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Behavior of domestic animals > learning > Flashcards

learning Flashcards

1
Q

when does learning occur

A

when an individual behaves in a more adaptive way because of experience

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2
Q

what are the three salient points of learning?

A
  1. A change in overt behavior indicates that learning occurred
  2. Experience is responsible for the change
  3. The changes benefits the animal
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3
Q

what is the simplest type of learning?

A

habituation

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4
Q

what is a long term stimulus?

A

Specific waning of a response, or learning not to respond to stimuli

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5
Q

define habituation

A

Animal stops responding to a specific neural stimulus

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6
Q

example of habituation

A

Horse habituates to feel of halter on head

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7
Q

what is a human example of habituation

A

We habituate to the feel of glasses on our head

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8
Q

why is habituation useful for horses?

A

Useful to try and desensitize horses to sound of crowds

◼ Shows ◼ Sales

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9
Q

what is an example of habituation with a pig

A

pig soon ignores sparkler over feeder

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10
Q

define associative learning

A

Learning brought about by positive or negative re-inforcers

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11
Q

what are the two types of associative learning

A

operant conditioning

classical conditioning

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12
Q

what is the difference between operant and classical conditioning

A

◼ Operant conditioning – animal has some control over what is happening
◼ Classical conditioning – it does not

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13
Q

which conditioning is signal learning

A

classical conditioning

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14
Q

classical conditioning was first demonstrated by Pavlov in dogs. what was the unconditioned stimulus (UCS), response (R), and conditioned stimulus (CS)?

A

UCS- sight of meat
R- salivation
CS- metronome

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15
Q

in classical conditioning, stimuli are paired repeatedly until:

A

conditioned stimuli alone elicits the response

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16
Q

with pavlov’s dogs, when did the dogs start to salivate?

A

when it hears the metronome

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17
Q

how can you classically condition milk letdown?

A

Release of oxytocin in response to jangling of milk equipment

◼ Sounds of approaching machinery will be paired with milking process
◼ Noises elicit oxytocin release

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18
Q

what is the UCS and CS of a pet at the vet?

A

USC- Cat responds to painful stimulus with fear or escape response
CS- staff

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19
Q

true or false: Does not take many pairings of stimuli to produce a fear response whenever the animal encounters the conditioned stimulus

A

true

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20
Q

what type of conditioning is instrumental learning

A

operant

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21
Q

define instrumental learning

A

Behavior is the instrument by which reinforcement is obtained

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22
Q

instrumental learning was first demonstrated by Thorndike using cats. Hungry cats were placed in a box within sight and smell of food. At first cats struggled vigorously to get the food. How did some of the cats opened the box door?

A

pulled latch string by chance

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23
Q

In Thorndike’s study, cats were free to eat, what happened each time the cats were placed in a box?

A

◼ Took shorter time to escape with fewer extraneous motions

◼ Until it pulled the latch string immediately upon being placed in the box

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24
Q

what is a skinner box

A

Lab example of instrumental learning

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25
Q

example of a skinner box

A

Rat presses bar to obtain food, water, electrical stimulation

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26
Q

what are some examples of operant conditioning on farms and homes?

A

◼ Swine can use electronic feeders
◼ Horses use automatic waterers
◼ Food dispensed when cat or dog presses level

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27
Q

define chaining

A

Performance of a series of operant responses in sequences

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28
Q

how was chaining used to train goats to do what?

A

◼ Jump 3 hurdles
◼ Walk on raised walkway
◼ Pass through 2 barrels
◼ Press lever 10 times

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29
Q

dog owners chain _______ commands

A

obedience

30
Q

animals can learn to discriminate:

A

Various visual, auditory or tactile cues

31
Q

provide an example of discrimination learning in horse, cattle, sheep

A

◼ Learn to choose feedbox covered with
black cloth instead of 2 uncovered boxes
◼ With increased trials, number of errors decreased

32
Q

which learning requires the most intelligence?

A

conceptual learning

33
Q

define conceptual learning

A

Ability to respond to a common quality or characteristic shared by a number of different specific stimuli

34
Q

describe example of conceptual learning in horses

A

◼ Operant conditioning task
◼ Horse had to push one of 2 hinged panels
◼ Correct panel was unlocked
- Allowing horses access to bowl of grain
◼ Incorrect panel was locked
- Bowl of grain behind it
◼ Correct choice not always on same side

35
Q

what were the problems in the conceptual learning example in horses?

