Human Repro NCERT Flashcards
1
Q
Humans are ____ (asexually/sexually) reproducing and ___.
A
asexually; Viviparous
(Viviparous means Giving direct birth)
2
Q
The reproductive events in humans, which includes formation of gametes is called ___.
A
Gametogenesis
3
Q
Transfer of sperm into the female genital tract is called
A
Insemination
4
Q
Fusion of male and female gamete that leads to formation of a zygote is called
A
Fertilization
5
Q
Formation of the zygote is followed by formation and development of ___ and its attachment to the ___.
A
Blastocyst; Uterine wall
6
Q
__ refers specifically to the attachment of the fertilized egg to the uterine lining.
A
Implantation
7
Q
The average duration of human pregnancy is about nine months which is called __
A
Gestation period (Embryonic development)
8
Q
Delivery of the baby is called __
A
Parturition or Childbirth
9
Q
The Male reproductive system is located in the __
A
Pelvis region
10
Q
__ system includes a pair of testes along with accessory ducts, glands, and the external genitalia.
A
Male reproductive system
11
Q
The __ are the primary male reproductive organ
A
Testes
12
Q
Secondary sex organs in a male are
A
Accessory ducts, glands, and the external genitalia
13
Q
The testes are situated outside the __ cavity within a pouch called __
A
abdominal cavity; Scrotum
14
Q
The scrotum helps in maintaining the __ of the testes. Why is it necessary for?
A
Low temperature;
2-2.5°C lower than the normal internal body temperature is necessary for spermatogenesis
15
Q
In adults, each testis is __ in shape, with a length of about __ and a width of about __
A
Oval; 4 to 5 cm; 2 to 3 cm
16
Q
Testis is covered or not?
A
Testis is covered by a dense covering.
17
Q
Each testis has about __ compartments.
A
250 compartments
18
Q
Each testis has about 250 compartments called __
A
Testicular lobules
19
Q
Each testicular lobule contains one to three highly coiled ___ in which sperms are produced.
A
Seminiferous tubules
20
Q
Each seminiferous tubule is lined on its inside by two types of cells called __ and __
A
Male germ cells (spermatogonia) and Sertoli cells
21
Q
Male germ cells undergo __ divisions, finally leading to sperm formation.
A
Meiotic divisions
22
Q
Sertoli cells provide __ to the germ cells.
A
nutrition
23
Q
The region outside the seminiferous tubule is called?
A
Interstitial Space
24
Q
Interstitial Space contains __
A
small blood vessels and interstitial cells or Leydig cells
25
__ cells synthesize and secrete testicular hormones called androgens
Leydig cells
26
Leydig cells synthesize and secrete testicular hormones called?
Androgens
27
The male sex accessory ducts include?
Retie testis, Vasa efferentia, epididymis and vas deferens
28
The seminiferous tubules of the testis open into the vasa efferentia through __
Rete testis
29
The Vasa efferentia leave the testis and open into __ located along the __ surface of each testis.
Epididymis; posterior surface
30
The epididymis leads to ____ that ascends to the abdomen and loops over the __
Vas deferens; Urinary Bladder
31
The vas deferens receives a duct from the ___ and opens into the urethra as the __
seminal vesicle; Ejaculatory duct
32
The ducts store and transport the sperms from the testis to the outside through ____
urethra
33
The urethra originates from the __
Urinary Bladder
34
The urethra originates from the urinary bladder and extends through the penis to its external opening called?
Urethra Meatus
35
___ is the male external genitalia. It is made up of a special tissue that helps in the erection of the penis to facilitate __
Penis; Insemination
36
The enlarged end of the penis is called __
Glans penis
37
Glans penis is covered by a loose fold of skin called __
Foreskin
38
Male accessory glands include -
Paired seminal vesicles, prostate, and paired bulbourethral glands
39
The secretion of male accessory glands constitutes ____, which is rich in __, __, and __.
Seminal plasma;
Fructose, Calcium, and certain enzymes
40
The secretions of ___ glands also help
in the lubrication of the penis.
