final Flashcards
innate vs instinctive behavior
instinct- genes vs environment, implies behavior is entirely controlled by genetics
innate- increases fitness and occurs in adequate form when first needed
- Adaptive
- Stereotyped
- Unlearned
IRM
innate releasing mechanism
- hypothetical mechanism that is selectively sensitive to release stimuli for a particular instinctive action
ex. piglet knowing how to suck teat
define behavior
movements animals make, change from motion to non-motion in response to external or internal stimuli
visual acuity: what does it depend on, what is 20/20,
depends on: Keenness of perception and Acuteness or clearness of vision
20/20: a person can see detail from 20 feet away the same as a person with normal eyesight would see from 20 feet
behavioral changes under domestication
breed animals to reduce fighting and aggressiveness
can use AI to breed, we breed for desirable traits
6 steps of domestication:
- highly organized social groups (hierarchy, pecking order for peaceful coexistence)
- promiscuous mating behavior (efficient reproduction)
- maternal bonding (have to be able to raise young to continue producing)
- precocial development (pig farrows 15 and another 8 so to even out the other piglets they will go to the other teat)
- herbivorous animals (easier to find food like forages)
- adaptable to large changes in the environment (put animals in an unnatural environment and the animal can adapt)
polygynous species
males mate with many females
males possessing harems
secondary sexual dimorphism
males and females have different looks, morphology, body presence differs depending on sex
- live in large social groups
- don’t typically pair bond
- lots of females and one or two breeding males, well organized social groups
- breeding males possess harems (polygyny)
- young are precocial (don’t need as much parental care, developed at birth)
- horses
heritability: define, genes vs environment, low vs high h2
ratio between genotypic and phenotypic variance, genotypic variance/phenotypic variance
if low h2: have more to do with environmental influences because progress through selection will be small
low h2: planned changes in environmental elements if it is desired to alter them
high h2: selection will be successful and trait is influenced by genetics
heterosis
breeding animals less genetically related, outbreeding
increases: ◼ Repro ◼ Fitness ◼ Survivability ◼ Growth rate
results of inbreeding
loss of hybrid vigor
- Loss of heterozygosity
- More detrimental alleles expressed
- Loss of overdominance
- Population divided into subpopulations
- Lines become very different from one another
- Uniformity increases within lines
- General loss of vigor
site attachment
when bird is moving away from its area in the building, the bird is gonna get pressured into staying in its specific area. the more it moves away from its area, the more pecking will occur to that bird
agnostic behavior
Both aggressive & submissive acts, including
escape of submissive animal from dominant one
Serves to organize social groups & to maintain social hierarchies because organized groups are better adapted than disorganized ones
used against behavior involving threat, attack, defense
synchrony
broadcasting
Occurs when animal advertises its location by sending out signals
– Invites contact with appropriate animals
ex
– Turkey tom gobbles on his strutting ground
– Sexually receptive female excretes pheromones in urine
dominant/territorial
- Intimidate others from approaching or competing for scarce resources
spacing behavior in grazing herbivores
maintain close contact with one another
“Distance to nearest neighbor”- Special type of spacing behavior results when individuals with close bonds arrange themselves
social distance vs flight zone
flight zone- The radius of space within which the animal will not voluntarily permit intrusion of a person or other animals which might be dangerous
social distance-
◼ Maximum distance a group living animal will tolerate before moving toward others
◼ Affiliative social force vs. dispersal force reflected by personal space
social inheritance
Continuation of behavior w/ F2 pups indicates social inheritance by way of maternal influence
types of sleep
REM active form of sleep: Dreaming “sleep of the body” Active bodily muscle movements
More difficult to arouse by sensory stimuli
Heart rate & respiratory rates irregular (dream
state)
Irregular muscle movements
Reduced muscle tone Postural muscle are lax - Trunk, neck, shoulder Respiration and heart rates – lowest Animal lying down
EEG pattern similar to wakefulness
Theta and Beta waves
SWS most sleep occurs more postural muscle tone sleep of the mind decreases: Peripheral vascular tone Blood pressure Respiratory rate BMR
stages of SWS
- light sleep
- low voltage of EEG waves - Sleep spindles – short spindle-shaped bursts of alpha waves that occur periodically
3 & 4. Frequency of EEG becomes progressively slower until it reaches 1-3 waves per second
–delta waves
circadian vs ultradradian vs diurnal
circadian rhythm: A rhythm in a behavior, metabolism, or some other activity such that events in it occur about every 24 hrs
ultradian: More frequent than 24 hr
Food available ad libitum
- Most species eat 9-12 meals a day
- grazing animals
diurnal: Regular rhythms associated with 24 hr days
On a daily basis
Occurring in daylight time
crepuscular are animals active during dawn and dusk
hippocampus
storing information in long-term memory
navigation
◦ Living in a strange world where everything it experiences just fades away, even while older memories from the time before the damage are untouched
◦ Spatial and temporal pattern separation, sequential learning, short-term and intermediate-term memory