A

◼ First problem –simple discrimination between black and white panel
◼ Next, discriminate between cross & circle
◼ Third, distinguish a triangle from rectangle
◼ Then triangles from half circles & various other patterns

36
Q

what is the TRUE test of conceptual learning in horses

A

Horse had to choose between 2 shapes he had never seen before

◼ One triangular and the other non-triangular

37
Q

define conditioned taste aversion

A

Process by which animals learn to avoid a food not because it tastes bad, but because he/she associates it with illness

38
Q

what is gastrointestinal malaise

A

nausea

39
Q

what happens after the first application of poisoning rats

A
  • fewer rats killed

- those that survived no longer eat the bait

40
Q

what will happen when rats are given novel food and radiation

A

Will soon avoid food they associate with radiation sickness

41
Q

what are the 3 ways conditioned taste aversion differs from associative learning?

A
  1. Appears to be specific for taste & olfaction
  2. Illness must be of internal origin (general
    malaise)
  3. Novel taste & illness can be widely separated in time, and learning will still take place
42
Q

how is nausea important in conditioned taste aversion?

A

it is the only way to make the animal associate food as sickening a long time after

43
Q

what is the use for taste aversion?

A

◼ Determine what substances can animal can taste or perceive

◼ Prevent wildlife from eating agriculturally or ornament important plants

44
Q

how can you teach coyotes to avoid lambs via taste aversion?

A

Repeated pairing of lamb with injection lithium chloride

45
Q

how can you teach livestock to avoid a poisonous plant using taste aversion?

A

◼ Larkspur

◼ Emetic

46
Q

how do you teach an animal an operant task?

A

wait until animal performs desired activity and then reward it

47
Q

speed up teaching an animal an operant task by _________ the behavior

A

shaping

48
Q

define shaping

A

reward for small steps toward desired behavior/activity

49
Q

how do you teach a dog to heel?

A

Trainer rewards dog for staying within yard of his side, then foot & finally when dog walks quietly by trainer

50
Q

how do you teach a chicken to dance?

A

turn to right, reward it
patience
timing

51
Q

what kind of conditioning is a reinforced schedule

A

operant conditioning

52
Q

during a variable schedule reinforcement, when do you reward?

A

every 10 or 20 times (or everytime)

53
Q

the higher the fixed ratio = the ______ the animal will respond

the longer it will take the response to be _______

A

faster

forgotten

54
Q

what schedule is your dog on when it barks 50 times begging for food and you then reward him (feed)?

A

the dog is on a high FR schedule

55
Q

what is a common fixed ratio schedule?

A

when dog barks 50 times and owner gets annoyed so they get the reward

56
Q

what is a fixed interval

A

◼ Another type of reinforcement

◼ Animal rewarded for a response that occurs after a certain period of time has elapsed since last reward

57
Q

what is the animal required to have for a fixed interval?

A

animal has to have a good sense of timing

58
Q

what are the important factors for teaching a flavor cue?

A
  1. novelty of cue
  2. dose and pharmacology of the toxin used as UCS
  3. availability of alternative foods
  4. social facilitation
59
Q

what’s the difference between fixed interval and fixed ratio?

A

fixed interval is more random, time has elapsed, reward occasionally

60
Q

what are rewards and examples?

A

positive reinforcement

  • food
  • social interaction
61
Q

what is negative reinforcement and an example?

A

something aversive applied until the animal makes a response

  • pull on horse’s mouth until he stops
  • shocking dog with shock collar until dog stops
62
Q

when does punishment occur?

A

after an action a consequence

- beat dog for chewing phone

63
Q

positive reinforcement

A

adding something your dog enjoys

64
Q

negative reinforcement

A

remove something your dog views as unpleasant

65
Q

what is the goal of both positive and negative reinforcement?

A

both used to make a behavior more likely to occur again

66
Q

difference between reinforcement and punishment

A

reinforcement: makes behavior more likely to occur again in the future
punishment: makes behavior less likely to occur again in the future

67
Q

good things start

ex. cat chews on hand because it wants toy

A

positive reinforcement

68
Q

bad things end

ex. canned air and quirt in cat’s face when chewing on hand

A

negative reinforcement

69
Q

bad things start

ex. taking can of air away from cat’s face

A

positive punishment

70
Q

good things end

ex. pull hand away from cat

A

negative punishment

Behavior of domestic animals (19 decks)

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