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NCERT Kro, NEET Podho > Breathing and Exchange of Gases NCERT > Flashcards

Breathing and Exchange of Gases NCERT Flashcards

1
Q

CO2 is harmful and released during ______ reactions.

A

catabolic reactions

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2
Q

The process of exchange of O2 from atmosphere with CO2 produced by the cells is called ______.

A

breathing

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3
Q

Breathing, commonly known as

A

Respiration

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4
Q

Mechanisms of breathing depend upon-

A

habitats and levels of organization

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5
Q

_______ exchange O2 with CO2 by simple diffusion over their entire body surface.

A

Lower invertebrates like sponges, coelenterates, flatworms, etc.

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6
Q

Earthworm breathe by ________

A

Moist cuticle

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7
Q

Insects have a network of tubes called _______.

A

Tracheal tubes

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8
Q

The mode of respiration through gills is known as

A

Branchial respiration

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9
Q

______ structures called Gills.

Gills are used by:

A

Special vascularised;

Aquatic arthropods, molluscs, and fishes

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10
Q

Vascularised bags called ______ are used by the terrestrial forms for the exchange of gases.

A

lungs

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11
Q

Among vertebrates:
_______ use gills
_______ use lungs

A

fishes;

reptiles, birds, and mammals

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12
Q

Amphibians like frogs respire through lungs and ___________

A

Moist skin

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13
Q

Mammals have a ______ respiratory system.

A

well-developed

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14
Q

Nasal chamber opens into a common passage for food and air called.

A

Pharynx

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15
Q

Pharynx opens through ________ into _________

A

Larynx into Trachea

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16
Q

The cartilaginous box helping in production of sound is

A

Larynx

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17
Q

Larynx is called.

A

sound box

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18
Q

During swallowing, glottis can be covered by a thin elastic cartilaginous flap called.

A

Epiglottis

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19
Q

Epiglottis prevents the entry of food into _______

A

Larynx

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20
Q

Trachea is a straight tube extending up to _______

A

mid-thoracic cavity

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21
Q

Trachea divides into right and left primary bronchi at the level of _____ thoracic vertebrae.

A

5th thoracic vertebra

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22
Q

Bronchi further undergo repeated sub-divisions and end up in very thin __________

A

Terminal bronchioles

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23
Q

Terminal bronchioles give rise to?

A

Alveoli

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24
Q

Originating from terminal bronchioles are very thin, irregular-walled and vascularised bag like structures called

A

Alveoli

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25
Q

The double-layered membrane which covers lungs is ________.

A

Pleural membrane

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26
Q

The fluid that reduces friction on lung surface is

A

Pleural fluid

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27
Q

Outer pleural membrane stays in contact with which lining?

A

Thoracic lining

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28
Q

The part of respiratory system constituting external nostrils upto terminal bronchioles is called

A

Conducting part

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29
Q

The exchange part of respiratory system constitutes both __________ and __________

A

Alveoli and alveolar ducts

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30
Q

The part of respiratory system involved in transportation of air to alveoli, its humidification, and removal of foreign particles is

A

Conducting system

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31
Q

Actual diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and atmospheric air occurs at which system?

A

Exchange part of respiratory system

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32
Q

The lungs are situated in an airtight chamber called

A

Thoracic chamber

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33
Q

Thoracic chamber is formed dorsally by

A

Vertebral column

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34
Q

The thoracic chamber is formed ventrally by _______.

A

Sternum

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35
Q

Thoracic chamber is formed laterally by

A

Ribs

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36
Q

Thoracic chamber on lower side is formed by

A

Diaphragm

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37
Q

The movement of air into and out of lungs is carried out by creating a ___________ gradient between lungs and atmosphere

A

Pressure

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38
Q

Contraction of diaphragm increases volume of thoracic chamber in which axis?

A

Antero-posterior axis

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39
Q

The contraction of external intercoastal muscles increases the volume of thoracic chamber in which axis?

A

Dorso-ventral axis

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40
Q

Intra-pulmonary pressure ________ when pulmonary volume increases

A

decreases

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41
Q

Increased intra-pulmonary pressure with respect to atmospheric pressure leads to

A

Expiration

42
Q

Device that can be used for the clinical assessment of pulmonary functions is

A

Spirometer

43
Q

The volume of air inspired or expired during a normal respiration is called

A

Tidal volume

44
Q

The approximate tidal volume for a healthy adult individual is

A

500 mL

45
Q

The additional volume of air a person can inspire by forceful inspiration is

A

Inspiratory reserve volume

46
Q

Average IRV for a healthy adult individual is

A

2500-3000 mL

47
Q

The additional volume of air a person can expire by forceful expiration is

A

Expiratory reserve volume

48
Q

Average volume of ERV is

A

1000-1100 mL

49
Q

Volume of air remaining in lungs even after a forcible expiration is called

A

Residual volume

50
Q

Average RV for a healthy adult individual is

A

1100-1200 mL

51
Q

Total volume of air a person can inspire after a normal expiration is called

A

Inspiratory capacity

52
Q

Inspiratory capacity is the sum of

A

TV+IRV

53
Q

Tidal volume and expiratory reserve volume summed together gives __________

A

Expiratory capacity

54
Q

The volume of air that will remain in lungs after a normal expiration is called

A

Functional residual capacity

55
Q

Functional residual capacity is the sum of _____ and ___

A

ERV and RV

56
Q

The maximum volume of air a person can breathe in or out after a forced expiration or inspiration is called

