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NCERT Kro, NEET Podho > Biotech-II NCERT > Flashcards

Biotech-II NCERT Flashcards

1
Q

Biotechnology can be employed to increase food production by using agro-chemical based, _____________ and ________________crop-based agriculture.

A

organic; genetically engineered

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2
Q

The revolution that helped in increasing food supply was:-

A

Green Revolution

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3
Q

Increased yields have partly been due to the use of improved crop varieties, but mainly due to the use of better ________ and use of __________

A

management practices; agrochemicals

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4
Q

Agrochemicals used to increase crop yield during Green Revolution were- _________ and __________.

A

fertilisers; pesticides

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5
Q

Plants, bacteria, fungi and animals whose genes have been altered by manipulation are called:-

A

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO)

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6
Q

Genetic modification has made crops more tolerant to abiotic stresses like:-

A

cold, drought, salt and heat

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7
Q

______________ has helped to reduce post harvest losses.

A

Genetic modification

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8
Q

Vitamin ‘A’ enriched rice is:-

A

Golden rice

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9
Q

GM has been used to create tailor-made plants to supply alternative resources to industries, in the form of __________, ___________ and ___________

A

starches, fuels and pharmaceuticals

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10
Q

Bt toxin is produced by a bacterium called:-

A

Bacillus thuringiensis

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11
Q

Bt toxin gene has been cloned from the ___________

A

bacteria

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12
Q

Some strains of _______________ produce proteins that kill certain insects such as lepidopterans.

A

Bacillus thuringiensis

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13
Q

Lepidopterans that can be killed by Bt toxin are _________ and _________.

A

tobacco budworm; armyworm

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14
Q

Bt toxin is used to kill coleopterans like:-

A

beetles

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15
Q

Dipterans like flies and mosquitoes can be killed by:-

A

Bt toxin

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16
Q

Bt toxin protein exists as ______________ in Bacillus.

A

inactive protoxins

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17
Q

B. thuringiensis forms protein crystals during a particular phase of their growth. These crystals contain a toxic ________________

A

insecticidal protein

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18
Q

Inactive protoxin is converted into active form of toxin in the gut of insects due to:-

A

alkaline pH

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19
Q

Activated Bt toxin protein binds to the surface of __________ cells in the gut of insects?

A

midgut epithelial cells

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20
Q

Death of the insect after ingesting Bt toxin is due to the creation of pores that cause ____________ and ________.

A

cell swelling; lysis

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21
Q

Bt toxin is encoded by a gene named _______.

A

cry

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22
Q

Cotton bollworms are controlled by the proteins encoded by the genes _______ and _______.

A

cryIAc; cryIIAb

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23
Q

_____ gene controls corn borer in plants.

A

cryIAb

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24
Q

A nematode __________________ infects the roots of tobacco plants and causes a great reduction in yield

A

Meloidegyne incognitia

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25
Q

Meloidegyne incognitia infects the ________ of tobacco plants.

A

roots

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26
Q

A novel strategy was adopted to prevent the infestation which was based on the process of __________

A

RNA interference (RNAi)

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27
Q

__________ takes place in all eukaryotic organisms as a method of cellular defense.

A

RNA interference (RNAi)

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28
Q

In RNAi, a specific mRNA is silenced due to the binding of a complementary __________ to it.

A

dsRNA

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29
Q

Complementary dsRNA in RNAi is provided by an infection by viruses having RNA genomes or __________

A

mobile genetic elements/transposons

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30
Q

dsRNA in RNAi prevents _________ of the mRNA.

A

translation

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31
Q

Using _______________ vectors, nematode-specific genes were introduced into the host plant.

A

Agrobacterium

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32
Q

The introduction of DNA in RNAi was such that it produced both _________ and __________ RNA in the host cells

A

sense; anti-sense

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33
Q

Management of adult-onset diabetes is possible by taking ________ at regular time intervals.

A

insulin

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34
Q

Insulin used for diabetes was earlier extracted from:-

A

pancreas of slaughtered cattle and pigs

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35
Q

In mammals, including humans, insulin is synthesized as a _____________

A

pro-hormone

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36
Q

Insulin consists of two short polypeptide chains: chain A and chain B, that are linked together by:-

A

disulphide bridges

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37
Q

Insulin pro-hormone contains an extra peptide called the:-

A

C peptide

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38
Q

In 1983, an American company that prepared recombinant insulin was:-

A

Eli Lilly

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39
Q

A and B chains of human insulin were introduced in plasmids of ________ to produce insulin chains.

