Biotech-II NCERT Flashcards
Biotechnology can be employed to increase food production by using agro-chemical based, _____________ and ________________crop-based agriculture.
organic; genetically engineered
The revolution that helped in increasing food supply was:-
Green Revolution
Increased yields have partly been due to the use of improved crop varieties, but mainly due to the use of better ________ and use of __________
management practices; agrochemicals
Agrochemicals used to increase crop yield during Green Revolution were- _________ and __________.
fertilisers; pesticides
Plants, bacteria, fungi and animals whose genes have been altered by manipulation are called:-
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO)
Genetic modification has made crops more tolerant to abiotic stresses like:-
cold, drought, salt and heat
______________ has helped to reduce post harvest losses.
Genetic modification
Vitamin ‘A’ enriched rice is:-
Golden rice
GM has been used to create tailor-made plants to supply alternative resources to industries, in the form of __________, ___________ and ___________
starches, fuels and pharmaceuticals
Bt toxin is produced by a bacterium called:-
Bacillus thuringiensis
Bt toxin gene has been cloned from the ___________
bacteria
Some strains of _______________ produce proteins that kill certain insects such as lepidopterans.
Bacillus thuringiensis
Lepidopterans that can be killed by Bt toxin are _________ and _________.
tobacco budworm; armyworm
Bt toxin is used to kill coleopterans like:-
beetles
Dipterans like flies and mosquitoes can be killed by:-
Bt toxin
Bt toxin protein exists as ______________ in Bacillus.
inactive protoxins
B. thuringiensis forms protein crystals during a particular phase of their growth. These crystals contain a toxic ________________
insecticidal protein
Inactive protoxin is converted into active form of toxin in the gut of insects due to:-
alkaline pH
Activated Bt toxin protein binds to the surface of __________ cells in the gut of insects?
midgut epithelial cells
Death of the insect after ingesting Bt toxin is due to the creation of pores that cause ____________ and ________.
cell swelling; lysis
Bt toxin is encoded by a gene named _______.
cry
Cotton bollworms are controlled by the proteins encoded by the genes _______ and _______.
cryIAc; cryIIAb
_____ gene controls corn borer in plants.
cryIAb
A nematode __________________ infects the roots of tobacco plants and causes a great reduction in yield
Meloidegyne incognitia
Meloidegyne incognitia infects the ________ of tobacco plants.
roots
A novel strategy was adopted to prevent the infestation which was based on the process of __________
RNA interference (RNAi)
__________ takes place in all eukaryotic organisms as a method of cellular defense.
RNA interference (RNAi)
In RNAi, a specific mRNA is silenced due to the binding of a complementary __________ to it.
dsRNA
Complementary dsRNA in RNAi is provided by an infection by viruses having RNA genomes or __________
mobile genetic elements/transposons
dsRNA in RNAi prevents _________ of the mRNA.
translation
Using _______________ vectors, nematode-specific genes were introduced into the host plant.
Agrobacterium
The introduction of DNA in RNAi was such that it produced both _________ and __________ RNA in the host cells
sense; anti-sense
Management of adult-onset diabetes is possible by taking ________ at regular time intervals.
insulin
Insulin used for diabetes was earlier extracted from:-
pancreas of slaughtered cattle and pigs
In mammals, including humans, insulin is synthesized as a _____________
pro-hormone
Insulin consists of two short polypeptide chains: chain A and chain B, that are linked together by:-
disulphide bridges
Insulin pro-hormone contains an extra peptide called the:-
C peptide
In 1983, an American company that prepared recombinant insulin was:-
Eli Lilly
A and B chains of human insulin were introduced in plasmids of ________ to produce insulin chains.
E. coli
____________ is a collection of methods that allows correction of a gene defect that has been diagnosed in a child/embryo.
Gene therapy
The first clinical gene therapy was given in _______ to a 4-year old girl with adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency
1990
The first clinicial gene therapy was given to a patient with ________________ deficiency.
adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency
ADA deficiency is caused due to deletion of gene for enzyme:-
adenosine deaminase
In some children, ADA deficiency can be cured by ______________ transplantation
bone marrow
In order to treat ADA deficiency, a functional ADA cDNA is transferred by using a ___________ vector.
retroviral
Due to mortal behaviour of cells introduced during bone marrow transplantation, the patient requires regular infusion of genetically engineered ____________.
lymphocytes
Permanent cure of ADA deficiency is to isolate gene-producing ADA from bone marrow cells and introduce it into cells at an _________ stage.
early embryonic
Techniques used for early diagnosis of disease are:-
Recombinant DNA technology, PCR and ELISA.
