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NCERT Kro, NEET Podho > Microbes in Human Welfare NCERT > Flashcards

Microbes in Human Welfare NCERT Flashcards

1
Q

Microbes are visible to the naked eye.
(T/F)

A

False,
Microbes are visible by Compound microscope only.

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2
Q

Microbes are present everywhere.
(T/F)

A

True,

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3
Q

Some Microbes are present even at sites where no other life-form could possibly exist like:-

A

Sites such as:-
I. Deep inside Geysers (thermal vents)(temperature above 100 degrees C)
II. Deep in the soil
III. Under the layers of snow several meters thick
IV. In highly acidic environments.

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4
Q

Microbes are diverse. Examples.

A

Bacteria
Protozoa
Fungi
microscopic plant Virus
Viroids
Prions

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5
Q

Proteinaceous infectious agents are called:-

A

Prions

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6
Q

______, which causes respiratory infections

A

Adenovirus

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7
Q

TMV stands for:-

A

Tobacco Mosaic Virus (Rod-shaped)

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8
Q

Microbes can be cultured in an Artificial medium in a petri dish.
(T/F)

A

True

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9
Q

Are all microbes can be cultured?

A

No,
Microbes like bacteria and many fungi can be grown on nutritive media to form colonies.

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10
Q

Microbes can be grown on __________ to form colonies that can be seen with the naked eye. Such cultures are useful in studies on micro-organisms.

A

nutritive media

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11
Q

Microbes cause a large number of diseases in human beings, animals, and plants.
(T/F)

A

True

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12
Q

All microbes are harmful.
(T/F)

A

False,
Several microbes are useful to man in diverse ways.

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13
Q

Applications of Microbes:-

A

I. Households products
II. Industrial products
III. Enzymes, Acids, and Bioactive molecules
IV. Biogas plant
V. Sewage Treatment plant
VI. Bioconntrol Agents
VII. Biofertilizers

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14
Q

Which microbes grow in milk and convert it to curd?

A

LAB

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15
Q

LAB full form-

A

lactic acid bacteria

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16
Q

An example of LAB.

A

Lactobacillus

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17
Q

LAB produces acids that coagulate and ______ (completely/partially) digest the _______

A

partially; milk proteins

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18
Q

In order to produce curd, milk is added to ______, as a starter containing millions of LAB.

A

inoculum

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19
Q

LAB multiplies at all temperatures to convert milk to curd.
(T/F)

A

False,
LAB only multiplies at a suitable temperature.

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20
Q

Functions of LAB:

A

I. Improve the nutritional quality of curd by increasing vitamin B12.
II. In our stomach, LAB checks disease-causing microbes

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21
Q

______ fermentation which is ______ respiration in the dough is used to make food such as dosa, idli, etc.

A

Bacterial fermentation; Anaerobic respiration

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22
Q

The puffed-up appearance of idli or dosa dough is due to-

A

CO2 gas

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23
Q

Dough used for making bread is fermented using ______

A

Baker’s yeast

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24
Q

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is also called -

A

Baker’s yeast and brewer’s yeast

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25
Q

______ is a traditional drink in south India.

A

Toddy

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26
Q

Toddy is made by fermenting ______ from ______.

A

sap from palms

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27
Q

Microbes are also used to ferment ______ to make foods.

A

Fish, soyabean, and bamboo shoots

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28
Q

______ is one of the oldest food items in which microbes were used.

A

Cheese

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29
Q

Different varieties of cheese are known by their characteristics:

A

I. Texture
II. Flavour
III. Taste
IV. Specificity of the microbes used.

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30
Q

Large holes are present in ______ cheese due to the production of large amounts of ______.

A

Swiss; CO2

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31
Q

Swiss cheese is formed by the bacteria _______.

A

Propionibacterium sharmanii

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32
Q

_______ cheese is ripened by growing specific fungi ______ on them.

A

Roquefort cheese; Propionibacterium Roqueforti

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33
Q

Microbes in industrial products like:-

A

I. Fermented Beverages
II. Antibiotics
III. Chemicals, Enzymes, and other Bioactive Molecules

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34
Q

Production of beverages and antibiotics on an industrial scale requires growing microbes in very large vessels called _______.

A

fermentors

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35
Q

Types of Alcoholic drinks depend upon:

A

I. Raw material
II. Processing (with or without distillation)

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36
Q

Examples of beverages formed by yeast.

