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NCERT Kro, NEET Podho > Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production NCERT > Flashcards

Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production NCERT Flashcards

1
Q

Several new techniques like _______ technology and _______ techniques are going to play a pivotal role in further enhancing food production.

A

Embryo transfer technology and tissue culture techniques

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2
Q

The agricultural practice of caring, breeding, and raising livestock is called?

A

animal husbandry

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3
Q

Animal husbandry includes ______ farming and ______.

A

poultry; fisheries

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4
Q

Fisheries include ______, ______,______, ______, etc., of animals.

A

rearing, catching, processing, selling

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5
Q

Examples of livestock in Fisheries.

A

Fish
Molluscs (shell-fish),
Crustaceans (prawns, crabs, lobster, etc.)
Edible oyster

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6
Q

______ % of the world’s livestock population is in India and China. Its contribution to the world farm is ______ %.

A

More than 70%;
25%

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7
Q

The productivity per unit in India is ____.

A

very low

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8
Q

In _______________ management, we increase yield and improve quality of milk.

A

Dairying (dairy farm management)

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9
Q

Milk yield is dependent on the _____ in the farm.

A

quality of breeds

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10
Q

Under the climatic conditions of the area, selection of good breeds having _____ and _____.

A

high-yielding potential, resistance to diseases

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11
Q

Cattle are given facilities like:

A

Housed well, hygiene
Proper feed and adequate water,
Disease free environment
Regular visits by a veterinary doctor

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12
Q

The feeding of cattle should be carried out in a scientific manner – with special emphasis on the quality and quantity of ______

A

fodder

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13
Q

________ and ______ (both of the cattle and the handlers) are of paramount importance while milking, storage, and transport of the milk and its products

A

Stringent cleanliness and hygiene

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14
Q

The class of domesticated fowl (birds) used for food or for their eggs is called?

A

Poultry

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15
Q

Poultry typically includes:

A

Chicken, ducks, turkey, geese, etc.

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16
Q

The word ______ is used to refer to the meat of only these birds, but in a more general sense, it may refer to the meat of other birds too.

A

poultry

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17
Q

____ of animals is an important aspect of animal husbandry

A

Breeding

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18
Q

Animal breeding aims at increasing agronomic traits like ____ of animals and improving the _____ of the produce.

A

yield, desirable qualities

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19
Q

Name some characters which are similar in a group of animals that belong to a breed.

A

General appearance, features, size, configuration

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20
Q

Improved breed of:
Cattle -
Chickens -

A

Cattle - Jersey
Chickens - Leghorn

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21
Q

When breeding is between animals of the same breed, is called ______.
While crosses between different breeds are called ______.

A

inbreeding; outbreeding

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22
Q

________ refers to the mating of more closely related individuals within the same breed for 4-6 generations.

A

Inbreeding

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23
Q

Breeding strategy of Inbreeding is as follows:-

A

Superior males and superior females of the same breed are identified and mated in pairs.
The progeny obtained from such matings are evaluated, and superior males and females among them are identified for further mating.

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24
Q

A superior female, in the case of cattle, is _____ or ______ that produces more milk per ____.

A

Cow or buffalo, lactation

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25
Q

A superior male is the ___, which gives rise to _____ as compared to those of other males.

A

bull, superior progeny

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26
Q

A similar strategy is used for developing ___ in cattle as was used in the case of peas by Mendel.

A

Purelines

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27
Q

Inbreeding increases ______

A

homozygosity

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28
Q

____________ is necessary if we want to evolve a pureline in any animal.

A

Inbreeding

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29
Q

Inbreeding exposes _______ that are eliminated by selection.

A

harmful recessive genes

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30
Q

Inbreeding helps in accumulation of _____ and elimination of _____ genes.

A

Superior genes and elimination of less desirable genes

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31
Q

Inbreeding, where there is selection at each step, increases the ____ of ____ population.

A

productivity of inbred population

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32
Q

However, continued inbreeding, especially close inbreeding, usually reduces _____ and _____.

