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Behavior of domestic animals > genetics > Flashcards

genetics Flashcards

1
Q

behavior is influenced by what two factors?

A
  • hereditary

- environmental

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2
Q

act in _____ to form behavioral characteristics and patterns

A

concert

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3
Q

Highly heritable traits are readily altered through ___________

A

selective breeding

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4
Q

what gives the phenotype?

A

genes and environment

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5
Q

define heritability

A

ratio between genotypic and phenotypic variance, genotypic variance/phenotypic variance

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6
Q

which of the following situations is heritable based on genes? number of legs in dogs or length of dog legs

A

length of dog legs

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7
Q

If a trait is highly heritable then the trait in _______ is largely due to genetics

A

phenotype

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8
Q

do low heritability have more to do with genes or the environmental influences and why?

A

environmental influences because progress through selection will be small

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9
Q

define low heritability

A

planned changes in environmental elements if it is desired to alter them

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10
Q

Hereditary influences are evaluated through _______________________

A

studies in behavioral genetics

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11
Q

hereditary influences are a major consideration in understanding _________ and ___________

A

evolution and domestication

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12
Q

how is evolution and genetics important in genetic traits?

A

so the animal can adapt to the environment we provide

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13
Q

describe the scientific field of behavioral genetics

A

the component of a given behavior that is controlled by inheritance and approaches to altering behavior through selective breeding

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14
Q

what are the relative influences on the desired or undesired behavior in order to change animal behavior?

A

environment and genetics

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15
Q

behavior is controlled by which two primary systems?

A

central nervous system and endocrine

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16
Q

Systems develop and become active under control of?

A

genes

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17
Q

a given behavioral characteristic represents a ______ array of _____ and _______ control mechanisms

A

complex
neural
endocrine

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18
Q

a given behavioral characteristic most likely involves what kind of genes?

A

polygenes

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19
Q

name some behavioral traits that has been observed due to a single gene effect

A
  • nest cleaning in bees

- aggression toward strangers in Shiba inu

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20
Q

aggression toward strangers in Shiba inu is due to what and how does it work?

A
  • polymorphism of neuronal/epithelial high-affinity glutamate transporter
  • glutamate hangs around and acts as a neurotoxicity, glutamate builds up in the cell which can lead to aggressive behavior
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21
Q

define scientific term behavior and how it is accomplished

A

◼ result of transmissions through neural and endocrine mechanisms, and the response functions
◼ accomplished by specific target tissues responsible for the mechanics of executing the action

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22
Q

Craig and Muir studied selection for low levels of feather and cannibalistic pecking, what was their result?

A

they found to be successful with selective mating

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23
Q

we can reduce low levels of feathers and cannibalistic pecking to eliminate the need for ?

A

beak trimming

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24
Q

why do we want to eliminate the need for beak trimming?

A

it is a painful procedure that results in sensitivity of remaining tissue for extended period

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25
Q

Craig and Muir’s study of selective mating selected stock resulted in what three characteristics?

A
  1. lower death loss
  2. higher egg production
  3. improved feathering
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26
Q

what are some traits that have responded to selection?

A

◼ Temperament in dairy cattle
◼ Mating and maternal behavior in beef cattle
◼ Temperament and trainability in horses
◼ Trainability, docility, hunting, working characteristics in dogs
◼ Broodiness and cage adaptability in chickens

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27
Q

utility of heritability estimates is in predicting the response to _________ ?

A

artificial selection

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28
Q

behavioral characteristics are determined by what? and what is the formula?

A

heredity and environment

P = G + E

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29
Q

what are the three major categories of factors which determine the behavioral phenotype of an individual?

A

◼ Physiology = Internal environment
◼ External environment
◼ Heredity

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30
Q

define sexual effects

A

Sexual reproduction occurs in life forms that can adapt to wide variety of environments (that fluctuate)

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31
Q

what is the primary biological function of sex & sexual reproduction?

A

◼ to allow fresh samples to be drawn from populations gene pool
◼ maintain genetic variability

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32
Q

sex is determined by?

A

sex chromosomes

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33
Q

what are the chromosome combination for males and females?

A

females: XX
males: XY

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34
Q

what are the chromosome combinations for bird females and males?

A

female: ZW
male: ZZ

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35
Q

sex-linked genes can influence what?

A

behavioral traits

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36
Q

what is an example of a sex linked effect

A

white leghorns = nonbroody

cornish = broody

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37
Q

what happens when selecting for desirable traits?

A

you can inadvertently select for undesirable traits that may not show for several generations

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38
Q

according to the breed crossing study, which had the greater effect on incidence on broodiness, sire or dam?

A

sire

cross of parental stock / phenotype of F1 hens

39
Q

which breed of sire contributed to broodiness? nonbroody?

A

cornish

white leghorns

40
Q

which chromosome has most of the genes influencing broodiness that results can be explained?

A

Z

41
Q

what is the nonbroody allele and from what breed?