A

Vital capacity

57
Q

Vital capacity is the sum of

A

ERV, TV and IRV

58
Q

Total volume of air accomodated in the lungs at the end of a forced inspiration is known as

A

Total lung capacity

59
Q

The sum of RV, ERV, TV and IRV is equal to

A

Total lung capacity

60
Q

The primary site for exchange of gases in lungs is

A

Alveoli

61
Q

Apart from pressure gradient, rate of diffusion of gases also depends on thickness of membranes and _______

A

Solubility of gases

62
Q

The partial pressure of oxygen in alveoli is

A

104 mm Hg

63
Q

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in alveoli is

A

40 mm Hg

64
Q

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in deoxygenated blood is

A

45 mm Hg

65
Q

Thin squamous epithelium of alveoli, endothelium of alveolar capillaries and basement substance together constitute the _______________ of lungs.

A

Diffusion membrane

66
Q

The diffusion membrane is made up of three major layers namely, the thin squamous epithelium of alveoli, the endothelium of alveolar capillaries and the ________.

A

basement substance

67
Q

The solubility of which gas is 20-25 times higher than that of oxygen during respiration?

A

Carbon dioxide

68
Q

The medium for transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide is

A

Blood

69
Q

The percentage of oxygen transported by RBCs is

A

97%

70
Q

3% of oxygen is transported through

A

Plasma

71
Q

20-25% of carbon dioxide is transported through

A

RBCs

72
Q

70% of carbon dioxide is carried in the form of

A

Bicarbonate

73
Q

The percentage of carbon dioxide transported in a dissolved state through plasma is

A

7%

74
Q

The red-colored iron containing pigment present in RBCs is

A

Haemoglobin

75
Q

Oxygen binds with Hb in a reversible manner to form

A

Oxyhaemoglobin

76
Q

Maximum number of oxygen molecules that can be carried by a molecule of Hb are

A

Four

77
Q

Binding of oxygen with Hb is primarily dependent on partial pressure of which gas?

A

Oxygen

78
Q

The shape of oxygen dissociation curve under normal physiological conditions is

A

Sigmoid

79
Q

High pO2, low pCO2, lesser H+ concentration, and lower temperature are the favorable conditions for formation of which Hb complex?

A

Oxyhaemoglobin

80
Q

Oxyhaemoglobin is formed in

A

Alveoli

81
Q

Low pO2 , high pCO2 , high H+ concentration and higher temperature are the favourable conditions for

A

Dissociation of oxyhaemoglobin

82
Q

Dissociation of oxygen from oxyhaemoglobin takes place in ______

A

Tissues

83
Q

The volume of oxygen that every 100 mL of oxygenated blood can provide to tissues under normal physiological conditions is

A

5 mL

84
Q

Carbon dioxide is carried by Hb as

A

Carbamino-Hb

85
Q

The major factor affecting the binding of carbon dioxide to haemoglobin is

A

pO2

86
Q

Dissociation of CO2 from carbamino-Hb occurs when pCO2 is ______ and pO2 is ______

A

Low pCO2; high pO2

87
Q

The enzyme that facilitates formation of bicarbonate ions is

A

Carbonic anhydrase

88
Q

Due to high pCO2 at tissue site, CO2 diffuses in blood and forms __________ and ______

A

HCO3-, and H+

89
Q

In which form carbon dioxide is trapped at tissue level?

A

Bicarbonate

90
Q

Every 100 ml of deoxygenated blood delivers approximately ____ of CO2 to the alveoli.

A

4 mL

91
Q

Respiratory rhythm centre is present in which part of brain?

A

Medulla

92
Q

The centre primarily responsible for the regulation of respiration is

A

Respiratory rhythm centre

93
Q

Pneumotaxic centre is located in

A

Pons

94
Q

The duration of inspiration can be reduced by which centre in brain?

A

Pneumotaxic centre

95
Q

The chemosensitive area located near rhythm center is highly sensitive to

A

CO2 and H+ ions

96
Q

Difficulty in breathing causing wheezing that occurs due to inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles is characteristic of _______

A

Asthma

97
Q

The chronic disorder in which alveolar walls get damaged is

A

Emphysema

98
Q

The major cause of emphysema is

A

Cigarette smoking

99
Q

Occupational lung disorders eventually lead to

A

Lung damage

100
Q

Occupational lung disorders can be prevented by using _______

A

Protective masks

NCERT Kro, NEET Podho (38 decks)

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