Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production NCERT Flashcards
Several new techniques like _______ technology and _______ techniques are going to play a pivotal role in further enhancing food production.
Embryo transfer technology and tissue culture techniques
The agricultural practice of caring, breeding, and raising livestock is called?
animal husbandry
Animal husbandry includes ______ farming and ______.
poultry; fisheries
Fisheries include ______, ______,______, ______, etc., of animals.
rearing, catching, processing, selling
Examples of livestock in Fisheries.
Fish
Molluscs (shell-fish),
Crustaceans (prawns, crabs, lobster, etc.)
Edible oyster
______ % of the world’s livestock population is in India and China. Its contribution to the world farm is ______ %.
More than 70%;
25%
The productivity per unit in India is ____.
very low
In _______________ management, we increase yield and improve quality of milk.
Dairying (dairy farm management)
Milk yield is dependent on the _____ in the farm.
quality of breeds
Under the climatic conditions of the area, selection of good breeds having _____ and _____.
high-yielding potential, resistance to diseases
Cattle are given facilities like:
Housed well, hygiene
Proper feed and adequate water,
Disease free environment
Regular visits by a veterinary doctor
The feeding of cattle should be carried out in a scientific manner – with special emphasis on the quality and quantity of ______
fodder
________ and ______ (both of the cattle and the handlers) are of paramount importance while milking, storage, and transport of the milk and its products
Stringent cleanliness and hygiene
The class of domesticated fowl (birds) used for food or for their eggs is called?
Poultry
Poultry typically includes:
Chicken, ducks, turkey, geese, etc.
The word ______ is used to refer to the meat of only these birds, but in a more general sense, it may refer to the meat of other birds too.
poultry
____ of animals is an important aspect of animal husbandry
Breeding
Animal breeding aims at increasing agronomic traits like ____ of animals and improving the _____ of the produce.
yield, desirable qualities
Name some characters which are similar in a group of animals that belong to a breed.
General appearance, features, size, configuration
Improved breed of:
Cattle -
Chickens -
Cattle - Jersey
Chickens - Leghorn
When breeding is between animals of the same breed, is called ______.
While crosses between different breeds are called ______.
inbreeding; outbreeding
________ refers to the mating of more closely related individuals within the same breed for 4-6 generations.
Inbreeding
Breeding strategy of Inbreeding is as follows:-
Superior males and superior females of the same breed are identified and mated in pairs.
The progeny obtained from such matings are evaluated, and superior males and females among them are identified for further mating.
A superior female, in the case of cattle, is _____ or ______ that produces more milk per ____.
Cow or buffalo, lactation
A superior male is the ___, which gives rise to _____ as compared to those of other males.
bull, superior progeny
A similar strategy is used for developing ___ in cattle as was used in the case of peas by Mendel.
Purelines
Inbreeding increases ______
homozygosity
____________ is necessary if we want to evolve a pureline in any animal.
Inbreeding
Inbreeding exposes _______ that are eliminated by selection.
harmful recessive genes
Inbreeding helps in accumulation of _____ and elimination of _____ genes.
Superior genes and elimination of less desirable genes
Inbreeding, where there is selection at each step, increases the ____ of ____ population.
productivity of inbred population
However, continued inbreeding, especially close inbreeding, usually reduces _____ and _____.
fertility; productivity
The reduction in the fertility and productivity of the individuals of a population as a result of continued inbreeding is called?
Inbreeding depression
To avoid inbreeding depression, selected animals of the breeding population should be mated with ______ animals of the ____breed.
unrelated superior animals of the same breed
The mating of selected animals with unrelated superior animals of the same breed usually helps to restore ___ and ___.
fertility and yield
The breeding of unrelated animals, which may be between individuals of the same breed but having no common ancestors for 4-6 generations or between different breeds or different species, is called ___________.
Out-breeding
Name three ways of Out-breeding.