A

fertility; productivity

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33
Q

The reduction in the fertility and productivity of the individuals of a population as a result of continued inbreeding is called?

A

Inbreeding depression

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34
Q

To avoid inbreeding depression, selected animals of the breeding population should be mated with ______ animals of the ____breed.

A

unrelated superior animals of the same breed

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35
Q

The mating of selected animals with unrelated superior animals of the same breed usually helps to restore ___ and ___.

A

fertility and yield

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36
Q

The breeding of unrelated animals, which may be between individuals of the same breed but having no common ancestors for 4-6 generations or between different breeds or different species, is called ___________.

A

Out-breeding

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37
Q

Name three ways of Out-breeding.

A

Out-Crossing, Cross-breeding, inter-specific hybridization

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38
Q

The breeding of unrelated animals, which may be between individuals of:
I. Same breed but having no common ancestors for 4-6 generations, __________
II. Between different breeds, ______
III. Different species, ___________

A

I. Out-Crossing
II. Cross-breeding
III. Inter-specific hybridization

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39
Q

The practice of mating animals within the same breed but having no common ancestors on either side of their pedigree up to 4-6 generations

A

Out-Crossing

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40
Q

The offspring of Out-crossing is known as ______

A

out-cross

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41
Q

The best breeding method for animals that are below average in productivity in milk production or to increase growth rate in beef cattle, etc., is

A

Out-crossing

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42
Q

Out-crossing is the best breeding method for animals that are below average in productivity in ______, ______ in beef cattle, etc.

A

productivity in milk production, growth rate

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43
Q

A single outcross often helps to overcome

A

Inbreeding depression

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44
Q

In ________ breeding, superior males of one breed are mated with superior females of another breed.

A

Cross-breeding

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45
Q

Cross-breeding allows the desirable qualities of ______ (same/different) breeds to be combined.

A

two different breeds

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46
Q

In Cross-breeding, progeny is ______ that may be used for commercial production.

A

progeny hybrid

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47
Q

Cross-breeding may be subjected to some form of ______ and selection to develop new ______ (non-stable/stable) breeds that may be superior to the existing breeds.

A

inbreeding; new stable

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48
Q

In Cross-breeding, __________ is a new breed of sheep developed in ______ by crossing ______ and ______.

A

Hisardale;
Punjab;
Bikaneri ewes and Marino rams.

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49
Q

Example of Inter-specific hybridization.

A

mule

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50
Q

Which method is used to carry out controlled breeding experiments?

A

artificial insemination

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51
Q

In ______, the semen is collected from male parent and injected into reproductive tract of selected female by breeder.

A

artificial insemination

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52
Q

In artificial insemination, semen may be used immediately or can be ______ and used at a _______.

A

Frozen, later date

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53
Q

In artificial insemination, ______ can also be transported in a frozen form to where the female is housed.
In this way, desirable matings are carried which helps us overcome several problems of _______.

A

semen; normal matings

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54
Q

In artificial insemination, the success rate of crossing mature male and female animals is ______ (low/high).

A

low

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55
Q

To improve chances of a successful production of hybrids, ___________ programme can be used.

A

Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer Technology (MOET)

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56
Q

MOET stands for:-

A

Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer Technology

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57
Q

MOET is one such programme for ______.

A

herd improvement

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58
Q

In MOET method, a cow is administered hormones with ____ activity to induce ____ and _____.

A

FSH-like; Follicular maturation and superovulation

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59
Q

In MOET method, why is cow administered through hormones?

A

To produce 6-8 eggs instead of one, which they usually yield per cycle.

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60
Q

In MOET method, an animal is either mated with ______ or ______.

A

Elite bull; artificially inseminated

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61
Q

The fertilized eggs at ________ cells stages are recovered non-surgically and transferred to surrogate mothers.
The genetic mother is available for another round of ______.

A

8 - 32;
superovulation

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62
Q

MOET technology has been demonstrated for ____, ___, ____, ____, ___, etc.

