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NCERT Kro, NEET Podho > Human Repro NCERT > Flashcards

Human Repro NCERT Flashcards

1
Q

Humans are ____ (asexually/sexually) reproducing and ___.

A

asexually; Viviparous
(Viviparous means Giving direct birth)

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2
Q

The reproductive events in humans, which includes formation of gametes is called ___.

A

Gametogenesis

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3
Q

Transfer of sperm into the female genital tract is called

A

Insemination

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4
Q

Fusion of male and female gamete that leads to formation of a zygote is called

A

Fertilization

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5
Q

Formation of the zygote is followed by formation and development of ___ and its attachment to the ___.

A

Blastocyst; Uterine wall

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6
Q

__ refers specifically to the attachment of the fertilized egg to the uterine lining.

A

Implantation

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7
Q

The average duration of human pregnancy is about nine months which is called __

A

Gestation period (Embryonic development)

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8
Q

Delivery of the baby is called __

A

Parturition or Childbirth

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9
Q

The Male reproductive system is located in the __

A

Pelvis region

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10
Q

__ system includes a pair of testes along with accessory ducts, glands, and the external genitalia.

A

Male reproductive system

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11
Q

The __ are the primary male reproductive organ

A

Testes

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12
Q

Secondary sex organs in a male are

A

Accessory ducts, glands, and the external genitalia

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13
Q

The testes are situated outside the __ cavity within a pouch called __

A

abdominal cavity; Scrotum

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14
Q

The scrotum helps in maintaining the __ of the testes. Why is it necessary for?

A

Low temperature;
2-2.5°C lower than the normal internal body temperature is necessary for spermatogenesis

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15
Q

In adults, each testis is __ in shape, with a length of about __ and a width of about __

A

Oval; 4 to 5 cm; 2 to 3 cm

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16
Q

Testis is covered or not?

A

Testis is covered by a dense covering.

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17
Q

Each testis has about __ compartments.

A

250 compartments

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18
Q

Each testis has about 250 compartments called __

A

Testicular lobules

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19
Q

Each testicular lobule contains one to three highly coiled ___ in which sperms are produced.

A

Seminiferous tubules

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20
Q

Each seminiferous tubule is lined on its inside by two types of cells called __ and __

A

Male germ cells (spermatogonia) and Sertoli cells

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21
Q

Male germ cells undergo __ divisions, finally leading to sperm formation.

A

Meiotic divisions

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22
Q

Sertoli cells provide __ to the germ cells.

A

nutrition

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23
Q

The region outside the seminiferous tubule is called?

A

Interstitial Space

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24
Q

Interstitial Space contains __

A

small blood vessels and interstitial cells or Leydig cells

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25
Q

__ cells synthesize and secrete testicular hormones called androgens

A

Leydig cells

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26
Q

Leydig cells synthesize and secrete testicular hormones called?

A

Androgens

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27
Q

The male sex accessory ducts include?

A

Retie testis, Vasa efferentia, epididymis and vas deferens

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28
Q

The seminiferous tubules of the testis open into the vasa efferentia through __

A

Rete testis

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29
Q

The Vasa efferentia leave the testis and open into __ located along the __ surface of each testis.

A

Epididymis; posterior surface

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30
Q

The epididymis leads to ____ that ascends to the abdomen and loops over the __

A

Vas deferens; Urinary Bladder

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31
Q

The vas deferens receives a duct from the ___ and opens into the urethra as the __

A

seminal vesicle; Ejaculatory duct

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32
Q

The ducts store and transport the sperms from the testis to the outside through ____

A

urethra

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33
Q

The urethra originates from the __

A

Urinary Bladder

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34
Q

The urethra originates from the urinary bladder and extends through the penis to its external opening called?