A

E. coli

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40
Q

____________ is a collection of methods that allows correction of a gene defect that has been diagnosed in a child/embryo.

A

Gene therapy

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41
Q

The first clinical gene therapy was given in _______ to a 4-year old girl with adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency

A

1990

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42
Q

The first clinicial gene therapy was given to a patient with ________________ deficiency.

A

adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency

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43
Q

ADA deficiency is caused due to deletion of gene for enzyme:-

A

adenosine deaminase

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44
Q

In some children, ADA deficiency can be cured by ______________ transplantation

A

bone marrow

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45
Q

In order to treat ADA deficiency, a functional ADA cDNA is transferred by using a ___________ vector.

A

retroviral

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46
Q

Due to mortal behaviour of cells introduced during bone marrow transplantation, the patient requires regular infusion of genetically engineered ____________.

A

lymphocytes

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47
Q

Permanent cure of ADA deficiency is to isolate gene-producing ADA from bone marrow cells and introduce it into cells at an _________ stage.

A

early embryonic

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48
Q

Techniques used for early diagnosis of disease are:-

A

Recombinant DNA technology, PCR and ELISA.

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49
Q

PCR stands for:-

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction

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50
Q

ELISA stands for:-

A

Enzyme Linked Immuno-sorbent Assay

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51
Q

Low concentration of pathogen can be detected by amplification of their nucleic acid by:-

A

PCR

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52
Q

Technique now routinely used to detect HIV in suspected AIDS patients is:-

A

PCR

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53
Q

A probe is allowed to hybridize to its complementary DNA in a clone of cells followed by detection using ________

A

autoradiography

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54
Q

ELISA is based on the principle of:-

A

Antigen-antibody interaction

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55
Q

Animals that have had their DNA manipulated to possess and express an extra (foreign) gene are known as ___________

A

transgenic animals

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56
Q

95% of all existing transgenic animals are:-

A

mice

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57
Q

_____________ animals can be specifically designed to allow the study of Normal physiology and development

A

transgenic animals

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58
Q

Transgenic models exist for many human diseases such as:-

A

cancer, cystic fibrosis, rheumatoid arthritis and Alzheimer’s

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59
Q

Transgenic animals can be used to produce _________ for treatment of emphysema.

A

α-1-antitrypsin

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60
Q

First transgenic cow was:-

A

Rosie

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61
Q

First transgenic cow produced ______ grams of protein-enriched milk per litre.

A

2.4

62
Q

Milk produced by Rosie contained the human protein-

A

alpha-lactalbumin

63
Q

Testing the safety of vaccines is first used on ________ before using on humans.

A

transgenic mice

64
Q

_____________ could replace the use of monkeys to test the safety of batches of the vaccine.

A

Transgenic mice

65
Q

Transgenic animals designed for testing ___________ carry genes which make them more sensitive to toxic substances than non-transgenic animals.

A

chemical safety/toxicity

66
Q

The government organisation that makes decision regarding the validity of GM research is:-

A

GEAC (Genetic Engineering Approval Committee)

67
Q

How many documented varieties of Basmati rice are grown in India?

A

27

68
Q

The term used to refer to the use of bio-resources by multinational companies and other organizations without proper authorization from the countries and people concerned without compensatory payment is:-

A

Biopiracy

69
Q

The _________ amendment of Indian Patents Bill takes issues like patent terms emergency provisions and research and development initiative into consideration.

A

second

70
Q

Biotechnology essentially deals with the industrial-scale production of ____________ and biologicals.

A

biopharmaceuticals

71
Q

Biotechnology uses _________ modified microbes, fungi, plants and animals.

A

genetically

72
Q

The applications of biotechnology include therapeutics, __________, genetically modified crops for agriculture, processed food, ____________, waste treatment, and ________ production.

A

diagnostics, bioremediation, energy

73
Q

Biotechnology has ______ critical research areas.

A

three

74
Q

Research area of biotechnology involves providing the best catalyst in the form of an improved organism, usually a ________ or pure _________.

A

microbe, enzyme

75
Q

Research area of biotechnology involves providing the best catalyst in the form of an improved organism, usually a ________ or pure _________.

A

microbe, enzyme

76
Q

Research area of biotechnology involves creating optimal conditions through engineering for a __________ to act.