PCR stands for:-
Polymerase Chain Reaction
ELISA stands for:-
Enzyme Linked Immuno-sorbent Assay
Low concentration of pathogen can be detected by amplification of their nucleic acid by:-
PCR
Technique now routinely used to detect HIV in suspected AIDS patients is:-
PCR
A probe is allowed to hybridize to its complementary DNA in a clone of cells followed by detection using ________
autoradiography
ELISA is based on the principle of:-
Antigen-antibody interaction
Animals that have had their DNA manipulated to possess and express an extra (foreign) gene are known as ___________
transgenic animals
95% of all existing transgenic animals are:-
mice
_____________ animals can be specifically designed to allow the study of Normal physiology and development
transgenic animals
Transgenic models exist for many human diseases such as:-
cancer, cystic fibrosis, rheumatoid arthritis and Alzheimer’s
Transgenic animals can be used to produce _________ for treatment of emphysema.
α-1-antitrypsin
First transgenic cow was:-
Rosie
First transgenic cow produced ______ grams of protein-enriched milk per litre.
2.4
Milk produced by Rosie contained the human protein-
alpha-lactalbumin
Testing the safety of vaccines is first used on ________ before using on humans.
transgenic mice
_____________ could replace the use of monkeys to test the safety of batches of the vaccine.
Transgenic mice
Transgenic animals designed for testing ___________ carry genes which make them more sensitive to toxic substances than non-transgenic animals.
chemical safety/toxicity
The government organisation that makes decision regarding the validity of GM research is:-
GEAC (Genetic Engineering Approval Committee)
How many documented varieties of Basmati rice are grown in India?
27
The term used to refer to the use of bio-resources by multinational companies and other organizations without proper authorization from the countries and people concerned without compensatory payment is:-
Biopiracy
The _________ amendment of Indian Patents Bill takes issues like patent terms emergency provisions and research and development initiative into consideration.
second
Biotechnology essentially deals with the industrial-scale production of ____________ and biologicals.
biopharmaceuticals
Biotechnology uses _________ modified microbes, fungi, plants and animals.
genetically
The applications of biotechnology include therapeutics, __________, genetically modified crops for agriculture, processed food, ____________, waste treatment, and ________ production.
diagnostics, bioremediation, energy
Biotechnology has ______ critical research areas.
three
Research area of biotechnology involves providing the best catalyst in the form of an improved organism, usually a ________ or pure _________.
microbe, enzyme
Research area of biotechnology involves providing the best catalyst in the form of an improved organism, usually a ________ or pure _________.
microbe, enzyme
Research area of biotechnology involves creating optimal conditions through engineering for a __________ to act.
catalyst
__________ processing technologies are used to purify the protein/organic compound.
Downstream
Human beings have used biotechnology to improve the quality of human life, especially in the field of ___________ and ___________.
food production, health
The Green Revolution succeeded in _________ the food supply.
tripling
For farmers in the __________ world, agrochemicals are often too expensive.
developing
Further increases in yield with existing varieties are not possible using ________ breeding.
conventional
Genetic modification has reduced reliance on ____________ (pest-resistant crops).
chemical pesticides
Genetic modification has increased efficiency of ___________ usage by plants.
mineral
Efficient mineral usage by plants prevents early exhaustion of ________ of soil.
fertility
Production of pest-resistant plants could decrease the amount of __________ used.
pesticide
Bt toxin gene has been expressed in _________.
plant
Bt toxin gene expressed in plants provides resistance to insects without the need for insecticides in effect created a _________.
bio-pesticide
Examples of pest-resistant plants are Bt cotton, Bt corn, ______, ______, ______, and soybean, etc.
rice, tomato, potato
Bt toxin eventually causes _______ of the insect.
death
The choice of genes depends upon the crop and the __________.
targeted pest
Most Bt toxins are __________ specific.
insect-group
Several _________ parasitise a wide variety of plants and animals, including human beings.
nematode
Sense and anti-sense RNA being _______________ to each other formed a double-stranded (dsRNA) that initiated RNAi.
complementary
RNAi silenced the specific ________ of the nematode.
mRNA
The parasite could not survive in a _________ host expressing specific interfering RNA.
transgenic
The recombinant DNA technological processes have made an immense impact in the area of healthcare by enabling _______ of safe and more effective _________ drugs.
mass production, therapeutic
The ______________________ do not induce unwanted immunological responses.
recombinant therapeutics
Unwanted immunological responses are common in case of similar products isolated from ___________ sources.
non-human
At present, about ______ recombinant therapeutics have been approved for human-use the world over.
30
In India, __ recombinant therapeutics are presently being marketed.