A

wine, beer, whisky, brandy, or rum

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37
Q

______ used in the production of alcoholic beverages.

A

Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)

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38
Q

Brewer’s yeast is used to ferment _______and ______ to produce ethanol.

A

Malted cereals and fruit juices

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39
Q

Alcoholic beverages of fermented broth produced:
I. Without distillation -
II. With distillation -

Yeast will die at ____ % of alcohol.

A

I. Without distillation - (13-14% or less alcohol) - beer, wine
II. With distillation - (40-60% alcohol) - Whisky, brandy, and rum

Yeast will die at more than 14% of alcohol

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40
Q

Chemical substances which are produced by some microbes and can kill or retard growth of other microbes are called:-

A

Antibiotics

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41
Q

Antibiotics mean ‘against life.’
But, with reference to human beings, they are ______.

A

Pro-life (not against)

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42
Q

The first discovered antibiotic was:-

A

Penicillin

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43
Q

_______ was working on _______ (bacteria), and noticed that bacteria were not able to grow because of ________ (fungi).

A

Alexander Fleming; Staphylococci; Penicillium notatum

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44
Q

The full potential of penicillium as an antibiotic was established by two scientist namely -

A

Ernest Chain and Howard Florey

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45
Q

Nobel prize for the establishment of Penicillin as an effective antibiotic was awarded to ______ in ______ year.

A

Alexander Fleming, Ernest Chain, and Howard Florey;
1945

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46
Q

______ was extensively used to treat American soldiers wounded in World War II.

A

Penicillin antibiotic

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47
Q

Antibiotics treat deadly diseases such as:

A

Plague,
Whooping cough (kali khansi)
Diphtheria (gal ghotu)
Leprosy (kusht rog)

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48
Q

Acid producers of these acids are:-

i. Citric acid -
ii. Acetic acid -
iii. Butyric acid -
iv. lactic acid -

A

i. Citric acid - Aspergillus niger (fungus)
ii. Acetic acid - Acetobacter aceti (bacterium)
iii. Butyric acid - Clostridium butylicum (bacterium)
iv. lactic acid - Lactobacillus (bacterium)

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49
Q

Lipases enzyme are used as:

A

I. Detergent formulations
II. In removing oily stains from the laundry

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50
Q

Bottled fruit juices bought from the market are clearer as compared to those made at home.
Why?

A

Bottled juices are clarified using pectinases and proteases

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51
Q

________ produced by Streptococcus is used as a ________.

A

Streptokinase; Clot buster

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52
Q

Clot buster used for:

A

For removing clots from the blood vessels of patients who have undergone myocardial infaction leading to a heart attack.

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53
Q

______ bioactive molecule used as an immuno-suppressive agent in organ-transplanted patients.

A

Cyclosporin A

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54
Q

Cyclosporin A is produced by (bacteria/fungus) ______.

A

Fungus - Trichoderma polysporum

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55
Q

Statin is produced by the yeast/fungus _________.

A

Yeast - Monascus purpureus

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56
Q

Statins act as:

A

Blood-cholesterol lowering agents

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57
Q

Statin ______ (competitively/non-competitively) inhibits enzyme responsible for synthesis of cholesterol.

A

Competitively

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58
Q

Municipal wastewater generated every day is called:-

A

sewage

59
Q

______ is a major component of Sewage.

A

Human Excreta.

60
Q

Microbes in Sewage are ______.

A

Pathogenic

61
Q

Sewage is treated in ______ to make it less polluting.

A

sewage treatment plants (STPs)

62
Q

Treatment of waste water is done by ______ (autotrophic/heterotrophic) microbes naturally present in sewage.

A

heterotrophic

63
Q

Wastewater treatment is done in two stages:

A

Primary and Secondary treatment

64
Q

Primary treatment means ______ (physical/chemical) removal of particles (large and small) through ______ and _______.

A

Physical;
filtration and sedimentation

65
Q

Floating debris from wastewater is removed by:-

A

sequential filtration

66
Q

Grit is ______ which is removed from wastewater by ______.

A

soil and small pebbles;
Sedimentation

67
Q

During primary treatment, all solids that settle form _______, and the supernatant forms ______.