A

Urethra Meatus

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35
Q

___ is the male external genitalia. It is made up of a special tissue that helps in the erection of the penis to facilitate __

A

Penis; Insemination

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36
Q

The enlarged end of the penis is called __

A

Glans penis

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37
Q

Glans penis is covered by a loose fold of skin called __

A

Foreskin

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38
Q

Male accessory glands include -

A

Paired seminal vesicles, prostate, and paired bulbourethral glands

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39
Q

The secretion of male accessory glands constitutes ____, which is rich in __, __, and __.

A

Seminal plasma;
Fructose, Calcium, and certain enzymes

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40
Q

The secretions of ___ glands also help
in the lubrication of the penis.

A

Bulbourethral glands

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41
Q

The female reproductive system consists of a pair of ovaries along with __

A

A pair of oviducts, uterus, cervix, vagina and the external genitalia

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42
Q

The female reproductive system is located in the __

A

Pelvic region

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43
Q

Parts of the female reproductive system, along with a pair of the __ are integrated structurally and functionally to support the processes of ovulation, fertilization, pregnancy, birth, and child care.

A

Mammary glands

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44
Q

__ are the primary female sex organs that produce the female gamete (ovum) and several steroid hormones.

A

Ovaries

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45
Q

Generally, most ovarian hormones chemically are __

A

Steroid hormones

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46
Q

Estrogens and progesterone are __ hormones.

A

Ovarian hormones

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47
Q

The ovaries are located one on each side of the __

A

Lower abdomen

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48
Q

Each ovary is about __ in length and is connected to the pelvic wall and uterus by ligaments.

A

2 to 4 cm

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49
Q

Ovaries are connected to the pelvic wall and uterus by __

A

Ligaments

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50
Q

Each ovary is covered by a thin epithelium which encloses the __

A

Ovarian Stroma

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51
Q

The stroma is divided into __ zones.

A

Two

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52
Q

The stroma is divided into two zones -

A

A peripheral cortex and an inner medulla

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53
Q

The oviducts (fallopian tubes), uterus, and vagina constitute the __

A

Female accessory ducts

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54
Q

Each fallopian tube is about __ long

A

10-12 cm

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55
Q

The part closer to the ovary is the funnel-shaped __

A

Infundibulum

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56
Q

The edges of the infundibulum possess finger-like projections called __

A

Fimbriae

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57
Q

Fimbriae help in the collection of the ovum after __

A

Ovulation

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58
Q

The part of the oviduct closer o the ovary is __

A

Infundibulum

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59
Q

The wider and second part of the oviduct is called __

A

Ampulla

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60
Q

The last and narrow part of the oviduct is called __

A

Isthmus

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61
Q

Isthmus has a ___, and its joins the __

A

narrow lumen; Uterus

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62
Q

The uterus is also called __

A

Womb

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63
Q

The shape of the uterus is like an __

A

Inverted pear

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64
Q

____ is supported by ligaments attached to the pelvic
wall

A

Uterus

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65
Q

The uterus opens into the vagina through a __

A

Narrow cervix

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66
Q

The cavity of the cervix is called __

A

Cervical canal

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67
Q

Cervical canal, along with vagina forms the __

A

Birth canal

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68
Q

The wall of the uterus has __ layers of tissue

A

3 layers

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69
Q

The external ___ (thick/thin) membranous layer of the uterus is called __.

A

thin; External thin membranous perimetrium

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70
Q

The Middle ____ (thick/thin) layer of smooth muscles in the uterus is called __

A

thick; Myometrium

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71
Q

The inner glandular layer of the uterus is called __ that lines the uterine cavity.

A

Endometrium

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72
Q

The __ undergoes cyclical changes during the menstrual cycle.

A

Endometrium

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73
Q

The ____ exhibits strong contraction during
delivery of the baby.

A

Myometrium

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74
Q

The female external genitalia include __

A

Mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, hymen and clitoris

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75
Q

In the female external genitalia, a cushion-like fatty tissue covered by skin and pubic hair is called __

A

Mons pubis

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76
Q

____ are fleshy folds of tissue which extend down from the Mons pubis and surround the vaginal opening.

A

Labia majora

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77
Q

____ are paired folds of tissue under the labia major.

A

Labia minora

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78
Q

The opening of the vagina is often covered partially by a membrane called __.