Out-Crossing, Cross-breeding, inter-specific hybridization
The breeding of unrelated animals, which may be between individuals of:
I. Same breed but having no common ancestors for 4-6 generations, __________
II. Between different breeds, ______
III. Different species, ___________
I. Out-Crossing
II. Cross-breeding
III. Inter-specific hybridization
The practice of mating animals within the same breed but having no common ancestors on either side of their pedigree up to 4-6 generations
Out-Crossing
The offspring of Out-crossing is known as ______
out-cross
The best breeding method for animals that are below average in productivity in milk production or to increase growth rate in beef cattle, etc., is
Out-crossing
Out-crossing is the best breeding method for animals that are below average in productivity in ______, ______ in beef cattle, etc.
productivity in milk production, growth rate
A single outcross often helps to overcome
Inbreeding depression
In ________ breeding, superior males of one breed are mated with superior females of another breed.
Cross-breeding
Cross-breeding allows the desirable qualities of ______ (same/different) breeds to be combined.
two different breeds
In Cross-breeding, progeny is ______ that may be used for commercial production.
progeny hybrid
Cross-breeding may be subjected to some form of ______ and selection to develop new ______ (non-stable/stable) breeds that may be superior to the existing breeds.
inbreeding; new stable
In Cross-breeding, __________ is a new breed of sheep developed in ______ by crossing ______ and ______.
Hisardale;
Punjab;
Bikaneri ewes and Marino rams.
Example of Inter-specific hybridization.
mule
Which method is used to carry out controlled breeding experiments?
artificial insemination
In ______, the semen is collected from male parent and injected into reproductive tract of selected female by breeder.
artificial insemination
In artificial insemination, semen may be used immediately or can be ______ and used at a _______.
Frozen, later date
In artificial insemination, ______ can also be transported in a frozen form to where the female is housed.
In this way, desirable matings are carried which helps us overcome several problems of _______.
semen; normal matings
In artificial insemination, the success rate of crossing mature male and female animals is ______ (low/high).
low
To improve chances of a successful production of hybrids, ___________ programme can be used.
Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer Technology (MOET)
MOET stands for:-
Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer Technology
MOET is one such programme for ______.
herd improvement
In MOET method, a cow is administered hormones with ____ activity to induce ____ and _____.
FSH-like; Follicular maturation and superovulation
In MOET method, why is cow administered through hormones?
To produce 6-8 eggs instead of one, which they usually yield per cycle.
In MOET method, an animal is either mated with ______ or ______.
Elite bull; artificially inseminated
The fertilized eggs at ________ cells stages are recovered non-surgically and transferred to surrogate mothers.
The genetic mother is available for another round of ______.
8 - 32;
superovulation
MOET technology has been demonstrated for ____, ___, ____, ____, ___, etc.
cattle, sheep, rabbits, buffaloes, mares
High ______________ breeds of females and high quality ____________ bulls have been bred successfully to increase herd size in a short time.
milk-yielding; meat-yielding
High-quality ( _______ meat with _______ ) meat-yielding bulls have been bred successfully to increase herd size in a short time.
lean meat with less lipid
Bee-keeping is also known as
apiculture
The maintenance of hives of honeybees for the production of honey is called?
apiculture or bee-keeping
Apiculture has been an ____ industry.
age-old cottage
What are the benefits of honey?
I. Food of high nutritive value
II. Also use in indigenous system of medicine.
Honeybee also produces ___.
beeswax
Beeswax finds many uses in industry, such as in the preparation of ____and _____of various kinds.
cosmetics and polishes
Bee-keeping has become an ______ generating industry, whether practiced on a small or on a large scale.
income
Bee-keeping can be practiced in any area where there are sufficient ________ of some wild shrubs, fruit orchards, and cultivated crops.
bee pastures
Name the most common species of honeybee that can be reared.
Apis indica
Beehives can be kept in
In the courtyard, verandah of the house, or even on the roof.
Is bee-keeping labor-intensive?
No,
Bee-keeping is not labor-intensive
Bee-keeping though relatively easy, does require some specialized knowledge.
Five points important for successful beekeeping are:-
- knowledge of the nature and habits of bees.
- selection of a suitable location for keeping the beehives.
- catching and hiving of swarms.
- management of beehives during different seasons.
- handling and collection of honey and of beeswax.