A

Primary sludge; Effluent

68
Q

_____________ from primary treatment is taken for secondary treatment.

A

Effluent

69
Q

Secondary treatment is called ______ (chemical/biological) treatment.

A

Biological treatment

70
Q

In Secondary treatment, primary effluent is passed into ______, where it is constantly ______ mechanically, and ______ is pumped into it.

A

large aeration tanks; agitated; air

71
Q

Constant agitation and pumping of air into aeration tanks allow vigorous growth of useful ________ into ______.

A

aerobic microbes; flocs

72
Q

Flocs are:

A

Flocs are masses of bacteria associated with fungal filaments.

73
Q

Flocs are ______-like structures.

A

mesh-like

74
Q

While growing, aerobic microbes consume a major part of ______ in the effluent.
This significantly reduces the ______ of the effluent.

A

organic matter; BOD

75
Q

BOD stands for:

A

Biochemical oxygen demand

76
Q

Define BOD.

A

BOD is the amount of oxygen that would be consumed if all the organic matter in one liter of water were oxidized by bacteria.

77
Q

The sewage water is treated till ______ is reduced.

A

BOD

78
Q

BOD test measures the rate of uptake of ______ by microorganisms in a sample of water.

A

oxygen

79
Q

Indirectly, BOD is a measure of ______ present in the water

A

Organic matter

80
Q

The greater the BOD of wastewater, the more its ______ potential.

A

polluting

81
Q

During Biological treatment of water, when BOD of ______ is reduced, it is passed into a ______.

A

effluent; settling tank

82
Q

Sediment of Settling tank is called.

A

Activated sludge

83
Q

Sediment of settling tank or activated sludge is composed of:-

A

Bacterial flocs

84
Q

A small part of the activated sludge is pumped back into ______ as ______.

A

Aeration tank; inoculum

85
Q

A major portion of activated sludge is pumped into large tanks called:-

A

Anaerobic sludge digesters

86
Q

In anaerobic sludge digesters, other bacteria grow _________ (aerobic/anaerobic) and digest bacteria and fungi from ______.

A

anaerobically; sludge

87
Q

In anaerobic sludge digesters,

During digestion, anaerobic bacteria produce gases like _________, _________, and ________.

A

Methane(50-60%)
Hydrogen Sulphide
Carbon dioxide

88
Q

Gases released during anaerobic digestion together form _____.

A

biogas

89
Q

Biogas is used as a source of energy as it is ______.

A

inflammable

90
Q

After secondary treatment, ______ is released into natural water bodies.

A

Effluent

91
Q

For more than a century, no man-made technology has been able to rival ______ treatment of sewage.

A

microbial

92
Q

Untreated sewage is discharged directly into rivers leading to pollution and _______ diseases.

A

water-borne

93
Q

Ministry of Environment and Forests has initiated ______ and ______ to save our major rivers by building a large number of STPs.

A

Ganga Action Plan and Yamuna Action Plan

94
Q

Biogas is a mixture of gases:

I. Predominantly containing ______
II. Produced by ______ activity
III. Used as ______

A

I. Methane
II. Microbial activity
III. Fuel

95
Q

During ______ and ______, microbes produce different types of gaseous end-products

A

growth and metabolism

96
Q

The type of Gas produced depends upon ______ and ______.

A

Microbes and Organic substrates they utilize.

97
Q

______ is the main gas produced by microbes used in the fermentation of dough, cheese making, and production of beverages.

A

CO2

98
Q

Methanogens are a group of ______ (fungi/bacteria) which grow ______ (aerobic/anaerobically) on ______ material to produce a large amount of ______ along with ______ and ______.

A

bacteria; anaerobically; cellulosic; methane; CO2 and H2

99
Q

An example of Methanogen bacterium is:-

A

Methanobacterium

100
Q

Methanogens are commonly found in ______ during sewage treatment.

A

anaerobic sludge

101
Q

Rumen is a part of ______ in ______.

A

stomach; cattle

102
Q

______ bacteria is present in Rumen of cattle.

A

Methanogens

103
Q

Methanogens present in rumens help in the breakdown of ______ present in ______.

Hence, plays an important role in ______ of cattle.

A

Cellulose; fodder

nutrition

104
Q

Excreta of cattle is called ______, is rich in these bacteria.
Dung can be used for generation of ______.