A

Hymen Membrane

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79
Q

A tiny finger-like structure, which lies at the upper junction of the two labia minora above the urethral opening, is called __

A

Clitoris

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80
Q

The hymen is often torn during the

A

First coitus (intercourse)
In some women, the hymen persists even after coitus

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81
Q

Hymen can also be broken by some incidents like __

A

i) Sudden fall or jolt,
ii) Insertion of a vaginal tampon,
iii)Active participation in some sports like horseback riding, cycling, etc.

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82
Q

The presence or absence of a hymen is not a reliable indicator of __

A

Virginity or sexual experience

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83
Q

A functional mammary gland is characteristic of all __ mammals.

A

Female

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84
Q

The mammary glands are paired structures called ___ that contain ____ tissue and variable amount of fat.

A

breasts; glandular

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85
Q

The glandular tissue of each breast is divided into __

A

15-20 mammary lobes

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86
Q

Mammary lobes containing clusters of cells are called __

A

Alveoli

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87
Q

The cells of Alveoli secrete milk, which is stored in the __ of Alveoli.

A

Cavities (Lumens)

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88
Q

The Alveoli open into __

A

Mammary Tubules

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89
Q

The tubules of each lobe joins to form a __

A

Mammary duct

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90
Q

Several mammary ducts join to form a wider ___ which is connected to __ through which milk is sucked out

A

mammary ampulla; Lactiferous duct

91
Q

The primary sex organs - Testis in males & Ovaries in females - produce gametes (i.e., sperms and ovum, respectively) by the process called?

A

Gametogenesis

92
Q

In testis, the immature male germ cells (Spermatogonia) produce sperms by ___ that begin at ___.

A

Spermatogonia; puberty

93
Q

Each spermatogonium is __ (Haploid/Diploid)

A

Diploid

94
Q

Each spermatogonium contains __ chromosomes.

A

46 chromosomes

95
Q

Some of the spermatogonia called primary spermatocytes periodically undergo __

A

Meiosis

96
Q

A primary spermatocyte completes the first meiotic division (reduction division), leading to the formation of two equal, haploid cells called?

A

Secondary spermatocytes

97
Q

A secondary spermatocyte has only __ chromosomes.

A

23 chromosomes

98
Q

The secondary spermatocytes undergo the second meiotic division to produce four equal, __

A

Haploid spermatids

99
Q

The spermatids are transformed into __ by the process called spermiogenesis

A

Spermatozoa (sperms)

100
Q

After spermiogenesis, sperm heads become embedded in the ___.

A

Sertoli cells

101
Q

After spermiogenesis, sperm heads become embedded in the Sertoli cells and are finally released from the seminiferous tubules by the process called?

A

Spermiation

102
Q

Spermatogenesis starts at the age of puberty due to the significant increase in the secretion of ___ hormone.

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

103
Q

GnRH is a ____ hormone.

A

Hypothalamus hormone

104
Q

The increased levels of GnRH act at the:-

A

Anterior pituitary gland

105
Q

GnRH stimulates secretion of two gonadotropins -

A

Luteinizing hormone (LH) and Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

106
Q

LH acts at the __ cells and stimulates the synthesis and secretion of androgens.