12
You can easily grow a large quantity of the __________ and make as much insulin as you need.
bacteria
Insulin from an animal source, though, caused some patients to develop _______ or other types of _______ to the foreign protein.
allergy, reactions
Like a __________, the pro-hormone also needs to be processed before it becomes a fully mature and ____________ hormone
pro-enzyme, functional
C peptide is not present in the mature insulin and is removed during __________ into insulin.
maturation
The main challenge for production of insulin using rDNA techniques was getting insulin assembled into a ___________ form.
mature
Chains A and B were produced separately, __________ and ________, by creating disulfide bonds to form human insulin.
extracted, combined
In gene therapy, genes are inserted into a person’s _______ and ______ to treat a disease.
cells, tissues
Correction of a genetic defect involves delivery of a _________ gene into the individual or embryo to take over the function of and compensate for the _____________ gene.
normal, non-functional
Adenosine deaminase enzyme is crucial for the ___________ to function.
immune system
In enzyme replacement therapy, functional ADA is given to the patient by __________.
injection
Bone marrow transplantation and enzyme replacement therapy are not _______________ for ADA deficiency.
completely curative
As a first step towards gene therapy, ______________ from the blood of the patient are grown in a culture outside the body.
lymphocytes
For effective treatment of a disease, early diagnosis and understanding its _____________ is very important.
pathophysiology
Using __________________ of diagnosis, early detection is not possible.
conventional methods
Conventional methods of diagnosis involves ______ and _______ analysis.
serum, urine
Presence of a pathogen (bacteria, viruses, etc.) is normally suspected only when the pathogen has produced a ____________.
disease symptom
PCR is being used to detect mutations in genes in suspected __________ patients too.
cancer
PCR is a powerful techqnique to identify many other _________ disorders.
genetic
The clone having the ___________ gene will hence not appear on the photographic film.
mutated
The probe will not have _____________ with the mutated gene.
complementarity
Infection by a pathogen can be detected by the presence of ___________ or by detecting the ______________ synthesized against the pathogen.
antigens, antibodies
Many transgenic animals are designed to increase our understanding of how _________ contribute to the development of disease.
genes
Transgenic animals are specially made to serve as models for ___________ so that investigation of new treatments for diseases is made possible.
human diseases
Medicines required to treat certain human diseases can contain biological products, but such products are often __________ to make.
expensive
Transgenic animals that produce useful biological products can be created by the introduction of the portion of ____________, which codes for a particular product.
DNA (or genes)
Attempts similar to those used for emphysema are being made for treatment of ____________ and __________.
phenylketonuria (PKU), cystic fibrosis
The milk contained the human alpha-lactalbumin and was nutritionally a more ________ product for human babies than natural cow-milk.
balanced
Transgenic mice are being used to test the safety of the _________ vaccine.
polio
Transgenic animals are made that carry genes which make them more ________ to toxic substances than non-transgenic animals.
sensitive
Toxicity testing in transgenic animals will allow us to obtain results in _____________.
less time
The ____________ of living organisms by the human race cannot go on any further, without regulation.
manipulation
Some _________ standards are required to evaluate the morality of all human activities that might help or harm living organisms
ethical
Genetic modification of organisms can have _______________ results when such organisms are introduced into the ecosystem.
unpredictable
GEAC makes decisions regarding the _________ of GM research and the _________ of introducing GM-organisms for public services.
validity, safety
The modification/usage of living organisms for public services (as food and medicine sources, for example) has also created problems with __________ granted for the same.
patents
There is growing public anger that certain companies are being granted patents for products and technologies that make use of the ____________, _______, and other _________ resources that have long been identified, developed, and used by farmers and indigenous people of a specific region/country
genetic materials, plants, biological
Rice is an important food grain, the presence of which goes back thousands of years in ______ agricultural history.
Asia’s
There are an estimated ____________ varieties of rice in India alone.
2,00,000
The diversity of ______ in India is one of the richest in the world.
rice
Basmati rice is distinct for its unique ________ and _________.
aroma, flavour
There is a reference to Basmati in ancient texts, folklore, and poetry, as it has been grown for _________.
centuries
In 1997, an American company got patent rights on Basmati rice through the _______.
US Patent and Trademark Office
This ‘new’ variety of Basmati had actually been derived from __________ farmer’s varieties.
Indian
Indian Basmati was crossed with ___________ varieties and claimed as an invention or a novelty.
semi-dwarf
The patent extends to ____________ equivalents, implying that other people selling Basmati rice could be restricted by the patent.
functional
Several attempts have also been made to patent uses, products and processes based on Indian traditional herbal medicines, e.g., _____________.
turmeric, neem
If we are not vigilant and we do not immediately counter these patent applications, other countries/individuals may encash on our __________, and we may not be able to do anything about it.
rich legacy
Most of the industrialized nations are rich financially but poor in _________ and ___________ knowledge.
biodiversity, traditional
The developing and the underdeveloped world is rich in biodiversity and traditional knowledge related to _____________.
bio-resources
Traditional knowledge related to bio-resources can be exploited to develop modern applications and can also be used to save _____, _______, and _________ during their commercialization.
time, effort, expenditure
There has been a growing realization of the __________, ____________, and _________ sharing between developed and developing countries.
injustice, inadequate compensation, benefit
Some nations are developing laws to prevent such unauthorized _____________ of their bio-resources and traditional knowledge.
exploitation