A

cattle, sheep, rabbits, buffaloes, mares

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63
Q

High ______________ breeds of females and high quality ____________ bulls have been bred successfully to increase herd size in a short time.

A

milk-yielding; meat-yielding

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64
Q

High-quality ( _______ meat with _______ ) meat-yielding bulls have been bred successfully to increase herd size in a short time.

A

lean meat with less lipid

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65
Q

Bee-keeping is also known as

A

apiculture

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66
Q

The maintenance of hives of honeybees for the production of honey is called?

A

apiculture or bee-keeping

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67
Q

Apiculture has been an ____ industry.

A

age-old cottage

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68
Q

What are the benefits of honey?

A

I. Food of high nutritive value
II. Also use in indigenous system of medicine.

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69
Q

Honeybee also produces ___.

A

beeswax

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70
Q

Beeswax finds many uses in industry, such as in the preparation of ____and _____of various kinds.

A

cosmetics and polishes

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71
Q

Bee-keeping has become an ______ generating industry, whether practiced on a small or on a large scale.

A

income

72
Q

Bee-keeping can be practiced in any area where there are sufficient ________ of some wild shrubs, fruit orchards, and cultivated crops.

A

bee pastures

73
Q

Name the most common species of honeybee that can be reared.

A

Apis indica

74
Q

Beehives can be kept in

A

In the courtyard, verandah of the house, or even on the roof.

75
Q

Is bee-keeping labor-intensive?

A

No,
Bee-keeping is not labor-intensive

76
Q

Bee-keeping though relatively easy, does require some specialized knowledge.

Five points important for successful beekeeping are:-

A
  1. knowledge of the nature and habits of bees.
  2. selection of a suitable location for keeping the beehives.
  3. catching and hiving of swarms.
  4. management of beehives during different seasons.
  5. handling and collection of honey and of beeswax.
77
Q

Bees are the pollinators of many of crop species, such as ____, _____, ___, and ___.

A

sunflower, Brassica, apple, and pear

78
Q

What is the benefit of keeping beehives in crop fields during a flowering period?

A

I. It increases pollination efficiency
II. It improves the yield

79
Q

Keeping beehives in crop fields during flowering period is beneficial both from the point of view of ____ and ___.

A

crop yield and honey yield

80
Q

A large number of our population is dependent on fish, fish products, and other aquatic animals such as ___,___, ___, ___, etc., for food.

A

prawn, crab, lobster, edible oyster, etc.

81
Q

Some of the edible freshwater fishes which are very common are ___, ____, and _____.

A

Catla, Rohu and common carp.

82
Q

Some of the marine fishes that are eaten include – ___, ____, ____, and ____.

A

Hilsa, Sardines, Mackerel and Pomfrets

83
Q

Fisheries provide income and employment to millions of fishermen and farmers, particularly in the ____.

A

Coastal states

84
Q

Through ________ and _______, we have been able to increase the production of aquatic plants and animals, both fresh-water and marine.
This revolution is called ______.

A

Aquaculture and pisciculture;

Blue Revolution

85
Q

The fishery has brought a lot of income to ______ in particular and the country in general.

A

farmers

86
Q

_______ was implemented along the same lines as ‘Green Revolution.’

A

Blue Revolution

87
Q

Traditional farming can only yield limited ______ as food for humans and animals.

A

biomass

88
Q

Better management practices and an increase in ___________ can increase yield, but only to a limited extent.

A

acreage

89
Q

Green Revolution was responsible for our country not merely to meet the ______ in food production but also helped us even to _____it.

A

national requirements, export

90
Q

Green revolution was dependent to a large extent on ___ for development of high-yielding and disease-resistant varieties in wheat, rice, maize, etc.

A

Plant breeding techniques

91
Q

Plant breeding is:-

A

The purposeful manipulation of plant species in order to create desired plant types that are better suited for cultivation, give better yields and are disease resistant.

92
Q

Conventional plant breeding has been practiced for ____ of years since the beginning of _____.

A

Thousands of years, human civilization.