if damaged, animal cannot build new memories
hypothalamus
governs motivational state
regulates ◦ Body temperature ◦ Ingestion of food & water ◦ Sexual behavior and rage and autonomic nervous system
links nervous system to endocrine
regulates pituitary gland via posterior pituitary and anterior
amygdala
aggression and fear
- fear, including the sympathetic nervous system, facial responses, the processing of smells, and the release of neurotransmitters related to stress and aggression
◦ Also helps animal learn from situations that create fear
◦ When animal experience events that are dangerous, the amygdala stimulates the brain to remember the details of the situation so animal learns to avoid it in the future
allelomimetic vs social facilitation
allelomimetic- Activities in which animals do the same
thing or cooperate in some fashion
ex. lionesses hunting in group
social facilitation
- is a form of allelomimetic behavior
- animal starts to engage in behavior because there is already another engaged in that activity
regulation of body levels at two functions
- Sensory input to the brain about the body’s environment
- Behavior responses occur if sensory responses (autonomic nervous system) are not adequate to bring body into equilibrium
feelings vs emotions
feelings- stemming from the brain and involving sophisticated processing
◦ Brain construct involving at least perceptual awareness which is associated with a life-regulating system, is recognizable by the individual when it recurs and may change behavior or act as a reinforce of learning
emotions- A physiologically describable component of a feeling characterized by electrical and neurochemical activity in particular regions of the brain, autonomic system nervous system activity, hormone release and peripheral consequences including behavior
feeling encompasses empotion
imprinting
◼ A species-specific rapid type of learning during a critical period of early life in which social attachment and identification are established
◼ A rapid type of learning occurring very early in life
Recognition and following
Examples of results of imprinting
- Can occur during a defined and short period of
the animal’s life - Is irreversible
- Involves attachment to an object that will later evoke adult behavior patterns, including sexual behavior
- Involves reactions to a particular object that can be generalized to all objects in that class
NOT socialization
common in birds
Miller- imprint training of foals
testicular hormones
antimullerian hormone- Inhibits growth of paramesonephric ducts
(mullerian ducts)
testosterone
attractiveness of potential mate
lordosis- Mating posture by estrus female
◼ Triggers significant sexual arousal by male
◼ Associated with willingness to mate
- precopulatory- proceptive
- copulatory- receptive
- postcopulatory- refractory
ritualized aggression
Assertion of dominance in absence of physical combat
pain induced aggression
pain or fear of pain
Reduce pain by eliminating the source
Won’t discriminate between pain from break & pain induced by vet
sexual behavior programmed during prenatal development
brain programmed to be either male or female during embryogenesis
early embryo is neutral with regard to sex
brain becomes feminized when there is influence of extremely limited quantities of estradiol
role of α-fetoprotein produced during development- prevents (binds) estradiol from crossing BBB & entering brain
α-fetoprotein does not bind testosterone, which which can cross BBB and be converted to estradiol
masculinization of the brain in developing males- high concentration of estradiol
sexual preparation
◼ Maximizes output of spermatozoa per ejaculate
◼ Prolong pre-copulatory stage
◼ False mounting
- Mounting without intromission
◼ Restraint
- Prevent from mounting when 2-3 feet from female
conceptual learning
Ability to respond to a common quality or characteristic shared by a number of different specific stimuli
requires the most intelligence
habituation
simplest type of learning
Animal stops responding to a specific neural stimulus
ex. Horse habituates to feel of halter on head
Useful to try and desensitize horses to sound of crowds
◼ Shows ◼ Sales
shaping
reward for small steps toward desired behavior/activity
speed up teaching an animal an operant task
classical vs operant conditioning
two types of associative learning
◼ Operant conditioning – animal has some control over what is happening
◼ Classical conditioning – it does not
signal learning- classical
conditioned stimuli alone elicits the response
instrumental learning- operant
mother young bonding
status
Refers to position or rank in relation to others
kluver-bucy syndrome
disorder is caused by the removal or destroying of the amygdala
Excessive tendency to examine objects orally Loss of fear Decreased aggressiveness Tameness Changes in dietary habits ◼Herbivores become carnivores Excessive sex drive
◼ Animal not afraid of anything ◼ Extreme curiosity about everything ◼ Forgets very rapidly ◼ Tendency to put everything in its mouth ◼ May try to eat solid objects
immature animals
animals of wrong sex
animals of different species
motivation
causal factors
Interpretations of a wide variety of external changes and internal states of body
Any identifiable entity or circumstance in the internal or external environment of an organism presumed to be primarily responsible for its individual psychological states & behavioral activities
- Monitors of body fluids
- Sensory receptors in mouth that indicate dry mouth
- Brain centers that indicate to pig that drinking has not been possible for awhile
All changes in behavior are a manifestation of the animal’s response to changes