A

Leydig cells

107
Q

LH acts at the Leydig cells and stimulates synthesis and secretion of

A

Androgens

108
Q

FSH stimulates the secretion of some factors which help in the process of __

A

Spermiogenesis

109
Q

Sperm is a microscopic structure composed of __

A

Head, neck, a middle piece, and a tail

110
Q

A __ envelops the whole body of sperm

A

Plasma Membrane

111
Q

The sperm head contains an elongated __

A

Haploid nucleus

112
Q

The anterior portion of the sperm is covered by a cap-like structure called __

A

Acrosome

113
Q

The acrosome is filled with enzymes that help __ of the ovum

A

Fertilization of the ovum

114
Q

The middle piece of a sperm possesses __

A

Mitochondria

115
Q

Sperm motility is essential for __

A

Fertilization

116
Q

The human male ejaculates about __ million sperms during a coitus

A

200 to 300 million

117
Q

Secretions of __, __, __ and __ are essential for the maturation and motility of sperms

A

Epididymis, Vas deferens, seminal vesicles and prostate

118
Q

The seminal plasma, along with the sperms constitute the __

A

Semen

119
Q

The functions of the male sex accessory ducts and glands are maintained by the __ hormones

A

Testicular hormones (androgens)

120
Q

The process of formation of a mature female gamete is called __

A

Oogenesis

121
Q

Oogenesis initiated during the __ stage

A

Embryonic development

122
Q

Gamete mother cells are called __

A

Oogonia

123
Q

A couple of million gamete mother cells (oogonia) are formed within each __.

A

Fetal Ovary

124
Q

Gamete mother cells start division and enter into Prophase-I of the meiotic division and get temporarily arrested at a stage called __

A

Primary oocytes

125
Q

Each primary oocyte gets surrounded by a layer of granulosa cells and is called the __

A

Primary follicle

126
Q

A large number of primary follicles degenerate during the phase from birth to __

A

Puberty

127
Q

The primary follicles get surrounded by more layers of granulosa cells and a new theca and are called?

A

Secondary follicles

128
Q

The secondary follicle soon transforms into a:-

A

Tertiary follicle

129
Q

The secondary follicle soon transforms into a tertiary follicle which is characterized by a fluid-filled cavity called?

A

Antrum

130
Q

The primary oocyte within the tertiary follicle grows in size and completes its first:-

A

Meiotic division

131
Q

The first meiotic division is an unequal division resulting in the formation of a large haploid __ and a tiny first __.

A

Secondary oocyte; Polar body

132
Q

The __ oocyte retains the bulk of the nutrient-rich cytoplasm of the primary oocyte

A

Secondary oocyte

133
Q

The tertiary follicle further changes into the __

A

Mature follicle

134
Q

A mature follicle is also known as __

A

Graafian follicle

135
Q

The secondary oocyte forms a new membrane called __ surrounding it.

A

Zona pellucida

136
Q

The Graafian follicle ruptures to release the secondary oocyte (ovum) from the ovary by the process called?

A

Ovulation

137
Q

The cycle of events starting from one menstruation till the next one is called the:-

A

Menstrual cycle

138
Q

The first menstruation begins at puberty and is called?

A

Menarche

139
Q

The cycle starts with the menstrual phase when menstrual flow occurs, and it lasts for __ days

A

3-5 days

140
Q

The menstrual flow results due to the breakdown of the endometrial lining of the uterus and its blood vessels which forms a liquid that comes out through __

A

Vagina

141
Q

Lack of menstruation may be indicative of __

A

Pregnancy

142
Q

Some other causes of lack of menstruation are __

A

Stress, poor health, etc

143
Q

The menstrual phase is followed by the __ phase

A

Follicular Phase

144
Q

During __ phase, the primary follicles in the ovary grow to become a fully mature Graafian follicle

A

Follicular phase

145
Q

During the follicular phase, the endometrium of uterus regenerates through

A

Proliferation

146
Q

During the menstrual cycle, changes in the ovary and the uterus are induced by changes in the levels of __ and __ hormones

A

Pituitary and ovarian hormones

147
Q

The secretion of __ increases gradually during the follicular phase

A

Gonadotropins

148
Q

Rapid secretion of LH leading to its maximum level during the mid-cycle called __ induces rupture of Graafian follicle

A

LH surge

149
Q

Ruptured Graafian follicle releases __

A

Ovum

150
Q

Release of Ovum from the ruptured Graafian follicle is called __

A

Ovulation

151
Q

The ovulation is followed by the luteal phase, during which the remaining parts of the Graafian follicle transform as the:-