Bees are the pollinators of many of crop species, such as ____, _____, ___, and ___.
sunflower, Brassica, apple, and pear
What is the benefit of keeping beehives in crop fields during a flowering period?
I. It increases pollination efficiency
II. It improves the yield
Keeping beehives in crop fields during flowering period is beneficial both from the point of view of ____ and ___.
crop yield and honey yield
A large number of our population is dependent on fish, fish products, and other aquatic animals such as ___,___, ___, ___, etc., for food.
prawn, crab, lobster, edible oyster, etc.
Some of the edible freshwater fishes which are very common are ___, ____, and _____.
Catla, Rohu and common carp.
Some of the marine fishes that are eaten include – ___, ____, ____, and ____.
Hilsa, Sardines, Mackerel and Pomfrets
Fisheries provide income and employment to millions of fishermen and farmers, particularly in the ____.
Coastal states
Through ________ and _______, we have been able to increase the production of aquatic plants and animals, both fresh-water and marine.
This revolution is called ______.
Aquaculture and pisciculture;
Blue Revolution
The fishery has brought a lot of income to ______ in particular and the country in general.
farmers
_______ was implemented along the same lines as ‘Green Revolution.’
Blue Revolution
Traditional farming can only yield limited ______ as food for humans and animals.
biomass
Better management practices and an increase in ___________ can increase yield, but only to a limited extent.
acreage
Green Revolution was responsible for our country not merely to meet the ______ in food production but also helped us even to _____it.
national requirements, export
Green revolution was dependent to a large extent on ___ for development of high-yielding and disease-resistant varieties in wheat, rice, maize, etc.
Plant breeding techniques
Plant breeding is:-
The purposeful manipulation of plant species in order to create desired plant types that are better suited for cultivation, give better yields and are disease resistant.
Conventional plant breeding has been practiced for ____ of years since the beginning of _____.
Thousands of years, human civilization.
Recorded evidence of plant breeding dates back to _____ years ago.
9,000 - 11,000
Many present-day crops are the result of _______ in ancient times.
Domestication
Classical plant breeding involves crossing or hybridization of ____, followed by _____ to produce plants with desirable traits of higher ___, ____, and _____.
Pure lines, artificial selection, higher yield, nutrition, and resistance to diseases.
With advancements in genetics, molecular biology, and tissue culture, plant breeding is now increasingly being carried out by using ______ tools.
molecular genetic
Other than increased crop yield and improved quality, the desired traits for the breeders are?
I. Increased tolerance to environmental stresses (salinity, extreme temperatures, drought)
II. Resistance to pathogens (virus, fungi, and bacteria)
III. Increased tolerance to insect pest
Plant breeding programs are carried out in a systematic way worldwide–in ______ and _______.
Government institutions and commercial companies.
The main steps in breeding a new genetic variety of a crop:
I. Collection of variability
II. Evaluation and selection of parents
III. Cross hybridization among the selected parents
IV. Selection and testing of superior recombinants
V. Testing, release, and commercialization of new cultivars
______ is the root of any breeding program.
Genetic variability
In many crops, pre-existing genetic variability is available from _____ of the crop.
wild relatives
____________ and ___________ of all the different wild varieties, species, and relatives of the cultivated species is a pre-requisite for effective exploitation of natural genes available in the populations.
Collection and preservation
The entire collection (of plants/seeds) having all the diverse alleles for all genes in a given crop is called?
Germplasm collection
The ___________ is evaluated so as to identify plants with a desirable combination of characters.
germplasm
The desired characters have very often to be combined from two different plants (parents).
For example, high protein quality of one parent may need to be combined with disease resistance from another parent. This is possible by ______
cross-hybridization
_______ is a very time-consuming and tedious process.
Cross-hybridization among the selected parents
Cross-hybridizing is a very time-consuming and tedious process since the _____ from the ____ plant chosen as a male parent has to be collected and placed on the ____ of the flowers selected as female parent.
Pollen grains, desirable plant, stigma.
It is not necessary that the hybrids combine the ____
desirable characters
Usually, only one in few hundred to a thousand crosses shows the desirable combination.