93
Q

Recorded evidence of plant breeding dates back to _____ years ago.

A

9,000 - 11,000

94
Q

Many present-day crops are the result of _______ in ancient times.

A

Domestication

95
Q

Classical plant breeding involves crossing or hybridization of ____, followed by _____ to produce plants with desirable traits of higher ___, ____, and _____.

A

Pure lines, artificial selection, higher yield, nutrition, and resistance to diseases.

96
Q

With advancements in genetics, molecular biology, and tissue culture, plant breeding is now increasingly being carried out by using ______ tools.

A

molecular genetic

97
Q

Other than increased crop yield and improved quality, the desired traits for the breeders are?

A

I. Increased tolerance to environmental stresses (salinity, extreme temperatures, drought)
II. Resistance to pathogens (virus, fungi, and bacteria)
III. Increased tolerance to insect pest

98
Q

Plant breeding programs are carried out in a systematic way worldwide–in ______ and _______.

A

Government institutions and commercial companies.

99
Q

The main steps in breeding a new genetic variety of a crop:

A

I. Collection of variability
II. Evaluation and selection of parents
III. Cross hybridization among the selected parents
IV. Selection and testing of superior recombinants
V. Testing, release, and commercialization of new cultivars

100
Q

______ is the root of any breeding program.

A

Genetic variability

101
Q

In many crops, pre-existing genetic variability is available from _____ of the crop.

A

wild relatives

102
Q

____________ and ___________ of all the different wild varieties, species, and relatives of the cultivated species is a pre-requisite for effective exploitation of natural genes available in the populations.

A

Collection and preservation

103
Q

The entire collection (of plants/seeds) having all the diverse alleles for all genes in a given crop is called?

A

Germplasm collection

104
Q

The ___________ is evaluated so as to identify plants with a desirable combination of characters.

A

germplasm

105
Q

The desired characters have very often to be combined from two different plants (parents).
For example, high protein quality of one parent may need to be combined with disease resistance from another parent. This is possible by ______

A

cross-hybridization

106
Q

_______ is a very time-consuming and tedious process.

A

Cross-hybridization among the selected parents

107
Q

Cross-hybridizing is a very time-consuming and tedious process since the _____ from the ____ plant chosen as a male parent has to be collected and placed on the ____ of the flowers selected as female parent.

A

Pollen grains, desirable plant, stigma.

108
Q

It is not necessary that the hybrids combine the ____

A

desirable characters

109
Q

Usually, only one in few hundred to a thousand crosses shows the desirable combination.
(T/F)

A

True

110
Q

The evaluation in research fields is followed by testing the materials in farmers’ fields for at least _________ growing seasons at several locations in the country.

A

three

111
Q

Agriculture accounts for approximately ____ % of India’s GDP and employs ____ % of the population.

A

33, 62

112
Q

As only limited land is fit for cultivation, India has to strive to increase ______ per unit area from existing farmland.

A

yields

113
Q

When did Green Revolution come into picture?

A

Mid-1960s

114
Q

Some Indian hybrid crops:

A

(a) Maize;
(b) Wheat;
(c) Garden peas

115
Q

By how many million tons of wheat and rice production increased during the period of 1960 to 2000?

A

Wheat - 11 million tonnes to 75 million tonnes
Rice - 35 million tonnes to 89.5 million tonnes

116
Q

_______ developed semi-dwarf wheat at International Centre for Wheat and Maize Improvement in country _______.

A

Norman E. Borlaug, Mexico

117
Q

Two high-yielding and disease resistant wheat varieties introduced in 1963 were -

A

Sonalika and Kalyan Sona

118
Q

Semi-dwarf rice varieties were derived from ______ and ______.

A

IR-8 and Taichung Native-1

119
Q

IR-8 was developed at -

A

IRRI (International rice research institute)

120
Q

Variety developed in Taiwan was -

A

Taichung Native - I

121
Q

Later better-yielding semi-dwarf varieties _____ and _____ were developed in India.