A

Corpus luteum

152
Q

Corpus luteum secretes large amounts of:-

A

Progesterone

153
Q

Progesterone is essential for the maintenance of the __

A

Endometrium

154
Q

During pregnancy, all events of the __ stop and there is no __

A

Menstrual cycle; menstruation

155
Q

In the absence of fertilization, the __ degenerates

A

Corpus luteum

156
Q

The disintegration of the endometrium leads to menstruation, making a:-

A

New cycle

157
Q

In human beings, menstrual cycles cease around 50 years of age; that is termed as __

A

Menopause

158
Q

Cyclic menstruation is an indicator of normal reproductive phase and extends between ____ and ____.

A

Menarche and Menopause

159
Q

During copulation (coitus) semen is released from the penis into the __

A

Vagina

160
Q

The motile sperms swim rapidly, pass through the cervix, enter into the uterus and finally reach the __ of the fallopian tube

A

Ampullary region

161
Q

Fertilization can only occur if the ovum and sperms are transported simultaneously to the __

A

Ampullary region

162
Q

The ovum released by the ovary is also transported to the __ region, where fertilization takes place

A

Ampullary

163
Q

The process of fusion of a sperm with an ovum is called __

A

Fertilization

164
Q

During fertilization, a sperm comes in contact with the __ layer of the ovum

A

Zona pellucida layer

165
Q

When sperm comes in contact with the Zona pellucida layer, it includes changes in the membrane that blocks the entry of:-

A

Additional sperms

166
Q

Blocking of the entry of additional sperms ensures the entry of only:-

A

One sperm

167
Q

The secretions of the acrosome help the sperm enter into the ____ of the ovum through the Zona pellucida

A

Cytoplasm

168
Q

Entry of sperm induces the completion of the meiotic division of the:-

A

Secondary oocyte

169
Q

The haploid nucleus of the sperm and that of the ovum fuse together to form a:-

A

Diploid zygote

170
Q

The chromosome pattern in the human female is:-

A

XX

171
Q

The chromosome pattern in the human male is:-

A

XY

172
Q

In the male gametes (sperms) the sex chromosome could be either __ or __

A

Either X or Y

173
Q

After the fusion of the male and female gametes, the zygote would carry either __ or __

A

Either XX or XY

174
Q

The zygote carrying XX would develop into a __ baby

A

Female baby

175
Q

The zygote carrying XY would develop into a __ baby

A

Male baby

176
Q

Scientifically, it is correct to say that the sex of the baby is determined by the __ and not by the __

A

Father; Mother

177
Q

The meiotic division starts as the zygote moves through the isthmus of the oviduct called?

A

Cleavage

178
Q

2,4,8 and 16 daughter cells formed by cleavage of a fertilized ovum are called __

A

Blastomeres

179
Q

The embryo with 8 to 16 blastomeres is called a __

A

Morula

180
Q

The morula continues to divide and transforms into __ as it moves further into the uterus

A

Blatocyst

181
Q

The blastomeres in the blastocyst are arranged into an outer layer called?

A

Trophoblast

182
Q

An inner group of cells attached to the trophoblast called the __ mass

A

Inner cells mass

183
Q

The trophoblast layer then gets attached to the __

A

Endometrium

184
Q

The inner cell mass gets differentiated as the __

A

Embryo

185
Q

The blastocyst becomes embedded in the endometrium of the uterus, called __

A

Implantation

186
Q

After implantation, finger-like projections appear on the trophoblast called?

A

Chorionic Villi

187
Q

Chorionic Villi are surrounded by the __ tissue and maternal blood.

A

Uterine tissue

188
Q

The Chorionic villi and uterine tissue become interdigitated with each other and jointly form a structural and functional unit between the developing embryo and maternal body called?

