Biotech-II NCERT Flashcards
Biotechnology can be employed to increase food production by using agro-chemical based, _____________ and ________________crop-based agriculture.
organic; genetically engineered
The revolution that helped in increasing food supply was:-
Green Revolution
Increased yields have partly been due to the use of improved crop varieties, but mainly due to the use of better ________ and use of __________
management practices; agrochemicals
Agrochemicals used to increase crop yield during Green Revolution were- _________ and __________.
fertilisers; pesticides
Plants, bacteria, fungi and animals whose genes have been altered by manipulation are called:-
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO)
Genetic modification has made crops more tolerant to abiotic stresses like:-
cold, drought, salt and heat
______________ has helped to reduce post harvest losses.
Genetic modification
Vitamin ‘A’ enriched rice is:-
Golden rice
GM has been used to create tailor-made plants to supply alternative resources to industries, in the form of __________, ___________ and ___________
starches, fuels and pharmaceuticals
Bt toxin is produced by a bacterium called:-
Bacillus thuringiensis
Bt toxin gene has been cloned from the ___________
bacteria
Some strains of _______________ produce proteins that kill certain insects such as lepidopterans.
Bacillus thuringiensis
Lepidopterans that can be killed by Bt toxin are _________ and _________.
tobacco budworm; armyworm
Bt toxin is used to kill coleopterans like:-
beetles
Dipterans like flies and mosquitoes can be killed by:-
Bt toxin
Bt toxin protein exists as ______________ in Bacillus.
inactive protoxins
B. thuringiensis forms protein crystals during a particular phase of their growth. These crystals contain a toxic ________________
insecticidal protein
Inactive protoxin is converted into active form of toxin in the gut of insects due to:-
alkaline pH
Activated Bt toxin protein binds to the surface of __________ cells in the gut of insects?
midgut epithelial cells
Death of the insect after ingesting Bt toxin is due to the creation of pores that cause ____________ and ________.
cell swelling; lysis
Bt toxin is encoded by a gene named _______.
cry
Cotton bollworms are controlled by the proteins encoded by the genes _______ and _______.
cryIAc; cryIIAb
_____ gene controls corn borer in plants.
cryIAb
A nematode __________________ infects the roots of tobacco plants and causes a great reduction in yield
Meloidegyne incognitia
Meloidegyne incognitia infects the ________ of tobacco plants.
roots
A novel strategy was adopted to prevent the infestation which was based on the process of __________
RNA interference (RNAi)
__________ takes place in all eukaryotic organisms as a method of cellular defense.
RNA interference (RNAi)
In RNAi, a specific mRNA is silenced due to the binding of a complementary __________ to it.
dsRNA
Complementary dsRNA in RNAi is provided by an infection by viruses having RNA genomes or __________
mobile genetic elements/transposons
dsRNA in RNAi prevents _________ of the mRNA.
translation
Using _______________ vectors, nematode-specific genes were introduced into the host plant.
Agrobacterium
The introduction of DNA in RNAi was such that it produced both _________ and __________ RNA in the host cells
sense; anti-sense
Management of adult-onset diabetes is possible by taking ________ at regular time intervals.
insulin
Insulin used for diabetes was earlier extracted from:-
pancreas of slaughtered cattle and pigs
In mammals, including humans, insulin is synthesized as a _____________
pro-hormone
Insulin consists of two short polypeptide chains: chain A and chain B, that are linked together by:-
disulphide bridges
Insulin pro-hormone contains an extra peptide called the:-
C peptide
In 1983, an American company that prepared recombinant insulin was:-
Eli Lilly
A and B chains of human insulin were introduced in plasmids of ________ to produce insulin chains.
E. coli
____________ is a collection of methods that allows correction of a gene defect that has been diagnosed in a child/embryo.
Gene therapy
The first clinical gene therapy was given in _______ to a 4-year old girl with adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency
1990
The first clinicial gene therapy was given to a patient with ________________ deficiency.
adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency
ADA deficiency is caused due to deletion of gene for enzyme:-
adenosine deaminase
In some children, ADA deficiency can be cured by ______________ transplantation
bone marrow
In order to treat ADA deficiency, a functional ADA cDNA is transferred by using a ___________ vector.
retroviral
Due to mortal behaviour of cells introduced during bone marrow transplantation, the patient requires regular infusion of genetically engineered ____________.
lymphocytes
Permanent cure of ADA deficiency is to isolate gene-producing ADA from bone marrow cells and introduce it into cells at an _________ stage.
early embryonic
Techniques used for early diagnosis of disease are:-
Recombinant DNA technology, PCR and ELISA.
PCR stands for:-
Polymerase Chain Reaction
ELISA stands for:-
Enzyme Linked Immuno-sorbent Assay
Low concentration of pathogen can be detected by amplification of their nucleic acid by:-
PCR
Technique now routinely used to detect HIV in suspected AIDS patients is:-
PCR
A probe is allowed to hybridize to its complementary DNA in a clone of cells followed by detection using ________
autoradiography
ELISA is based on the principle of:-
Antigen-antibody interaction
Animals that have had their DNA manipulated to possess and express an extra (foreign) gene are known as ___________
transgenic animals
95% of all existing transgenic animals are:-
mice
_____________ animals can be specifically designed to allow the study of Normal physiology and development
transgenic animals
Transgenic models exist for many human diseases such as:-
cancer, cystic fibrosis, rheumatoid arthritis and Alzheimer’s
Transgenic animals can be used to produce _________ for treatment of emphysema.
α-1-antitrypsin
First transgenic cow was:-
Rosie