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NCERT Kro, NEET Podho > Principle Basis of Inheritance NCERT > Flashcards

Principle Basis of Inheritance NCERT Flashcards

1
Q

___________ is the process by which characters are passed on from parent to progeny; it is the basis of heredity.

A

Inheritance

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2
Q

Is inheritance the basis of ______

A

Heredity

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3
Q

The degree by which progeny differ from their parents

A

Variation

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4
Q

Since when did humans know that one of the causes of variation was hidden in sexual reproduction?

A

as early as 8000-1000 B.C

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5
Q

One of the causes of variation was hidden in

A

Sexual reproduction

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6
Q

Through artificial selection and domestication from ancestral wild cows, we have Indian breeds like ___ in Punjab.

A

Sahiwal cows

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7
Q

Who proposed the laws of inheritance in living organisms?

A

Gregor Mendel

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8
Q

Gregor Mendel, conducted ____ on garden peas.

A

Hybridization experiments

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9
Q

For how many years Gregor Mendel conducted hybridization experiments on garden peas?

A

Seven years

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10
Q

In which years did Mendel perform the experiments on garden pea?

A

1856-1863

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11
Q

During Mendel’s investigations into inheritance patterns, what two things were applied to problems in biology for the first time?

A

Statistical analysis and mathematical logic

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12
Q

What was there in Mendel’s experiments that gave greater credibility to the data he collected?

A

Large sampling size

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13
Q

Mendel conducted such artificial pollination/cross-pollination experiments using

A

Several true-breeding pea lines

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14
Q

One that has undergone continuous self-pollination shows the stable trait inheritance and expression for several generations called

A

True breeding line

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15
Q

Mendel selected ___ true-breeding pea plant varieties as pairs which were similar except for one character with contrasting traits.

A

14

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16
Q

Contrasting Traits of these Characters are:-
Stem height -
Flower colour -
Flower position -
Pod shape -
Pod colour -
Seed shape -
Seed colour -

A

Stem height - Tall/dwarf
Flower colour - Violet/white
Flower position - Axial/terminal
Pod shape - Inflated/constricted
Pod colour - Green/yellow
Seed shape - Round/wrinkled
Seed colour - Yellow/green

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17
Q

Mendel proposed that something was being stably passed down, unchanged, from parent to offspring through the gametes, over successive generations and called it as

A

Factors

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18
Q

Mendel called them ‘factors’ but now we call them as

A

Genes

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19
Q

The units of inheritance are

A

Genes

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20
Q

Genes contain the information that is required to express a _____ in an organism

A

Particular trait

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21
Q

Genes which code for a pair of contrasting traits are known as

A

Alleles

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22
Q

In case of the character of height, T is used for the _______ trait and t for the _______

A

T- Tall (dominant)
t - Dwarf ( recessive)

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23
Q

Mendel also proposed that in a true-breeding, tall or dwarf pea variety, the allelic pair of genes for height are ________ or ___________, TT and tt, respectively.

A

Identical/homozygous

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24
Q

TT and tt are called ___ of the plant

A

Genotype

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25
Q

The descriptive terms tall and dwarf are the ____

A

Phenotype

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26
Q

In a pair of dissimilar factors, one dominates the other (as in the F1) and hence is called

A

Dominant factor

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27
Q

In a pair of dissimilar factors, one is the dominant factor, while the other factor is called

A

Recessive

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28
Q

Tt are called

A

Heterozygotes

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29
Q

Tt plant is heterozygous for genes controlling one character (height). It is a

A

Monohybrid

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30
Q

The cross between ‘TT’ and ‘tt’ is a

A

Monohybrid cross

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31
Q

The tall and dwarf plant produces gametes by the process of

A

Meiosis

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32
Q

When the tall and dwarf plant produces gametes, the alleles of the parental pair separate or ____ from each other.

A

Segregate

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33
Q

Segregation of alleles is a ____ process.

A

Random

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34
Q

How much percent chance is there of a gamete containing either allele?

A

50 per cent

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35
Q

The hybrids contain alleles which express contrasting traits, the plants are ____

A

Heterozygous

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36
Q

The three things which can be understood from a Punnett Square is

A

Production of gametes by the parents, the formation of the zygotes, and the F1 and F2 plants

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37
Q

Who developed Punnett square?

A

A British geneticist, Reginald C- Punnett

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38
Q

A graphical representation to calculate the probability of all possible genotypes of offspring in a genetic cross called

A

Punnett Square

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39
Q

Crossing of the tall plant from F2 with a dwarf plant is called a

A

Test cross

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40
Q

The progenies of test cross can easily be analyzed to predict the ____of the test organism.

