cyclic activity Flashcards
define cyclic activity
Levels of arousal range from deep sleep to high levels of excitement or irritability
States of activation
Subdivisions associated with brain wave patterns
what is drowsing, describe the postures of a horse, cattle and dog
State of wakefulness alternating with light sleep (head movement, eyeclosure)
Horse-standing
Cattle-lying on sternum
Dog-lying on sternum with forelegs flexed under or extended
define resting
Typically in recumbent position posture with evident wakefulness
resting reduces ____ utilization
energy
what activities can occur when resting?
grooming, rumination
define sleeping
brain changes and loss of behavioral responses to many stimuli
two types of sleep
non REM and REM
describe the brain waves of slow wave sleep (strong/weak, high/low)
Brain waves are strong, low frequency
most sleep occurs in REM or SWS?
SWS
when does deep, restful sleep occur in SWS?
with in the first hour
which sleep has more postural muscle tone: REM or SWS?
SWS
which sleep has the most bodily movements: REM or SWS?
REM
which sleep does dream occur: REM or SWS?
REM
slow wave sleep decreases:
Peripheral vascular tone
Blood pressure
Respiratory rate
BMR (basal metabolic rate)**
basal metabolic rate
lowest rate of metabolism the body is in, truly resting , thermal neutral zone, most rested, metabolism at lowest level
what is REM (paradoxical) sleep?
active form of sleep:
Dreaming
“sleep of the body”
Active bodily muscle movements
More difficult to arouse by sensory stimuli
how does REM sleep depress muscle tone
Inhibition of spinal muscle control areas
what are some irregular rates and movement sources of REM sleep?
Heart rate & respiratory rates irregular (dream
state)
Irregular muscle movements
during REM sleep, brain metabolism may be ________ by 20%
increased
during REM sleep, EEG pattern is similar to that of __________
wakefulness
REM sleep is associated with:
Reduced muscle tone
Postural muscle are lax
- Trunk, neck, shoulder
Respiration and heart rates – lowest
Animal lying downtrue or false: during REM sleep, there is occasional facial or limb muscle movements
true
what are signs of drowsiness? (eyes, EEG pattern, sound)
Eyes closed
EEG pattern shows a very low amplitude, steady & rapid pattern
Animal is easily aroused into fully active state
- Especially by sound
somnambulism
sleep walking, not common
at what state do animals cover a wide range of sensitivity to stimuli?
aroused or awake
what kind of activity is associated with arousal
Moderate activity associated with turning head/body toward stimuli
increased muscle tone, heart rate, respiration
what are awakeness characteristics
moving about, feeding, investigating
what are examples of strong arousal
Vigorous play, sexual, aggressive, avoidance
what are brain waves
Electrical recordings that demonstrate that there is continuous electrical activity in the brain
how (what states) are intensity and patterns of electrical activity determined?
by level of excitation of different parts of brain resulting from Sleep Wakefulness Brain disease
brain waves vs EEG
Undulations in recorded electrical activity = brain waves
Entire record = electroencephalogram (EEG)
describe alpha brain waves
Awake, in quiet resting state of cerebration
From occipital region, also from parietal and frontal regions
Relaxed wakefulness
describe beta brain waves
Attention directed toward a specific type of mental activity
Recorded mainly parietal and frontal regions
Alert wakefulness
Most common daytime brain waves
describe theta brain waves
Drifting off to sleep Deep meditation Parietal and temporal regions Deliberate activity, orientation –animals Hippocampus, cortical & subcortical
describe delta waves
Occur in very deep sleep Normal in awake infants When present in awake adult – indicate brain damage Cortex , thalamus Slowest brain waves
describe gamma waves
Fastest of the brain waves
Process information from various brain areas
Responsible for conscious perception
Associated with mood disorders, Alzheimer’s
- Altered activity
what waves are associated with alert wakefulness?
beta
what waves are associated with quiet wakefulness?
alpha
describe the 1st stage of slow wave sleep
light sleep
- low voltage of EEG waves
describe the 2nd stage of slow wave sleep
Sleep spindles – short spindle-shaped bursts of alpha waves that occur periodically
describe the 3rd and 4th stage of slow wave sleep
Frequency of EEG becomes progressively slower until it reaches 1-3 waves per second
–delta waves
describe REM sleep waves
Brain waves look like that of an awake, active person
Waves are irregular and of high frequency
Theta and Beta waves
sleep tends to occur in every __ hour period
24
sleep tends to occur on a relatively (regular or irregular) basis?
regular
define diurnal
Regular rhythms associated with 24 hr days
On a daily basis
Occurring in daylight time
define crepuscular
animals active during dawn and dusk
define circadian rhythm
A rhythm in a behavior, metabolism, or some other
activity such that events in it occur about every 24 hrs
ex. parathyroid hormone peaks at 6 A.M.
define ultradian rhythms
More frequent than 24 hr
Food available ad libitum
- Most species eat 9-12 meals a day
- grazing animals
why do animals sleep?
Restorative processes needed to bring body back into homeostatic state after activity
duration of sleep for fox
14 hr/day
duration of sleep for sheep
8 hr/day
duration of sleep for rabbits
7 hr/day
duration of sleep for horses
5 hr/day
duration of sleep for dogs
10 hr/day
duration of sleep for cats
12-16 hr/day
duration of sleep for pigs
up to 19 hr/day
Sleep is an adaptive behavior serving 2 primary functions:
- Reduce energy requirements during that part of the day when the animal is less suited to activity
- Reduced exposure to predators
how can sleep replenish neurotransmitters
Neural materials that were consumed during waking are recovered or re-synthesized
Neural waste products that have accumulated are eliminated
what is consolidation of memory
managing stress, during dreams, maintain memory
what is slow wave sleep of?
sleep of the mind
what is REM sleep of?
the body
deprivation of ____ sleep occurs during recovery in behavioral abnormalities
REM
when does rebound REM sleep occur?
during recovery from deprivation
who diagnoses hyperactivity most frequently?
owner, least confirmed by clinician
what is hyperactivity typically mistaken for
unruliness
why may a dog constantly act unruly
from being unconsciously rewarded from owner with petting and high voices
dogs spend __% of their time sleeping
50
dogs spend __% of sleep in REM
20
what is the posture of a dog sleeping
Caudolaterally
- lying with head turned back on one side
cats spend __-__% of thier time sleeping
47-65
cats spend __% of their sleep time in REM
20
describe a cat’s posture when sleeping
on sternum with legs partly folded or laterally with legs stretched out
where do cattle sleep?
Pasture or stall system where one lying place /cow
what happens when a stall system is limited
Reduced lying time among low ranking cows
Are capable of non-REM sleep while standing
If kept standing for 24 hr, REM sleep deprivation can occur
Exhibit irritability towards personal
describe the posture of cattle when sleeping
sternal recumbency
what is polyphasic in horses?
2 or more periods of sleep/rest
how many hr/day are horses recumbent
2.5
true false: horses spend more time in lateral recumbency than sternal
false, sternal
how can a horse drowse and sleep (SWS) while standing?
Stay apparatus
Ligamentous supports
Brace the entire joint system of the forelegs and the pastern and fetlock joints in the hind legs
when do pigs spend the most time sleeping?
if movement is restricted
how many hr/day are pigs in SWS vs REM sleep
6 hr/day
1.75 hr/day
true/false: pigs have extreme muscle relaxation during sleep
true
how long do sheep sleep per day
8 hr/day
how long does sheep SWS occupy vs REM?
3.5 hr/day
45 minutes
how long can sheep exercise per day without showing signs of fatigue?
5 hr/day