A

Z-

white leghorn

42
Q

what is the broody allele and from what breed?

A

Z+

cornish

43
Q

what was the result of the reciprocal crosses of a WL x bantam?

A

there was no significant difference for incubation behavior, environment plays a big role and there are at least 2 dominant autosomal genes involved
◼ One causing, one inhibiting the behavior

44
Q

When the progeny of reciprocal crosses between parental stock differ in a behavioral trait are compared

A

Possibility that differences between F1 progeny of the crosses may be caused by differences in maternal environment (before or after birth)

45
Q

why would use a reciprocal cross for a basenji and a cocker spaniel?

A

Compare F1 progeny for behavioral traits
◼ Cockers are friendly, nonaggressive
◼ Basenjis are aggressive & wary

46
Q

what was the result of the basenji x cocker spaniel study?

A

◼ F1’s behaved same as breed of dam

◼ F2 pups showed same behavior

47
Q

how did most behaviors show of the basenji x cocker spaniel and what were exceptions?

A
  • no difference in most behaviors
    ◼ Attraction behavior
    ◼ Scored as number of times 13-15 wk old pups approached/followed experimenter
48
Q

define attraction behavior

A

how likely a puppy is to follow experimenter

49
Q

Approaching & following humans learned from mother

◼ Persisted from weaning (_ wk) to ~__ wk

A

8-15

50
Q

Continuation of behavior w/ F2 pups indicates ____ inheritance by way of _____ influence

A

social

maternal

51
Q

what were the three main takeaways from the chicken and dog research?

A

◼ Sex-linked effects
◼ Autosomal gene effects
◼ Environment- (maternal influence) effects

52
Q

define inbreeding

A

◼ Mating individuals that are more genetically related than average of population
- Relatives

53
Q

increased homozygosity =

A

decreased heterozygosity

54
Q

inbreeding depression =

A

loss of hybrid vigor

55
Q

list two intensive inbreeding pairing

A

◼ Mating full sibs

◼ Sire/daughter

56
Q

what happens when there are successive generations of full sib matings ?

A

◼ Population becomes subdivided into many small sub-populations (lines)
◼ Different lines would drift apart genetically
◼ Individuals within lines would become more alike

57
Q

list the four things that happen when there is close inbreeding

A
  1. Population divided into subpopulations
  2. Lines become very different from one another
  3. Uniformity increases within lines
  4. General loss of vigor
58
Q

list inbreeding effects

A
  • Loss of heterozygosity
  • More detrimental alleles expressed
  • Loss of overdominance
59
Q

out of the 8 original lines of the poland china swine, how many survived?

A

3 but only 2 with sufficient numbers for comparison

60
Q

what happened when there was extreme loss of vigor in poland china swine

A

◼ Delayed maturity
◼ Small litters
◼ ↓ disease resistance
◼ Minimal boar libido

61
Q

compare the two lines of poland china swine

A 
- M
◼ Friendly
◼ Too mild tempered
◼ Indifferent to squeals of piglets -crushed
- N
◼ “Wild”
◼ Savage defense of piglets
◼ Trampled young
62
Q

what is the purpose of “mild” inbreeding

A

“fix” desirable gene combinations in a line

63
Q

what are examples of using mild inbreeding and what effects come from each

A
  • guide dogs but loss of reproductive fitness

- produced lines of german shepherds with greater uniformity in appearance and trainability , improved temperament

64
Q

define outbreeding

A

breeding animals that are less genetically related
◼ Heterosis
◼ Crossing breeds w/in species
◼ Crossing lines w/in breed

65
Q

list what heterosis increases

A

◼ Repro
◼ Fitness
◼ Survivability
◼ Growth rate

66
Q

behavior traits = _____ traits

A

fitness

67
Q

example breeds of guide dogs and how we use heterosis with them

A

◼ Crossing Breeds or lines w/in breed

◼ Labs/Golden Retriever

68
Q

what does “more uniform” mean?

A

◼ More Aa vs. AA or aa

more heterozygous genotypes, not increasing homozygous- increasing heterozygous

69
Q

which are better buffered: heterozygotes or inbred? what does buffered mean?

A

heterozygotes

Not as affected by environmental stressors, better suited to survive in the environment

70
Q

heritability indicates how effective ________ should be

A

selection

71
Q
  • if heritability is high, selection will be successful, that trait is influenced by ________
  • if heritability is low, expression is more dependent upon _________
A
  • genetics

- environment

72
Q

what does h2 = .25 in quarter horses indicate?

A

◼ Indicates that 25% of superiority (or inferiority) is associated w/ genetics
◼ Other 75% is associated with environment

73
Q

if the horse’s average running speed is 40 mph and heritability=.25 and the parent’s speed is 44, what’s the selection differential? whats the EBV? expected progeny difference?