(T/F)
True
The evaluation in research fields is followed by testing the materials in farmers’ fields for at least _________ growing seasons at several locations in the country.
three
Agriculture accounts for approximately ____ % of India’s GDP and employs ____ % of the population.
33, 62
As only limited land is fit for cultivation, India has to strive to increase ______ per unit area from existing farmland.
yields
When did Green Revolution come into picture?
Mid-1960s
Some Indian hybrid crops:
(a) Maize;
(b) Wheat;
(c) Garden peas
By how many million tons of wheat and rice production increased during the period of 1960 to 2000?
Wheat - 11 million tonnes to 75 million tonnes
Rice - 35 million tonnes to 89.5 million tonnes
_______ developed semi-dwarf wheat at International Centre for Wheat and Maize Improvement in country _______.
Norman E. Borlaug, Mexico
Two high-yielding and disease resistant wheat varieties introduced in 1963 were -
Sonalika and Kalyan Sona
Semi-dwarf rice varieties were derived from ______ and ______.
IR-8 and Taichung Native-1
IR-8 was developed at -
IRRI (International rice research institute)
Variety developed in Taiwan was -
Taichung Native - I
Later better-yielding semi-dwarf varieties _____ and _____ were developed in India.
Jaya, Ratna
IRRI is situated in country -
Philippines
Two hybrid species of sugarcane.
Saccharum barberi & Saccharum officinarum
________ is grown in north India but has poor sugar content and yield.
Saccharum barberi
_________ had thicker stems and higher sugar content.
Saccharum officinarum
Name any three types of millets.
Jowar, Bajra, and Maize
Hybrid breed millets are resistant to ______ stress.
Water
Resistance of the host plant is the ability to prevent the pathogen from causing _______
disease
Some of the diseases caused by fungi are:-
Rusts, e.g.,
I. Brown rust of wheat
II. Red rot of sugarcane
III. Late blight of potato
Example of Bacterial disease in plant-
Black rot of crucifers
Example of viral disease in plant-
Tobacco mosaic and turnip mosaic
Crop - Variety - Resistance to diseases:-
Wheat -
Brassica -
Cauliflower -
Cowpea -
Chilli -
Wheat - Himgiri - Leaf and stripe rust, hill bunt
Brassica - Pusa swarnim (Karan rai) - White rust
Cauliflower - (Pusa Shubhra, Pusa Snowball K-1) - (Black rot and Curl blight black rot)
Cowpea - (Pusa Komal) - Bacterial blight
Chilli - (Pusa Sadabahar) - (Chilly mosaic virus, Tobacco mosaic virus and Leaf curl)
Other than conventional breeding, breeding methods that are used are selection amongst ____________ variants and __________ engineering
Selection amongst somaclonal variants & genetic engineering.
The process by which genetic variations are created through changes in the base sequence within genes is called?
Mutation
It is possible to induce mutations artificially through use of ____ or ______
Use of chemicals or radiation (like gamma radiation)
It is possible to induce mutations artificially through use of chemicals or radiations and selecting and using the plants that have the desirable character as a source in breeding – this process is called?
mutation breeding
In mung beans, resistance of which disease is induced by mutation?
Yellow mosaic virus and powdery mildew
Bhindi’s scientific name is:-
Abelmoschus esculentus
Resistance to yellow mosaic virus in bhindi formed a new variety called ______
Parbhani kranti
Transfer of resistance genes is achieved by __________ hybridization between the target and the source plant followed by selection.
sexual hybridization
The major cause for large-scale destruction of crop plants and crop produce is _______ and _______ infestation.
Insect & pest infestation.
Insect resistance in host crop plants may be due to ____, ____, or ____ characteristics.
Morphological, biochemical, or physiological characteristics.
Resistance to _____ in cotton and _____ in wheat is an example of resistance by hairy leaves.
