communication

Question 1

define communication

Answer 1

Information is exchanged among individuals

– One animal responds to signals sent out by another animal

Question 2

communication depends on their ability to _______ messages

Answer 2

perceive

Question 3

human communication is primarily ______

Answer 3

auditory

Question 4

animal communication siganls

Answer 4

visual
olfactory
auditory

Question 5

visual acuity depends on: (2)

Answer 5

• Keenness of perception

- Acuteness or clearness of vision

Question 6

visual acuity represents the ________ size that can be reliably identified

Answer 6

smallest

Question 7

what is visual acuity of 20/20?

Answer 7

frequently described as meaning that a person can see detail from 20 feet away the same as a person with normal eyesight would see from 20 feet

Question 8

what is visual acuity of 20/40?

Answer 8

– see detail from 20 feet away the same as a person with normal eyesight would see it from 40 feet away

Question 9

what is the maximum acuity of the human eye that is superior to 20/20

Answer 9

20/10

Question 10

visual acuity of horses

Answer 10

20/30

Question 11

visual acuity of dogs

Answer 11

20/85

Question 12

visual acuity of cats

Answer 12

20/100-200

Question 13

visual acuity of cattle/pigs

Answer 13

20/200

Question 14

visual acuity of eagles

Answer 14

20/5

Question 15

predators have _______ vision

Answer 15

bifocal

Question 16

what does bifocal vision allow for?

Answer 16

– Allows excellent form & depth perception

– Accurate estimates of distance to objects

Question 17

all species of domestic animal possess _____ vision and will discriminate based on this.

Answer 17

color

Cats, dogs, horses, cattle, pigs, goats, sheep

Question 18

dogs have shades of which colors?

Answer 18

violet, blue, yellow

Question 19

describe cat vision

Answer 19

limited

– detectable capacity for color vision if the stimuli are large and differ greatly in spectral content (color)

Question 20

color vision is relatively poorly developed in _____ vs primates, birds, and fish

Answer 20

ungulates

Question 21

list the characteristics of vision in grazing animals:

Answer 21

– Wide set eyes
– Panoramic view of world – spot predators
– Blind spot
– Wide range of monocular vision
– Limited binocular vision

Question 22

true or false: audition is well developed in most domestic animals

Answer 22

true

Question 23

why would dogs and cats perceive higher frequencies than humans? what allows for this to happen?

Answer 23

– Help locate rodents ultrasonic noises

– Increased cochlear nerve fibers

Question 24

true or false: humans sense of smell is superior to most mammals

Answer 24

false

Question 25

which animal is olfaction poorly developed?

Answer 25

poultry

Question 26

what is olfaction?

Answer 26

– A message can be sent in absence of the sender – Odor persists up to days – Letter writing/texting in humans

Question 27

what is the most important sense of domestic animals and why?

Answer 27

olfactory acuity | – Individual odor recognition & pheromonal release are major part of communication

Question 28

what do mammals use sense of smell for?

Answer 28

– Social recognition | – Detecting sexual readiness

Question 29

flehmen response

Answer 29

intra-species communication. By transferring air containing pheromones and other scents - reproductive behavior - recognition

Question 30

which domestic animal has the greatest acuity

Answer 30

dogs by hundredfold

Question 31

what is broadcasting

Answer 31

Occurs when animal advertises its location by sending out signals – Invites contact with appropriate animals

Question 32

example of broadcasting

Answer 32

– Turkey tom gobbles on his strutting ground | – Sexually receptive female excretes pheromones in urine

Question 33

what is the purpose of broadcasting evident when dominant or territorial animals make themselves conspicuous?

Answer 33

Intimidate others from approaching or competing for scarce resources

Question 34

what occurs approaching an individual before any other social interaction occurs?

Answer 34

identification

Question 35

list means of identification

Answer 35

``` – Distance – Species – Sex – Physiologic status – Experience ```

Question 36

how do hens identify one another?

Answer 36

by visual or auditory cues because of poor sense of smell

Question 37

how did Guhl and Ortman manipulate hens appearance and reintroduced back into the flock? what happened?

Answer 37

- Tie comb down - Shave neck - Attach different color feathers Alterations in head/neck area resulted in attack by subordinates that failed to recognize dominant penmates

Question 38

Ramsey conducted a study of precocial birds that could find their mothers that were concealed in boxes. what was learned from this study and was the result?

Answer 38

– Recognition is learned, not instinctive – Young birds avoided strange adult females of their own species but followed a foster mother of different species after bonding to foster mother had occurred

Question 39

how do domestic animals use identification

Answer 39

– Use sense of smell at close range | – Visual/auditory characteristics when farther away to identify individuals

Question 40

what must be identified when encountering a strange animal and what cues are important?

Answer 40

- sex must be identified | - behavioral cues

Question 41

what are some behaviors that occur when unacquainted birds of the same sex are placed together?

Answer 41

– Face each other – Lower heads – Ruffle neck feathers – Fight ensues to establish dominance

Question 42

what will happen when a cockerel is with a strange hen?

Answer 42

– She will either assume sexual crouch when approached or avoid him – Hens rarely attack full grown male

Question 43

what may happen when a young cockerel is introduced into a flock?

Answer 43

may be attacked by large dominant, hens

Question 44

describe waltzing behavior

Answer 44

– Rooster encounters strange hen that fails to behave in manner of another male or receptive female – Rooster dances around the other bird w/ wing feathers spread, lowered, scraping floor – If other bird squats – mating – If aggressive response – fighting – Ambiguous activity

Question 45

why would there be submissive behavior of males in bachelor herds?

Answer 45

– Allows subordinate males to live in harmony with dominant males – Subordinates act & treated like mares

Question 46

what happens if there is imprinting during critical period?

Answer 46

Lead to inappropriate sexual behavior (identification) later in life

Question 47

what can mood signals indicate?

Answer 47

level of arousal, intention

Question 48

what signals are commonly involved in mood and intention signals? what is an example?

Answer 48

- visual and auditory signals | - Dog growling, hackles raised

Question 49

Mating behavior patterns are largely _____ responses to “social releasers”, or stimuli provided by the partner

Answer 49

innate

Question 50

what is the first phase of mating? example?

Answer 50

involving courtship by males | - display in peacocks

Question 51

how do ungulates court?

Answer 51

by nudging, sniffing, secreting pheromones, vocalization

Question 52

true or false: sexually receptive females seek out males

Answer 52

true

Question 53

signal-response sequence

Answer 53

mating behavior involving regular sequence of events