A

Jaya, Ratna

122
Q

IRRI is situated in country -

A

Philippines

123
Q

Two hybrid species of sugarcane.

A

Saccharum barberi & Saccharum officinarum

124
Q

________ is grown in north India but has poor sugar content and yield.

A

Saccharum barberi

125
Q

_________ had thicker stems and higher sugar content.

A

Saccharum officinarum

126
Q

Name any three types of millets.

A

Jowar, Bajra, and Maize

127
Q

Hybrid breed millets are resistant to ______ stress.

A

Water

128
Q

Resistance of the host plant is the ability to prevent the pathogen from causing _______

A

disease

129
Q

Some of the diseases caused by fungi are:-

A

Rusts, e.g.,
I. Brown rust of wheat
II. Red rot of sugarcane
III. Late blight of potato

130
Q

Example of Bacterial disease in plant-

A

Black rot of crucifers

131
Q

Example of viral disease in plant-

A

Tobacco mosaic and turnip mosaic

132
Q

Crop - Variety - Resistance to diseases:-

Wheat -
Brassica -
Cauliflower -
Cowpea -
Chilli -

A

Wheat - Himgiri - Leaf and stripe rust, hill bunt

Brassica - Pusa swarnim (Karan rai) - White rust

Cauliflower - (Pusa Shubhra, Pusa Snowball K-1) - (Black rot and Curl blight black rot)

Cowpea - (Pusa Komal) - Bacterial blight

Chilli - (Pusa Sadabahar) - (Chilly mosaic virus, Tobacco mosaic virus and Leaf curl)

133
Q

Other than conventional breeding, breeding methods that are used are selection amongst ____________ variants and __________ engineering

A

Selection amongst somaclonal variants & genetic engineering.

134
Q

The process by which genetic variations are created through changes in the base sequence within genes is called?

A

Mutation

135
Q

It is possible to induce mutations artificially through use of ____ or ______

A

Use of chemicals or radiation (like gamma radiation)

136
Q

It is possible to induce mutations artificially through use of chemicals or radiations and selecting and using the plants that have the desirable character as a source in breeding – this process is called?

A

mutation breeding

137
Q

In mung beans, resistance of which disease is induced by mutation?

A

Yellow mosaic virus and powdery mildew

138
Q

Bhindi’s scientific name is:-

A

Abelmoschus esculentus

139
Q

Resistance to yellow mosaic virus in bhindi formed a new variety called ______

A

Parbhani kranti

140
Q

Transfer of resistance genes is achieved by __________ hybridization between the target and the source plant followed by selection.

A

sexual hybridization

141
Q

The major cause for large-scale destruction of crop plants and crop produce is _______ and _______ infestation.

A

Insect & pest infestation.

142
Q

Insect resistance in host crop plants may be due to ____, ____, or ____ characteristics.

A

Morphological, biochemical, or physiological characteristics.

143
Q

Resistance to _____ in cotton and _____ in wheat is an example of resistance by hairy leaves.

A

Jassids, cereal leaf beetle

144
Q

In wheat, solid stems lead to non-preference by the stem ______

A

stem sawfly

145
Q

_______ and _______ cotton varieties do not attract bollworms

A

Smooth-leaved and nectar-less

146
Q

______ (High/low) aspartate, _____ (high/low) nitrogen, and sugar content in maize leads to resistance to ______

A

High, low, maize stem borers

147
Q

Crop - Variety - Insect Pests:

Brassica (rapeseed mustard) -
Flat bean -
Okra (Bhindi) -

A

Brassica (rapeseed mustard) - (Pusa Gaurav) - Aphids

Flat bean - (Pusa Sem 2, Pusa Sem 3) - (Jassids, aphids, and fruit borer)

Okra (Bhindi) - (Pusa Sawani, Pusa A-4) - Shoot and Fruit borer

148
Q

More than _____ million people in the world do not have adequate food to meet their daily food and nutritional requirements.