A

Placenta

189
Q

The placenta is connected to the embryo through an __ cord

A

Umbilical cord

190
Q

The umbilical cord helps in the transport of substances to and from the __

A

Embryo

191
Q

Placenta also acts as an __ tissue and produces several hormones.

A

Endocrine tissue

192
Q

In the layer phase of pregnancy, a hormone called __ is also secreted by the ovary

A

Relaxin

193
Q

The hormones produced during pregnancy are __

A

hCG, hPL and relaxin

194
Q

During pregnancy the levels of other hormones like __, __, __, __, __ etc., are increased several folds in the maternal blood

A

Estrogens, progestogens, cortisol, prolactin, and thyroxine

195
Q

Increasing the production of hormones like estrogens, progesterone, cortisol, etc., is essential for supporting the __, __, and __.

A

Fetal growth, metabolic changes in the mother & maintenance of pregnancy

196
Q

Immediately after implantation, the inner cell mass differentiates into an outer layer called __ and an inner layer called __

A

Ectoderm; Endoderm

197
Q

A __ soon appears between the ectoderm and the endoderm

A

Mesoderm

198
Q

The three layers - ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm give rise to all __ in adults.

A

tissues

199
Q

The inner cell mass contains certain cells called __ cells which have the potency to give rise to all the tissues and organs.

A

Stem cells

200
Q

The human pregnancy lasts for -

A

9 months

201
Q

In human beings, after __ months of pregnancy, the embryo’s heart is formed

A

one

202
Q

The first sign of a growing fetus may be noticed by listening to the heart sound carefully through the __

A

Stethoscope

203
Q

By the end of the __ month of pregnancy, the fetus develops limbs and digits

A

second month of pregnancy

204
Q

By the end of __ of pregnancy, most of the major organ systems are formed

A

12 weeks (1st trimester)

205
Q

The first movements of the fetus and the appearance of hair on the head are usually observed during the __ month

A

fifth month

206
Q

By the end of about __ of pregnancy, the body is covered with fine hair, eyelids separate, and eyelashes are formed.

A

24 weeks (2nd trimester)

207
Q

By the end of about __ of pregnancy, the fetus is fully developed and is ready for delivery.

A

9 months

208
Q

The average duration of human pregnancy is about nine months which is called?

A

Gestation period

209
Q

Vigorous contraction of the uterus at the end of pregnancy causes __ of the fetus

A

Expulsion/delivery

210
Q

The process of delivery of the fetus (childbirth) is called __

A

Parturition

211
Q

Parturition is induced by a complex __ mechanism

A

neuroendocrine

212
Q

The signals for parturition originate from the fully developed fetus and the __

A

Placenta

213
Q

The signals for parturition originate from the fully developed fetus and the placenta, which induce mild uterine contractions called?

A

Foetal ejection reflex

214
Q

Foetal ejection reflex triggers the release of oxytocin from the:-

A

Maternal pituitary

215
Q

Oxytocin acts on the uterine muscle and causes stronger __ contractions

A

Uterine contractions

216
Q

Stronger uterine contractions stimulate further secretion of __

A

Oxytocin

217
Q

The stimulatory reflex between the __ contraction and __ secretion continues resulting in stronger and stronger contractions

A

Uterine; oxytocin

218
Q

Contractions lead to expulsion of the baby out of the uterus through the __

A

Birth canal

219
Q

Soon after the infant is delivered, the placenta is also expelled out of the __

A

Uterus

220
Q

The mammary glands of the female undergo differentiation during pregnancy and starts producing __ towards the end of pregnancy

A

milk

221
Q

Mammary glands start producing milk towards the end of pregnancy by a process called?

A

Lactation

222
Q

The milk produced during the initial few days of lactation is called __

A

Colostrum

223
Q

Colostrum contains several __ absolutely essential to develop resistance for the new-born babies

A

Antibodies

224
Q

Antibodies present in colostrum are essential to develop __ for the new-born babies

A

resistance

NCERT Kro, NEET Podho (38 decks)

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