A

Gobar (dung);
Biogas (Gobar gas)

105
Q

Biogas plant consists of _____ tank, which is ______ feet deep in which ______ are collected, and _______ of dung is fed.

A

concrete; 10-15 ft. ; bio-wastes; slurry

106
Q

In the Concrete tank, ______ is placed over the slurry, which ______ (rises/decreases) as the gas is produced in the tank due to ______ activity.

A

Floating cover; rises; microbial activity

107
Q

Biogas plant has two ______.

A

Outlet;

108
Q

One Outlet, which is connected to a ______ to supply
______ to nearby houses.

A

pipe; biogas

109
Q

Another Outlet is used to remove _______ (used as ______).

A

spent slurry; fertilizer

110
Q

Biogas plants are usually built in ________ areas where ______ is available in large quantities.

A

rural; cattle dung

111
Q

Biogas is used for ______ and ______.

A

cooking and lighting

112
Q

Technology of biogas production was developed by the efforts of ________ and __________.

A

IARI and KVIC

113
Q

IARI stands for:

KVIC stands for:

A

Indian Agricultural Research Institute;

Khadi and Village Industries Commission

114
Q

The use of biological methods for controlling plant diseases and pests is called:-

A

Biocontrol

115
Q

Weedicides are used to remove _______ from soil.

A

weeds

116
Q

______ is the method of controlling pests based on natural ______ instead of ______.

A

Biocontrol / Biological control; predation; chemicals

117
Q

Biocontrol does not involve use of chemicals to control pests.
T/F

A

True

118
Q

Key belief of organic farmers -

A

Biodiversity furthers health

119
Q

Landscapes having more variety are more sustainable.
T/F

A

True

120
Q

Eradication of pests completely is needed for an organic farmer.
T/F

A

False,
Not completely eradicated but are kept at manageable levels

121
Q

Organic farmer wants to keep pests at manageable levels through a complex system of ______.

A

checks and balances

122
Q

In organic farming, ______ (GMO/Wild type) plants are used.

A
123
Q

Name two very familiar Biocontrol agents.

A

Ladybird and Dragonflies

124
Q

A Beetle with red and black markings is ______ is used to get rid of ______.

A

Ladybird; aphids

125
Q

Dragonflies are used to get rid of:-

A

mosquitoes

126
Q

______ bacteria is an example of a microbial biocontrol agent which is used to control butterfly caterpillars.

A

Bacillus thuringiensis

127
Q

Bt is available in sachet as dried/moist spores.

A

dried spores

128
Q

Bt spores are applied to vulnerable plants like ________ and ________.

A

brassicas; fruit trees

129
Q

In the _______ of the larvae of insect that ingested Bt toxin, the toxin is released and the larvae get killed.

A

gut

130
Q

Give an example of Bt crop which is being cultivated in some states of our country.

A

Bt-cotton

131
Q

Fungus which is an effective biocontrol agent of several plant pathogens is:-

A

Trichoderma

132
Q

Pathogens which attack insects and other arthropods are:-

A

Baculoviruses

133
Q

Majority of baculoviruses, used as biocontrol agent, belong to genus:-

A

Nucleopolyhedrovirus

134
Q

Biocontrol agents which are desirable in an overall integrated pest management programme are:-

A

Baculoviruses

135
Q

Which fertilisers are used in organic farming?

A

Biofertilisers

136
Q

The organisms that enrich the nutrient quality of the soil are:-

A

Biofertilisers

137
Q

Main source of biofertilisers are bacteria, ________ and __________.

A

fungi; cyanobacteria

138
Q

Nodules on roots of leguminous plants are formed by the symbiotic association of ____________

A

Rhizobium

139
Q

Free living bacteria which fix atmospheric nitrogen are _________ and _________.

A

Azospirillum; Azotobacter

140
Q

A _______________ is a symbiotic association between a fungus and a plant

A

mycorrhiza

141
Q

Many members of the genus _______ form mycorrhiza.

A

Glomus

142
Q

Fungal symbiont in mycorrhiza provides plant with which element?

A

Phosphorus

143
Q

Give examples of cyanobacteria fixing atmospheric nitrogen:-

A

Anabaena, Nostoc, Oscillatoria

144
Q

Cyanobacteria serves as an important biofertiliser usually in ________ fields.

A

paddy

NCERT Kro, NEET Podho (38 decks)

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