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Behavior of domestic animals > final > Flashcards

final Flashcards

1
Q

innate vs instinctive behavior

A

instinct- genes vs environment, implies behavior is entirely controlled by genetics

innate- increases fitness and occurs in adequate form when first needed

  1. Adaptive
  2. Stereotyped
  3. Unlearned
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2
Q

IRM

A

innate releasing mechanism
- hypothetical mechanism that is selectively sensitive to release stimuli for a particular instinctive action

ex. piglet knowing how to suck teat

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3
Q

define behavior

A

movements animals make, change from motion to non-motion in response to external or internal stimuli

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4
Q

visual acuity: what does it depend on, what is 20/20,

A

depends on: Keenness of perception and Acuteness or clearness of vision

20/20: a person can see detail from 20 feet away the same as a person with normal eyesight would see from 20 feet

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5
Q

behavioral changes under domestication

A

breed animals to reduce fighting and aggressiveness

can use AI to breed, we breed for desirable traits

6 steps of domestication:

  1. highly organized social groups (hierarchy, pecking order for peaceful coexistence)
  2. promiscuous mating behavior (efficient reproduction)
  3. maternal bonding (have to be able to raise young to continue producing)
  4. precocial development (pig farrows 15 and another 8 so to even out the other piglets they will go to the other teat)
  5. herbivorous animals (easier to find food like forages)
  6. adaptable to large changes in the environment (put animals in an unnatural environment and the animal can adapt)
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6
Q

polygynous species

A

males mate with many females

males possessing harems

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7
Q

secondary sexual dimorphism

A

males and females have different looks, morphology, body presence differs depending on sex

  • live in large social groups
  • don’t typically pair bond
  • lots of females and one or two breeding males, well organized social groups
  • breeding males possess harems (polygyny)
  • young are precocial (don’t need as much parental care, developed at birth)
  • horses
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8
Q

heritability: define, genes vs environment, low vs high h2

A

ratio between genotypic and phenotypic variance, genotypic variance/phenotypic variance

if low h2: have more to do with environmental influences because progress through selection will be small
low h2: planned changes in environmental elements if it is desired to alter them

high h2: selection will be successful and trait is influenced by genetics

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9
Q

heterosis

A

breeding animals less genetically related, outbreeding

increases: 
◼ Repro
◼ Fitness
◼ Survivability
◼ Growth rate
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10
Q

results of inbreeding

A

loss of hybrid vigor

  • Loss of heterozygosity
  • More detrimental alleles expressed
  • Loss of overdominance
  1. Population divided into subpopulations
  2. Lines become very different from one another
  3. Uniformity increases within lines
  4. General loss of vigor
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11
Q

site attachment

A

when bird is moving away from its area in the building, the bird is gonna get pressured into staying in its specific area. the more it moves away from its area, the more pecking will occur to that bird

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12
Q

agnostic behavior

A

Both aggressive & submissive acts, including
escape of submissive animal from dominant one

Serves to organize social groups & to maintain social hierarchies because organized groups are better adapted than disorganized ones

used against behavior involving threat, attack, defense

synchrony

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13
Q

broadcasting

A

Occurs when animal advertises its location by sending out signals
– Invites contact with appropriate animals

ex
– Turkey tom gobbles on his strutting ground
– Sexually receptive female excretes pheromones in urine

dominant/territorial
- Intimidate others from approaching or competing for scarce resources

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14
Q

spacing behavior in grazing herbivores

A

maintain close contact with one another

“Distance to nearest neighbor”- Special type of spacing behavior results when individuals with close bonds arrange themselves

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15
Q

social distance vs flight zone

A

flight zone- The radius of space within which the animal will not voluntarily permit intrusion of a person or other animals which might be dangerous

social distance-
◼ Maximum distance a group living animal will tolerate before moving toward others
◼ Affiliative social force vs. dispersal force reflected by personal space

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16
Q

social inheritance

A

Continuation of behavior w/ F2 pups indicates social inheritance by way of maternal influence

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17
Q

types of sleep

A 
REM 
active form of sleep:
 Dreaming
 “sleep of the body”
 Active bodily muscle movements

More difficult to arouse by sensory stimuli
Heart rate & respiratory rates irregular (dream
state)

Irregular muscle movements

 Reduced muscle tone
 Postural muscle are lax
- Trunk, neck, shoulder
 Respiration and heart rates – lowest
 Animal lying down

EEG pattern similar to wakefulness
Theta and Beta waves

SWS
most sleep occurs
more postural muscle tone 
sleep of the mind 
decreases: 
 Peripheral vascular tone
 Blood pressure
 Respiratory rate
 BMR
18
Q

stages of SWS

A
  1. light sleep
    - low voltage of EEG waves
  2. Sleep spindles – short spindle-shaped bursts of alpha waves that occur periodically

3 & 4. Frequency of EEG becomes progressively slower until it reaches 1-3 waves per second
–delta waves

