high/low)

Brain waves are strong, low frequency

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most sleep occurs in REM or SWS?

SWS

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when does deep, restful sleep occur in SWS?

with in the first hour

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which sleep has more postural muscle tone: REM or SWS?

SWS

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which sleep has the most bodily movements: REM or SWS?

REM

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which sleep does dream occur: REM or SWS?

REM

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slow wave sleep decreases:

 Peripheral vascular tone
 Blood pressure
 Respiratory rate
 BMR (basal metabolic rate)**

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basal metabolic rate

lowest rate of metabolism the body is in, truly resting , thermal neutral zone, most rested, metabolism at lowest level

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what is REM (paradoxical) sleep?

active form of sleep:
 Dreaming
 “sleep of the body”
 Active bodily muscle movements

More difficult to arouse by sensory stimuli

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how does REM sleep depress muscle tone

Inhibition of spinal muscle control areas

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what are some irregular rates and movement sources of REM sleep?

Heart rate & respiratory rates irregular (dream
state)

Irregular muscle movements

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during REM sleep, brain metabolism may be ________ by 20%

increased

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during REM sleep, EEG pattern is similar to that of __________

wakefulness

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REM sleep is associated with:

 Reduced muscle tone 
 Postural muscle are lax
      - Trunk, neck, shoulder
 Respiration and heart rates – lowest 
 Animal lying down

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true or false: during REM sleep, there is occasional facial or limb muscle movements

true

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what are signs of drowsiness? (eyes, EEG pattern, sound)

 Eyes closed
 EEG pattern shows a very low amplitude, steady & rapid pattern
 Animal is easily aroused into fully active state
- Especially by sound

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somnambulism

sleep walking, not common

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at what state do animals cover a wide range of sensitivity to stimuli?

aroused or awake

what kind of activity is associated with arousal

Moderate activity associated with turning head/body toward stimuli increased muscle tone, heart rate, respiration

what are awakeness characteristics

moving about, feeding, investigating

what are examples of strong arousal

Vigorous play, sexual, aggressive, avoidance

what are brain waves

Electrical recordings that demonstrate that there is continuous electrical activity in the brain

how (what states) are intensity and patterns of electrical activity determined?

``` by level of excitation of different parts of brain resulting from  Sleep  Wakefulness  Brain disease ```

brain waves vs EEG

 Undulations in recorded electrical activity = brain waves  Entire record = electroencephalogram (EEG)

describe alpha brain waves

 Awake, in quiet resting state of cerebration  From occipital region, also from parietal and frontal regions  Relaxed wakefulness

describe beta brain waves

 Attention directed toward a specific type of mental activity  Recorded mainly parietal and frontal regions  Alert wakefulness  Most common daytime brain waves

describe theta brain waves

```  Drifting off to sleep  Deep meditation  Parietal and temporal regions  Deliberate activity, orientation –animals  Hippocampus, cortical & subcortical ```

describe delta waves

```  Occur in very deep sleep  Normal in awake infants  When present in awake adult – indicate brain damage  Cortex , thalamus  Slowest brain waves ```

describe gamma waves

 Fastest of the brain waves  Process information from various brain areas  Responsible for conscious perception  Associated with mood disorders, Alzheimer’s - Altered activity

what waves are associated with alert wakefulness?

beta

what waves are associated with quiet wakefulness?

alpha

describe the 1st stage of slow wave sleep

light sleep | - low voltage of EEG waves

describe the 2nd stage of slow wave sleep

Sleep spindles – short spindle-shaped bursts of alpha waves that occur periodically

describe the 3rd and 4th stage of slow wave sleep

Frequency of EEG becomes progressively slower until it reaches 1-3 waves per second –delta waves

describe REM sleep waves

 Brain waves look like that of an awake, active person  Waves are irregular and of high frequency  Theta and Beta waves

sleep tends to occur in every __ hour period

sleep tends to occur on a relatively (regular or irregular) basis?

regular

define diurnal

Regular rhythms associated with 24 hr days  On a daily basis  Occurring in daylight time

define crepuscular

animals active during dawn and dusk

define circadian rhythm

A rhythm in a behavior, metabolism, or some other activity such that events in it occur about every 24 hrs ex. parathyroid hormone peaks at 6 A.M.

define ultradian rhythms

 More frequent than 24 hr  Food available ad libitum - Most species eat 9-12 meals a day - grazing animals

why do animals sleep?

Restorative processes needed to bring body back into homeostatic state after activity

duration of sleep for fox

14 hr/day

duration of sleep for sheep

8 hr/day

duration of sleep for rabbits

7 hr/day

duration of sleep for horses

5 hr/day

duration of sleep for dogs

10 hr/day

duration of sleep for cats

12-16 hr/day

duration of sleep for pigs

up to 19 hr/day

Sleep is an adaptive behavior serving 2 primary functions:

1. Reduce energy requirements during that part of the day when the animal is less suited to activity 2. Reduced exposure to predators

how can sleep replenish neurotransmitters

 Neural materials that were consumed during waking are recovered or re-synthesized  Neural waste products that have accumulated are eliminated

what is consolidation of memory

managing stress, during dreams, maintain memory

what is slow wave sleep of?

sleep of the mind

what is REM sleep of?

the body

deprivation of ____ sleep occurs during recovery in behavioral abnormalities

REM

when does rebound REM sleep occur?

during recovery from deprivation

who diagnoses hyperactivity most frequently?

owner, least confirmed by clinician

what is hyperactivity typically mistaken for

unruliness

why may a dog constantly act unruly

from being unconsciously rewarded from owner with petting and high voices

dogs spend __% of their time sleeping

dogs spend __% of sleep in REM

what is the posture of a dog sleeping

Caudolaterally | - lying with head turned back on one side

cats spend __-__% of thier time sleeping

47-65

cats spend __% of their sleep time in REM

describe a cat's posture when sleeping

on sternum with legs partly folded or laterally with legs stretched out

where do cattle sleep?

Pasture or stall system where one lying place /cow

what happens when a stall system is limited

 Reduced lying time among low ranking cows  Are capable of non-REM sleep while standing  If kept standing for 24 hr, REM sleep deprivation can occur  Exhibit irritability towards personal

describe the posture of cattle when sleeping

sternal recumbency

what is polyphasic in horses?

2 or more periods of sleep/rest

how many hr/day are horses recumbent

2.5

true false: horses spend more time in lateral recumbency than sternal

false, sternal

how can a horse drowse and sleep (SWS) while standing?

 Stay apparatus  Ligamentous supports  Brace the entire joint system of the forelegs and the pastern and fetlock joints in the hind legs

when do pigs spend the most time sleeping?

if movement is restricted

how many hr/day are pigs in SWS vs REM sleep

6 hr/day | 1.75 hr/day

true/false: pigs have extreme muscle relaxation during sleep

true

how long do sheep sleep per day

8 hr/day

how long does sheep SWS occupy vs REM?

3.5 hr/day | 45 minutes

how long can sheep exercise per day without showing signs of fatigue?

5 hr/day