A

840 million

149
Q

Around _______ billion people suffer from micronutrients, protein, vitamin deficiencies, and ‘Hidden Hunger’ ’ because they cannot afford fruits, vegetables, legumes, fish, and meat.

A

3 billion

150
Q

Diets lacking essential micronutrients like ___, ____, ____, and ___ increase the risk for disease, reduce lifespan, and reduce mental abilities.

A

iron, vitamin A, iodine, and zinc

151
Q

Breeding crops with higher levels of vitamins and minerals, or higher protein and healthier fats, is called

A

Biofortification

152
Q

______ is the most practical means to improve public health.

A

Biofortification

153
Q

In Biofortification, breeding for improving nutrition qualities like:–

A

(i) Protein content and quality;
(ii) Oil content and quality;
(iii) Vitamin content; and
(iv) Micronutrient and mineral content.

154
Q

In 2000, maize with twice the amount of _____, _____, and ______ was developed compared to existing maize hybrids.

A

Amino acids, Lysine and Tryptophan

155
Q

Wheat variety, _________, having a high protein content, has been used as a donor for improving cultivated wheat.

A

Atlas 66

156
Q

Iron-fortified ______ (wheat/rice) contains over five times as much iron as in commonly consumed varieties.

A

Rice

157
Q

______ in New Delhi has also released several Vegetable crops that are rich in:-
Vitamin-A enriched
Vitamin C enriched
Iron and calcium-enriched
Protein-enriched beans

A

IARI (Indian Agricultural Research Institute)

158
Q

Vitamin A enriched vegetables -

A

Carrot, spinach, pumpkin

159
Q

Vitamin C enriched vegetables -

A

Bitter gourd, bathua, mustard, tomato

160
Q

Iron and calcium-enriched -

A

Spinach and bathua

161
Q

Protein-enriched -

A

Broad, lablab, french beans, and garden peas

162
Q

___ kg of grains is needed to produce 1 kg of meat by animal farming.

A

3-10

163
Q

More than ____ percent of human population is suffering from hunger and malnutrition.

A

25

164
Q

One of the alternate sources of proteins for animal and human nutrition is?

A

Single Cell Protein (SCP)

165
Q

______ are being grown on an industrial scale as a source of good protein.

A

Microbes

166
Q

Name the blue-green algae which can serve as food rich in protein, minerals, fats, carbohydrates, and vitamins.

A

Spirulina

167
Q

Blue-green algae like Spirulina can be grown easily on materials like ______, _____, ______, _____ and _____

A

wastewater from potato processing plants, straw, molasses, animal manure, and sewage

168
Q

Bacterial species like Methylophilus methylotrophus, because of its high rate of biomass production and growth, can be expected to produce ____ tonnes of protein.

A

25

169
Q

____ Kg cow produces ______ g of protein per day

______ g of Methylophilus methylotrophus produce ______ tonnes of protein

A

250 Kg cow - 200 g Protein

250 g of Methylophilus methylotrophus - 25 tonnes Protein

170
Q

Using ____________ technology, Plants can be regenerated from explants, i.e., any part of a plant taken out and grown in a test tube under sterile conditions in special nutrient media.

A

Tissue culture

171
Q

The capacity to generate a whole plant from any cell /explant is called?

A

totipotency

172
Q

The nutrient medium used in tissue culture must provide a _________ source such as sucrose and also inorganic salts, vitamins, amino acids, and growth regulators like ______, ______, etc.

A

carbon; auxins, cytokinins

173
Q

The method of producing thousands of plants through tissue culture is called?

A

micropropagation

174
Q

Plants produced through tissue culture will be genetically identical to the original plant from which they were grown, i.e., they are ______

A

somaclones

175
Q

______ part of plant is free is always free of virus

A

meristem (apical and axillary)

176
Q

A type of genetic modification in plants by which two distinct species of plants are fused together to form a new hybrid plant with the characteristics of both, a somatic hybrid, is called?

A

somatic hybridisation

177
Q

What is pomato?

A

A somatic hybrid of tomato and potato

NCERT Kro, NEET Podho (38 decks)

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