19
Q

circadian vs ultradradian vs diurnal

A

circadian rhythm: A rhythm in a behavior, metabolism, or some other activity such that events in it occur about every 24 hrs

ultradian:  More frequent than 24 hr
 Food available ad libitum
- Most species eat 9-12 meals a day
- grazing animals

diurnal: Regular rhythms associated with 24 hr days
 On a daily basis
 Occurring in daylight time

crepuscular are animals active during dawn and dusk

20
Q

hippocampus

A

storing information in long-term memory

navigation

◦ Living in a strange world where everything it experiences just fades away, even while older memories from the time before the damage are untouched
◦ Spatial and temporal pattern separation, sequential learning, short-term and intermediate-term memory

if damaged, animal cannot build new memories

21
Q

hypothalamus

A

governs motivational state

regulates 
◦ Body temperature
◦ Ingestion of food & water
◦ Sexual behavior and rage
and autonomic nervous system

links nervous system to endocrine

regulates pituitary gland via posterior pituitary and anterior

22
Q

amygdala

A

aggression and fear

  • fear, including the sympathetic nervous system, facial responses, the processing of smells, and the release of neurotransmitters related to stress and aggression

◦ Also helps animal learn from situations that create fear
◦ When animal experience events that are dangerous, the amygdala stimulates the brain to remember the details of the situation so animal learns to avoid it in the future

23
Q

allelomimetic vs social facilitation

A

allelomimetic- Activities in which animals do the same
thing or cooperate in some fashion

ex. lionesses hunting in group

social facilitation

  • is a form of allelomimetic behavior
  • animal starts to engage in behavior because there is already another engaged in that activity
24
Q

regulation of body levels at two functions

A
  1. Sensory input to the brain about the body’s environment
  2. Behavior responses occur if sensory responses (autonomic nervous system) are not adequate to bring body into equilibrium
25
Q

feelings vs emotions

A

feelings- stemming from the brain and involving sophisticated processing
◦ Brain construct involving at least perceptual awareness which is associated with a life-regulating system, is recognizable by the individual when it recurs and may change behavior or act as a reinforce of learning

emotions- A physiologically describable component of a feeling characterized by electrical and neurochemical activity in particular regions of the brain, autonomic system nervous system activity, hormone release and peripheral consequences including behavior

feeling encompasses empotion

26
Q

imprinting

A

◼ A species-specific rapid type of learning during a critical period of early life in which social attachment and identification are established
◼ A rapid type of learning occurring very early in life

Recognition and following
Examples of results of imprinting

  1. Can occur during a defined and short period of
    the animal’s life
  2. Is irreversible
  3. Involves attachment to an object that will later evoke adult behavior patterns, including sexual behavior
  4. Involves reactions to a particular object that can be generalized to all objects in that class

NOT socialization

common in birds

Miller- imprint training of foals

27
Q

testicular hormones

A

antimullerian hormone- Inhibits growth of paramesonephric ducts
(mullerian ducts)

testosterone

28
Q

attractiveness of potential mate

A

lordosis- Mating posture by estrus female
◼ Triggers significant sexual arousal by male
◼ Associated with willingness to mate

  1. precopulatory- proceptive
  2. copulatory- receptive
  3. postcopulatory- refractory
29
Q

ritualized aggression

A

Assertion of dominance in absence of physical combat

30
Q

pain induced aggression

A

pain or fear of pain

Reduce pain by eliminating the source

Won’t discriminate between pain from break & pain induced by vet

31
Q

sexual behavior programmed during prenatal development

A

brain programmed to be either male or female during embryogenesis

early embryo is neutral with regard to sex

brain becomes feminized when there is influence of extremely limited quantities of estradiol

role of α-fetoprotein produced during development- prevents (binds) estradiol from crossing BBB & entering brain

α-fetoprotein does not bind testosterone, which which can cross BBB and be converted to estradiol

masculinization of the brain in developing males- high concentration of estradiol

32
Q

sexual preparation

A

◼ Maximizes output of spermatozoa per ejaculate
◼ Prolong pre-copulatory stage
◼ False mounting
- Mounting without intromission
◼ Restraint
- Prevent from mounting when 2-3 feet from female

33
Q

conceptual learning

A

Ability to respond to a common quality or characteristic shared by a number of different specific stimuli

requires the most intelligence

34
Q

habituation

A

simplest type of learning

Animal stops responding to a specific neural stimulus

ex. Horse habituates to feel of halter on head

Useful to try and desensitize horses to sound of crowds
◼ Shows ◼ Sales

35
Q

shaping

A

reward for small steps toward desired behavior/activity

speed up teaching an animal an operant task

36
Q

classical vs operant conditioning

A

two types of associative learning

◼ Operant conditioning – animal has some control over what is happening
◼ Classical conditioning – it does not

signal learning- classical
conditioned stimuli alone elicits the response

instrumental learning- operant

37
Q

mother young bonding

A
38
Q

status

A

Refers to position or rank in relation to others

39
Q

kluver-bucy syndrome

A

disorder is caused by the removal or destroying of the amygdala

 Excessive tendency to examine objects orally
 Loss of fear
 Decreased aggressiveness
 Tameness
 Changes in dietary habits
◼Herbivores become carnivores
 Excessive sex drive
◼ Animal not afraid of anything
◼ Extreme curiosity about everything
◼ Forgets very rapidly
◼ Tendency to put everything in its mouth
◼ May try to eat solid objects

 immature animals
 animals of wrong sex
 animals of different species

40
Q

motivation

A
41
Q

causal factors

A

Interpretations of a wide variety of external changes and internal states of body

Any identifiable entity or circumstance in the internal or external environment of an organism presumed to be primarily responsible for its individual psychological states & behavioral activities

  1. Monitors of body fluids
  2. Sensory receptors in mouth that indicate dry mouth
  3. Brain centers that indicate to pig that drinking has not been possible for awhile

All changes in behavior are a manifestation of the animal’s response to changes

Behavior of domestic animals (19 decks)

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