Bulbourethral glands
41
The female reproductive system consists of a pair of ovaries along with __
A pair of oviducts, uterus, cervix, vagina and the external genitalia
42
The female reproductive system is located in the __
Pelvic region
43
Parts of the female reproductive system, along with a pair of the __ are integrated structurally and functionally to support the processes of ovulation, fertilization, pregnancy, birth, and child care.
Mammary glands
44
__ are the primary female sex organs that produce the female gamete (ovum) and several steroid hormones.
Ovaries
45
Generally, most ovarian hormones chemically are __
Steroid hormones
46
Estrogens and progesterone are __ hormones.
Ovarian hormones
47
The ovaries are located one on each side of the __
Lower abdomen
48
Each ovary is about __ in length and is connected to the pelvic wall and uterus by ligaments.
2 to 4 cm
49
Ovaries are connected to the pelvic wall and uterus by __
Ligaments
50
Each ovary is covered by a thin epithelium which encloses the __
Ovarian Stroma
51
The stroma is divided into __ zones.
Two
52
The stroma is divided into two zones -
A peripheral cortex and an inner medulla
53
The oviducts (fallopian tubes), uterus, and vagina constitute the __
Female accessory ducts
54
Each fallopian tube is about __ long
10-12 cm
55
The part closer to the ovary is the funnel-shaped __
Infundibulum
56
The edges of the infundibulum possess finger-like projections called __
Fimbriae
57
Fimbriae help in the collection of the ovum after __
Ovulation
58
The part of the oviduct closer o the ovary is __
Infundibulum
59
The wider and second part of the oviduct is called __
Ampulla
60
The last and narrow part of the oviduct is called __
Isthmus
61
Isthmus has a ___, and its joins the __
narrow lumen; Uterus
62
The uterus is also called __
Womb
63
The shape of the uterus is like an __
Inverted pear
64
____ is supported by ligaments attached to the pelvic
wall
Uterus
65
The uterus opens into the vagina through a __
Narrow cervix
66
The cavity of the cervix is called __
Cervical canal
67
Cervical canal, along with vagina forms the __
Birth canal
68
The wall of the uterus has __ layers of tissue
3 layers
69
The external ___ (thick/thin) membranous layer of the uterus is called __.
thin; External thin membranous perimetrium
70
The Middle ____ (thick/thin) layer of smooth muscles in the uterus is called __
thick; Myometrium
71
The inner glandular layer of the uterus is called __ that lines the uterine cavity.
Endometrium
72
The __ undergoes cyclical changes during the menstrual cycle.
Endometrium
73
The ____ exhibits strong contraction during
delivery of the baby.
Myometrium
74
The female external genitalia include __
Mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, hymen and clitoris
75
In the female external genitalia, a cushion-like fatty tissue covered by skin and pubic hair is called __
Mons pubis
76
____ are fleshy folds of tissue which extend down from the Mons pubis and surround the vaginal opening.
Labia majora
77
____ are paired folds of tissue under the labia major.
Labia minora
78
The opening of the vagina is often covered partially by a membrane called __.
Hymen Membrane
79
A tiny finger-like structure, which lies at the upper junction of the two labia minora above the urethral opening, is called __
Clitoris
80
The hymen is often torn during the
First coitus (intercourse)
In some women, the hymen persists even after coitus
81
Hymen can also be broken by some incidents like __
i) Sudden fall or jolt,
ii) Insertion of a vaginal tampon,
iii)Active participation in some sports like horseback riding, cycling, etc.
82
The presence or absence of a hymen is not a reliable indicator of __
Virginity or sexual experience
83
A functional mammary gland is characteristic of all __ mammals.
Female
84
The mammary glands are paired structures called ___ that contain ____ tissue and variable amount of fat.
breasts; glandular
85
The glandular tissue of each breast is divided into __
15-20 mammary lobes
86
Mammary lobes containing clusters of cells are called __
Alveoli
87
The cells of Alveoli secrete milk, which is stored in the __ of Alveoli.
Cavities (Lumens)
88
The Alveoli open into __
Mammary Tubules
89
The tubules of each lobe joins to form a __
Mammary duct
90
Several mammary ducts join to form a wider ___ which is connected to __ through which milk is sucked out
mammary ampulla; Lactiferous duct
91
The primary sex organs - Testis in males & Ovaries in females - produce gametes (i.e., sperms and ovum, respectively) by the process called?