Jassids, cereal leaf beetle
In wheat, solid stems lead to non-preference by the stem ______
stem sawfly
_______ and _______ cotton varieties do not attract bollworms
Smooth-leaved and nectar-less
______ (High/low) aspartate, _____ (high/low) nitrogen, and sugar content in maize leads to resistance to ______
High, low, maize stem borers
Crop - Variety - Insect Pests:
Brassica (rapeseed mustard) -
Flat bean -
Okra (Bhindi) -
Brassica (rapeseed mustard) - (Pusa Gaurav) - Aphids
Flat bean - (Pusa Sem 2, Pusa Sem 3) - (Jassids, aphids, and fruit borer)
Okra (Bhindi) - (Pusa Sawani, Pusa A-4) - Shoot and Fruit borer
More than _____ million people in the world do not have adequate food to meet their daily food and nutritional requirements.
840 million
Around _______ billion people suffer from micronutrients, protein, vitamin deficiencies, and ‘Hidden Hunger’ ’ because they cannot afford fruits, vegetables, legumes, fish, and meat.
3 billion
Diets lacking essential micronutrients like ___, ____, ____, and ___ increase the risk for disease, reduce lifespan, and reduce mental abilities.
iron, vitamin A, iodine, and zinc
Breeding crops with higher levels of vitamins and minerals, or higher protein and healthier fats, is called
Biofortification
______ is the most practical means to improve public health.
Biofortification
In Biofortification, breeding for improving nutrition qualities like:–
(i) Protein content and quality;
(ii) Oil content and quality;
(iii) Vitamin content; and
(iv) Micronutrient and mineral content.
In 2000, maize with twice the amount of _____, _____, and ______ was developed compared to existing maize hybrids.
Amino acids, Lysine and Tryptophan
Wheat variety, _________, having a high protein content, has been used as a donor for improving cultivated wheat.
Atlas 66
Iron-fortified ______ (wheat/rice) contains over five times as much iron as in commonly consumed varieties.
Rice
______ in New Delhi has also released several Vegetable crops that are rich in:-
Vitamin-A enriched
Vitamin C enriched
Iron and calcium-enriched
Protein-enriched beans
IARI (Indian Agricultural Research Institute)
Vitamin A enriched vegetables -
Carrot, spinach, pumpkin
Vitamin C enriched vegetables -
Bitter gourd, bathua, mustard, tomato
Iron and calcium-enriched -
Spinach and bathua
Protein-enriched -
Broad, lablab, french beans, and garden peas
___ kg of grains is needed to produce 1 kg of meat by animal farming.
3-10
More than ____ percent of human population is suffering from hunger and malnutrition.
25
One of the alternate sources of proteins for animal and human nutrition is?
Single Cell Protein (SCP)
______ are being grown on an industrial scale as a source of good protein.
Microbes
Name the blue-green algae which can serve as food rich in protein, minerals, fats, carbohydrates, and vitamins.
Spirulina
Blue-green algae like Spirulina can be grown easily on materials like ______, _____, ______, _____ and _____
wastewater from potato processing plants, straw, molasses, animal manure, and sewage
Bacterial species like Methylophilus methylotrophus, because of its high rate of biomass production and growth, can be expected to produce ____ tonnes of protein.
25
____ Kg cow produces ______ g of protein per day
______ g of Methylophilus methylotrophus produce ______ tonnes of protein
250 Kg cow - 200 g Protein
250 g of Methylophilus methylotrophus - 25 tonnes Protein
Using ____________ technology, Plants can be regenerated from explants, i.e., any part of a plant taken out and grown in a test tube under sterile conditions in special nutrient media.
Tissue culture
The capacity to generate a whole plant from any cell /explant is called?
totipotency
The nutrient medium used in tissue culture must provide a _________ source such as sucrose and also inorganic salts, vitamins, amino acids, and growth regulators like ______, ______, etc.
carbon; auxins, cytokinins
The method of producing thousands of plants through tissue culture is called?
micropropagation
Plants produced through tissue culture will be genetically identical to the original plant from which they were grown, i.e., they are ______
somaclones
______ part of plant is free is always free of virus
meristem (apical and axillary)
A type of genetic modification in plants by which two distinct species of plants are fused together to form a new hybrid plant with the characteristics of both, a somatic hybrid, is called?
somatic hybridisation
What is pomato?
A somatic hybrid of tomato and potato