A
  • selection differential: 44-40=4mph
  • EBV: .25(4)=1mph
  • expected progeny difference: 40+1=41 mph
74
Q

define selection differential and how to calculate it

A

tells what parents are relative to population

average of parents - average of population = selection differential

75
Q

how to calculate EBV

A

selection differential x h2

76
Q

what is expected progeny difference and how to calculate it

A
  • predictions of the genetic transmitting ability of a parent to its offspring
  • take EBV and add to average of population
77
Q

list heritable behavior traits

A 
◼ Feed consumption in broilers 
◼ Temperament in dairy cattle 
◼ Running speed in horses 
◼ Avoidance learning in swine 
◼ Social dominance in chickens
78
Q

what happens with many generations of selection

A

◼ Produce large phenotypic differences

◼ Faster with high h2 estimates

79
Q

why would you need a large animal data pool

A

◼ Controlled environment

◼ Estimates can change over time

80
Q

describe the selection study learning ability in rats

  • what was the goal
  • what strains of rats were used
  • how many studies were conducted
  • what kind of selection
  • what was used to test the performance of the rats
  • outcome and results
A
  • Can we select and make progress between two different rats
  • Dull rat vs. bright rat strains
  • 5
  • bidirectional
  • mazes
  • bright rats were selected for were good at a specific type of mazes,
    ◼ Clear differences ◼ 4-7 generations of selection ◼ 2 distinct populations
81
Q

what was selected for in the rat study

A
  • Not selecting for overall intelligence or ability, selected for a certain environment, certain task
    ◼ Selection was effective in changing ability to solve particular type of problem
    ◼ Changes in learning ability
    ◼ Specific for type of mazes used
    ◼ No carry over to learn how to negotiate different types of mazes
82
Q

describe dogs and learning ability, what have we selected them for?

A

We haven’t selected dogs for overall intelligence but for specific traits and behaviors

83
Q

what do we select for in mating frequency of males?

A

High libido & related behaviors desirable

84
Q

Long term selection study in cockerels

  • why cockerels?
  • how many generations of selection?
  • why high line males?
  • what was the control
  • takeaway?
A
  • use chickens so easier to manage and can use a lot more
  • 8
  • High line males= line of birds that had high mating ability (4x as many matings). Low lines= cockerels weren’t efficient at mating ability.
  • Unselected randomly bred population = controls
  • we can select males for mating ability
85
Q

explain how genetic variation is not exhausted by natural selection

A

didn’t have those mating cockerels in nature, because they’d be so focused on mating then they’re more subjected to predation instead of looking for food, etc., just bc a male wants to mate a lot doesn’t mean his production is efficient, his fertility could be detrimental if mating too much, concentration of sperm reduced.

86
Q

define correlated response and provide an example

A

Strong selection pressure applied to trait
◼ Change other traits as well

◼ Long term selection for speed in TB’s
◼ Lean body, long legs, flighty behavior

87
Q

Form & ______ go together

A

function

88
Q

why would there be extreme selection pressure for turkey breeder?

A

Width of breast & rapid growth

89
Q

true/false: turkeys are good breeder

A

false

90
Q

what must take place in order for turkeys to be able to reproduce?

A

AI

91
Q

Why do we get correlated responses?

A
  • Gene linkage- two genes, two alleles are coupled. Sit next to each other on chromosome, mixing of alleles, neighbors go together through meiosis and end up together in gametes
  • Pleiotropy- have an allele that affects expression of more than one trait. Selecting for allele could be good but cold also not be good. A desirable trait could be also detrimental
92
Q

how does Genotype-Environment Interactions occur?

A

Occurs when strains or breeds perform differently (relative to each other) in different environments

  • Particular strain, animals react differently depending on genetic makeup in environment
93
Q

what are the 3 distinct situations involving pairs of genetic stock as compared in pairs of environments

A

Example 1
◼ No interaction
◼ Both stocks do better in environment A vs. B
Example 2
◼ Genotype-environment interaction
◼ Stock W is very superior to Z in environment C
◼ Stock W is slightly better than Z in environment D
Example 3
◼ Extreme case of interaction
◼ Strain U is superior in environment E
◼ Strain V is superior in environment F

94
Q

Cook & Siegal
◼ Compared 3 genetic stocks for mating ability of
cockerels
◼ Sample halves of each stock reared in all male or bisexual flocks
3 lines had same ranks when tested, regardless of method of rearing
- what was the results?

A

Line selected for high mating frequency had highest % of males mating once or more (eight 10 minute trials)
Low mating frequency line had lowest %, regardless of how they were reared

Genotype-environment interaction present
◼ Greater difference present between high & low lines when cockerels of those 2 stocks had been reared in all-male flocks vs. when samples of both lines were reared with females

  • [ ] Reared in all male vs bisexual: high mating line high mating in al male flock, unselected controls and low mating frequency flocks increased when reared bisexually
  • [ ] High frequency may have dropped off in bisexual rearing could just be anomaly
  • [ ] Increase in low frequency line: had more environmental influence where they can have more interest in mating when reared bisexually

Behavior of domestic animals (19 decks)

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