Gametogenesis
92
In testis, the immature male germ cells (Spermatogonia) produce sperms by ___ that begin at ___.
Spermatogonia; puberty
93
Each spermatogonium is __ (Haploid/Diploid)
Diploid
94
Each spermatogonium contains __ chromosomes.
46 chromosomes
95
Some of the spermatogonia called primary spermatocytes periodically undergo __
Meiosis
96
A primary spermatocyte completes the first meiotic division (reduction division), leading to the formation of two equal, haploid cells called?
Secondary spermatocytes
97
A secondary spermatocyte has only __ chromosomes.
23 chromosomes
98
The secondary spermatocytes undergo the second meiotic division to produce four equal, __
Haploid spermatids
99
The spermatids are transformed into __ by the process called spermiogenesis
Spermatozoa (sperms)
100
After spermiogenesis, sperm heads become embedded in the ___.
Sertoli cells
101
After spermiogenesis, sperm heads become embedded in the Sertoli cells and are finally released from the seminiferous tubules by the process called?
Spermiation
102
Spermatogenesis starts at the age of puberty due to the significant increase in the secretion of ___ hormone.
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
103
GnRH is a ____ hormone.
Hypothalamus hormone
104
The increased levels of GnRH act at the:-
Anterior pituitary gland
105
GnRH stimulates secretion of two gonadotropins -
Luteinizing hormone (LH) and Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
106
LH acts at the __ cells and stimulates the synthesis and secretion of androgens.
Leydig cells
107
LH acts at the Leydig cells and stimulates synthesis and secretion of
Androgens
108
FSH stimulates the secretion of some factors which help in the process of __
Spermiogenesis
109
Sperm is a microscopic structure composed of __
Head, neck, a middle piece, and a tail
110
A __ envelops the whole body of sperm
Plasma Membrane
111
The sperm head contains an elongated __
Haploid nucleus
112
The anterior portion of the sperm is covered by a cap-like structure called __
Acrosome
113
The acrosome is filled with enzymes that help __ of the ovum
Fertilization of the ovum
114
The middle piece of a sperm possesses __
Mitochondria
115
Sperm motility is essential for __
Fertilization
116
The human male ejaculates about __ million sperms during a coitus
200 to 300 million
117
Secretions of __, __, __ and __ are essential for the maturation and motility of sperms
Epididymis, Vas deferens, seminal vesicles and prostate
118
The seminal plasma, along with the sperms constitute the __
Semen
119
The functions of the male sex accessory ducts and glands are maintained by the __ hormones
Testicular hormones (androgens)
120
The process of formation of a mature female gamete is called __
Oogenesis
121
Oogenesis initiated during the __ stage
Embryonic development
122
Gamete mother cells are called __
Oogonia
123
A couple of million gamete mother cells (oogonia) are formed within each __.
Fetal Ovary
124
Gamete mother cells start division and enter into Prophase-I of the meiotic division and get temporarily arrested at a stage called __
Primary oocytes
125
Each primary oocyte gets surrounded by a layer of granulosa cells and is called the __
Primary follicle
126
A large number of primary follicles degenerate during the phase from birth to __
Puberty
127
The primary follicles get surrounded by more layers of granulosa cells and a new theca and are called?
Secondary follicles
128
The secondary follicle soon transforms into a:-
Tertiary follicle
129
The secondary follicle soon transforms into a tertiary follicle which is characterized by a fluid-filled cavity called?
Antrum
130
The primary oocyte within the tertiary follicle grows in size and completes its first:-
Meiotic division
131
The first meiotic division is an unequal division resulting in the formation of a large haploid __ and a tiny first __.
Secondary oocyte; Polar body
132
The __ oocyte retains the bulk of the nutrient-rich cytoplasm of the primary oocyte
Secondary oocyte
133
The tertiary follicle further changes into the __
Mature follicle
134
A mature follicle is also known as __
Graafian follicle
135
The secondary oocyte forms a new membrane called __ surrounding it.