A

catalyst

77
Q

__________ processing technologies are used to purify the protein/organic compound.

A

Downstream

78
Q

Human beings have used biotechnology to improve the quality of human life, especially in the field of ___________ and ___________.

A

food production, health

79
Q

The Green Revolution succeeded in _________ the food supply.

A

tripling

80
Q

For farmers in the __________ world, agrochemicals are often too expensive.

A

developing

81
Q

Further increases in yield with existing varieties are not possible using ________ breeding.

A

conventional

82
Q

Genetic modification has reduced reliance on ____________ (pest-resistant crops).

A

chemical pesticides

83
Q

Genetic modification has increased efficiency of ___________ usage by plants.

A

mineral

84
Q

Efficient mineral usage by plants prevents early exhaustion of ________ of soil.

A

fertility

85
Q

Production of pest-resistant plants could decrease the amount of __________ used.

A

pesticide

86
Q

Bt toxin gene has been expressed in _________.

A

plant

87
Q

Bt toxin gene expressed in plants provides resistance to insects without the need for insecticides in effect created a _________.

A

bio-pesticide

88
Q

Examples of pest-resistant plants are Bt cotton, Bt corn, ______, ______, ______, and soybean, etc.

A

rice, tomato, potato

89
Q

Bt toxin eventually causes _______ of the insect.

A

death

90
Q

The choice of genes depends upon the crop and the __________.

A

targeted pest

91
Q

Most Bt toxins are __________ specific.

A

insect-group

92
Q

Several _________ parasitise a wide variety of plants and animals, including human beings.

A

nematode

93
Q

Sense and anti-sense RNA being _______________ to each other formed a double-stranded (dsRNA) that initiated RNAi.

A

complementary

94
Q

RNAi silenced the specific ________ of the nematode.

A

mRNA

95
Q

The parasite could not survive in a _________ host expressing specific interfering RNA.

A

transgenic

96
Q

The recombinant DNA technological processes have made an immense impact in the area of healthcare by enabling _______ of safe and more effective _________ drugs.

A

mass production, therapeutic

97
Q

The ______________________ do not induce unwanted immunological responses.

A

recombinant therapeutics

98
Q

Unwanted immunological responses are common in case of similar products isolated from ___________ sources.

A

non-human

99
Q

At present, about ______ recombinant therapeutics have been approved for human-use the world over.

A

30

100
Q

In India, __ recombinant therapeutics are presently being marketed.

A

12

101
Q

You can easily grow a large quantity of the __________ and make as much insulin as you need.

A

bacteria

102
Q

Insulin from an animal source, though, caused some patients to develop _______ or other types of _______ to the foreign protein.

A

allergy, reactions

103
Q

Like a __________, the pro-hormone also needs to be processed before it becomes a fully mature and ____________ hormone

A

pro-enzyme, functional

104
Q

C peptide is not present in the mature insulin and is removed during __________ into insulin.

A

maturation

105
Q

The main challenge for production of insulin using rDNA techniques was getting insulin assembled into a ___________ form.

A

mature

106
Q

Chains A and B were produced separately, __________ and ________, by creating disulfide bonds to form human insulin.

A

extracted, combined

107
Q

In gene therapy, genes are inserted into a person’s _______ and ______ to treat a disease.

A

cells, tissues

108
Q

Correction of a genetic defect involves delivery of a _________ gene into the individual or embryo to take over the function of and compensate for the _____________ gene.

A

normal, non-functional

109
Q

Adenosine deaminase enzyme is crucial for the ___________ to function.

A

immune system

110
Q

In enzyme replacement therapy, functional ADA is given to the patient by __________.

A

injection

111
Q

Bone marrow transplantation and enzyme replacement therapy are not _______________ for ADA deficiency.

A

completely curative

112
Q

As a first step towards gene therapy, ______________ from the blood of the patient are grown in a culture outside the body.

A

lymphocytes

113
Q

For effective treatment of a disease, early diagnosis and understanding its _____________ is very important.

A

pathophysiology

114
Q

Using __________________ of diagnosis, early detection is not possible.

A

conventional methods

115
Q

Conventional methods of diagnosis involves ______ and _______ analysis.

A

serum, urine

116
Q

Presence of a pathogen (bacteria, viruses, etc.) is normally suspected only when the pathogen has produced a ____________.

A

disease symptom

117
Q

PCR is being used to detect mutations in genes in suspected __________ patients too.