Zona pellucida
136
The Graafian follicle ruptures to release the secondary oocyte (ovum) from the ovary by the process called?
Ovulation
137
The cycle of events starting from one menstruation till the next one is called the:-
Menstrual cycle
138
The first menstruation begins at puberty and is called?
Menarche
139
The cycle starts with the menstrual phase when menstrual flow occurs, and it lasts for __ days
3-5 days
140
The menstrual flow results due to the breakdown of the endometrial lining of the uterus and its blood vessels which forms a liquid that comes out through __
Vagina
141
Lack of menstruation may be indicative of __
Pregnancy
142
Some other causes of lack of menstruation are __
Stress, poor health, etc
143
The menstrual phase is followed by the __ phase
Follicular Phase
144
During __ phase, the primary follicles in the ovary grow to become a fully mature Graafian follicle
Follicular phase
145
During the follicular phase, the endometrium of uterus regenerates through
Proliferation
146
During the menstrual cycle, changes in the ovary and the uterus are induced by changes in the levels of __ and __ hormones
Pituitary and ovarian hormones
147
The secretion of __ increases gradually during the follicular phase
Gonadotropins
148
Rapid secretion of LH leading to its maximum level during the mid-cycle called __ induces rupture of Graafian follicle
LH surge
149
Ruptured Graafian follicle releases __
Ovum
150
Release of Ovum from the ruptured Graafian follicle is called __
Ovulation
151
The ovulation is followed by the luteal phase, during which the remaining parts of the Graafian follicle transform as the:-
Corpus luteum
152
Corpus luteum secretes large amounts of:-
Progesterone
153
Progesterone is essential for the maintenance of the __
Endometrium
154
During pregnancy, all events of the __ stop and there is no __
Menstrual cycle; menstruation
155
In the absence of fertilization, the __ degenerates
Corpus luteum
156
The disintegration of the endometrium leads to menstruation, making a:-
New cycle
157
In human beings, menstrual cycles cease around 50 years of age; that is termed as __
Menopause
158
Cyclic menstruation is an indicator of normal reproductive phase and extends between ____ and ____.
Menarche and Menopause
159
During copulation (coitus) semen is released from the penis into the __
Vagina
160
The motile sperms swim rapidly, pass through the cervix, enter into the uterus and finally reach the __ of the fallopian tube
Ampullary region
161
Fertilization can only occur if the ovum and sperms are transported simultaneously to the __
Ampullary region
162
The ovum released by the ovary is also transported to the __ region, where fertilization takes place
Ampullary
163
The process of fusion of a sperm with an ovum is called __
Fertilization
164
During fertilization, a sperm comes in contact with the __ layer of the ovum
Zona pellucida layer
165
When sperm comes in contact with the Zona pellucida layer, it includes changes in the membrane that blocks the entry of:-
Additional sperms
166
Blocking of the entry of additional sperms ensures the entry of only:-
One sperm
167
The secretions of the acrosome help the sperm enter into the ____ of the ovum through the Zona pellucida
Cytoplasm
168
Entry of sperm induces the completion of the meiotic division of the:-
Secondary oocyte
169
The haploid nucleus of the sperm and that of the ovum fuse together to form a:-
Diploid zygote
170
The chromosome pattern in the human female is:-
XX
171
The chromosome pattern in the human male is:-
XY
172
In the male gametes (sperms) the sex chromosome could be either __ or __
Either X or Y
173
After the fusion of the male and female gametes, the zygote would carry either __ or __
Either XX or XY
174
The zygote carrying XX would develop into a __ baby
Female baby
175
The zygote carrying XY would develop into a __ baby
Male baby
176
Scientifically, it is correct to say that the sex of the baby is determined by the __ and not by the __
Father; Mother
177
The meiotic division starts as the zygote moves through the isthmus of the oviduct called?
Cleavage
178
2,4,8 and 16 daughter cells formed by cleavage of a fertilized ovum are called __
Blastomeres
179
The embryo with 8 to 16 blastomeres is called a __
Morula
180
The morula continues to divide and transforms into __ as it moves further into the uterus
Blatocyst
181
The blastomeres in the blastocyst are arranged into an outer layer called?
Trophoblast
182
An inner group of cells attached to the trophoblast called the __ mass
Inner cells mass
183
The trophoblast layer then gets attached to the __
Endometrium
184
The inner cell mass gets differentiated as the __
Embryo
185
The blastocyst becomes embedded in the endometrium of the uterus, called __
Implantation
186
After implantation, finger-like projections appear on the trophoblast called?
Chorionic Villi
187
Chorionic Villi are surrounded by the __ tissue and maternal blood.
Uterine tissue
188
The Chorionic villi and uterine tissue become interdigitated with each other and jointly form a structural and functional unit between the developing embryo and maternal body called?
Placenta
189
The placenta is connected to the embryo through an __ cord
Umbilical cord
190
The umbilical cord helps in the transport of substances to and from the __
Embryo
191
Placenta also acts as an __ tissue and produces several hormones.
Endocrine tissue
192
In the layer phase of pregnancy, a hormone called __ is also secreted by the ovary
Relaxin
193
The hormones produced during pregnancy are __
hCG, hPL and relaxin
194
During pregnancy the levels of other hormones like __, __, __, __, __ etc., are increased several folds in the maternal blood
Estrogens, progestogens, cortisol, prolactin, and thyroxine
195
Increasing the production of hormones like estrogens, progesterone, cortisol, etc., is essential for supporting the __, __, and __.
Fetal growth, metabolic changes in the mother & maintenance of pregnancy
196
Immediately after implantation, the inner cell mass differentiates into an outer layer called __ and an inner layer called __
Ectoderm; Endoderm
197
A __ soon appears between the ectoderm and the endoderm
Mesoderm
198
The three layers - ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm give rise to all __ in adults.
tissues
199
The inner cell mass contains certain cells called __ cells which have the potency to give rise to all the tissues and organs.
Stem cells
200
The human pregnancy lasts for -
9 months
201
In human beings, after __ months of pregnancy, the embryo's heart is formed
one
202
The first sign of a growing fetus may be noticed by listening to the heart sound carefully through the __
Stethoscope
203
By the end of the __ month of pregnancy, the fetus develops limbs and digits
second month of pregnancy
204
By the end of __ of pregnancy, most of the major organ systems are formed
12 weeks (1st trimester)
205
The first movements of the fetus and the appearance of hair on the head are usually observed during the __ month
fifth month
206
By the end of about __ of pregnancy, the body is covered with fine hair, eyelids separate, and eyelashes are formed.
24 weeks (2nd trimester)
207
By the end of about __ of pregnancy, the fetus is fully developed and is ready for delivery.
9 months
208
The average duration of human pregnancy is about nine months which is called?
Gestation period
209
Vigorous contraction of the uterus at the end of pregnancy causes __ of the fetus
Expulsion/delivery
210
The process of delivery of the fetus (childbirth) is called __
Parturition
211
Parturition is induced by a complex __ mechanism
neuroendocrine
212
The signals for parturition originate from the fully developed fetus and the __
Placenta
213
The signals for parturition originate from the fully developed fetus and the placenta, which induce mild uterine contractions called?
Foetal ejection reflex
214
Foetal ejection reflex triggers the release of oxytocin from the:-
Maternal pituitary
215
Oxytocin acts on the uterine muscle and causes stronger __ contractions
Uterine contractions
216
Stronger uterine contractions stimulate further secretion of __
Oxytocin
217
The stimulatory reflex between the __ contraction and __ secretion continues resulting in stronger and stronger contractions
Uterine; oxytocin
218
Contractions lead to expulsion of the baby out of the uterus through the __
Birth canal
219
Soon after the infant is delivered, the placenta is also expelled out of the __
Uterus
220
The mammary glands of the female undergo differentiation during pregnancy and starts producing __ towards the end of pregnancy
milk
221
Mammary glands start producing milk towards the end of pregnancy by a process called?
Lactation
222
The milk produced during the initial few days of lactation is called __
Colostrum
223
Colostrum contains several __ absolutely essential to develop resistance for the new-born babies
Antibodies
224
Antibodies present in colostrum are essential to develop __ for the new-born babies
resistance