A

cancer

118
Q

PCR is a powerful techqnique to identify many other _________ disorders.

A

genetic

119
Q

The clone having the ___________ gene will hence not appear on the photographic film.

A

mutated

120
Q

The probe will not have _____________ with the mutated gene.

A

complementarity

121
Q

Infection by a pathogen can be detected by the presence of ___________ or by detecting the ______________ synthesized against the pathogen.

A

antigens, antibodies

122
Q

Many transgenic animals are designed to increase our understanding of how _________ contribute to the development of disease.

A

genes

123
Q

Transgenic animals are specially made to serve as models for ___________ so that investigation of new treatments for diseases is made possible.

A

human diseases

124
Q

Medicines required to treat certain human diseases can contain biological products, but such products are often __________ to make.

A

expensive

125
Q

Transgenic animals that produce useful biological products can be created by the introduction of the portion of ____________, which codes for a particular product.

A

DNA (or genes)

126
Q

Attempts similar to those used for emphysema are being made for treatment of ____________ and __________.

A

phenylketonuria (PKU), cystic fibrosis

127
Q

The milk contained the human alpha-lactalbumin and was nutritionally a more ________ product for human babies than natural cow-milk.

A

balanced

128
Q

Transgenic mice are being used to test the safety of the _________ vaccine.

A

polio

129
Q

Transgenic animals are made that carry genes which make them more ________ to toxic substances than non-transgenic animals.

A

sensitive

130
Q

Toxicity testing in transgenic animals will allow us to obtain results in _____________.

A

less time

131
Q

The ____________ of living organisms by the human race cannot go on any further, without regulation.

A

manipulation

132
Q

Some _________ standards are required to evaluate the morality of all human activities that might help or harm living organisms

A

ethical

133
Q

Genetic modification of organisms can have _______________ results when such organisms are introduced into the ecosystem.

A

unpredictable

134
Q

GEAC makes decisions regarding the _________ of GM research and the _________ of introducing GM-organisms for public services.

A

validity, safety

135
Q

The modification/usage of living organisms for public services (as food and medicine sources, for example) has also created problems with __________ granted for the same.

A

patents

136
Q

There is growing public anger that certain companies are being granted patents for products and technologies that make use of the ____________, _______, and other _________ resources that have long been identified, developed, and used by farmers and indigenous people of a specific region/country

A

genetic materials, plants, biological

137
Q

Rice is an important food grain, the presence of which goes back thousands of years in ______ agricultural history.

A

Asia’s

138
Q

There are an estimated ____________ varieties of rice in India alone.

A

2,00,000

139
Q

The diversity of ______ in India is one of the richest in the world.

A

rice

140
Q

Basmati rice is distinct for its unique ________ and _________.

A

aroma, flavour

141
Q

There is a reference to Basmati in ancient texts, folklore, and poetry, as it has been grown for _________.

A

centuries

142
Q

In 1997, an American company got patent rights on Basmati rice through the _______.

A

US Patent and Trademark Office

143
Q

This ‘new’ variety of Basmati had actually been derived from __________ farmer’s varieties.

A

Indian

144
Q

Indian Basmati was crossed with ___________ varieties and claimed as an invention or a novelty.

A

semi-dwarf

145
Q

The patent extends to ____________ equivalents, implying that other people selling Basmati rice could be restricted by the patent.

A

functional

146
Q

Several attempts have also been made to patent uses, products and processes based on Indian traditional herbal medicines, e.g., _____________.

A

turmeric, neem

147
Q

If we are not vigilant and we do not immediately counter these patent applications, other countries/individuals may encash on our __________, and we may not be able to do anything about it.

A

rich legacy

148
Q

Most of the industrialized nations are rich financially but poor in _________ and ___________ knowledge.

A

biodiversity, traditional

149
Q

The developing and the underdeveloped world is rich in biodiversity and traditional knowledge related to _____________.

A

bio-resources

150
Q

Traditional knowledge related to bio-resources can be exploited to develop modern applications and can also be used to save _____, _______, and _________ during their commercialization.

A

time, effort, expenditure

151
Q

There has been a growing realization of the __________, ____________, and _________ sharing between developed and developing countries.

A

injustice, inadequate compensation, benefit

152
Q

Some nations are developing laws to prevent such unauthorized _____________ of their bio-resources and traditional knowledge.

A

exploitation

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