A

Genotype

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41
Q

Characters are controlled by discrete units called

A

Factors

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42
Q

_____ is based on the fact that the alleles do not show any blending.

A

Law of Segregation

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43
Q

A good example to understand incomplete dominance.

A

Inheritance of flower colour in the dog flower

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44
Q

Dog flower is also known as

A

Snapdragon

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45
Q

Genus of dog flower is known as

A

Antirrhinum

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46
Q

In the case of _____, the F1 generation resembles both parents.

A

Co-dominance

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47
Q

ABO blood groups are controlled by the

A

Gene I

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48
Q

The plasma membrane of the red blood cells has

A

Sugar polymers

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49
Q

Which allele of a gene (I) does not produce sugar?

A

Allele i

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50
Q

More than two alleles governing the same character are called _________ alleles.

A

multiple

51
Q

____ in pea seeds is controlled by one gene.

A

Starch synthesis

52
Q

Dominance is not an ______ feature of a gene or the product that it has information for.

A

Autonomous

53
Q

Dominance depends on the _______ and the production of ________ from this product.

A

Gene product; particular phenotype

54
Q

Which law states that ‘when two pairs of traits are combined in a hybrid, segregation of one pair of characters is independent of the other pair of characters.

A

Law of Independent Assortment

55
Q

Mendel published his work on inheritance of characters in ____

A

1865

56
Q

Mendel’s work on inheritance of characters remained unrecognized till

A

1900

57
Q

Name three Scientists who independently rediscovered Mendel’s results on the inheritance of characters

A

de Vries, Correns and von Tschermak

58
Q

By which year the chromosome movement during meiosis had been worked out?

A

1902

59
Q

Which two scientists noted that the behavior of chromosomes was parallel to the behavior of genes and used chromosome movement to explain Mendel’s laws?

A

Walter Sutton and Theodore Boveri

60
Q

The two alleles of a gene pair are located on homologous sites on _____

A

Homologous chromosomes

61
Q

During ________ the two chromosome pairs can align at the metaphase plate independently of each other

A

Anaphase of meiosis I

62
Q

Which two scientists argued that the pairing and separation of a pair of chromosomes would lead to the segregation of a pair of factors they carried?

A

Sutton and Boveri

63
Q

Sutton united the knowledge of chromosomal segregation with Mendelian principles and called it the ______

A

Chromosomal theory of inheritance

64
Q

Which scientist with his colleagues did experimental verification of the chromosomal theory of inheritance?

A

Thomas Hunt Morgan

65
Q

Which scientist with his colleagues led to discovering the basis for the variation that sexual reproduction produced?

A

Thomas Hunt Morgan

66
Q

Morgan worked with the tiny fruit flies, ____, which were found very suitable for such studies.

A

Drosophila melanogaster

67
Q

Drosophila melanogaster complete their life cycle in about

A

Two weeks

68
Q

In Drosophila melanogaster, a ___ could produce a large number of progeny flies

A

Single mating

69
Q

Drosophila melanogaster has many types of hereditary variations that can be seen with _____

A

Low power microscopes

70
Q

The term which describes the physical association of genes on a chromosome called

A

Linkage

71
Q

The term which describes the generation of non-parental gene combinations called

A

Recombination

72
Q

Which scientist used the frequency of recombination between gene pairs on the same chromosome as a measure of the distance between genes and ‘mapped’ their position on the chromosome?

A

Alfred Sturtevant

73
Q

____ are extensively used as a starting point in the sequencing of whole genomes

A

Genetic maps

74
Q

Traits that are generally controlled by three or more genes are called as

A

Polygenic traits

75
Q

A single gene, which can exhibit multiple phenotypic expressions is called a

A

Pleiotropic gene

76
Q

An example of pleiotropy is the disease ___which occurs in humans.

A

Phenylketonuria

77
Q

Phenylketonuria is caused by a mutation in the gene that codes for the enzyme ___

A

Phenyl alanine hydroxylase

78
Q

Which mutation caused the disease phenylketonuria?

A

Single gene mutation

79
Q

Name the scientist who discovered X body but could not explain its significance.

A

Henking

80
Q

In a large number of insects, the mechanism of sex determination is of the ______

A

XO type

81
Q

Due to the involvement of the X-chromosome in the determination of sex, it was designated to be the ____and the rest of the chromosomes were named as

A

Sex chromosome; autosomes

82
Q

_____ is an example of XO type of sex determination.

A

Grasshopper

83
Q

XO type and XY type of sex determination mechanism is designated to be the example of ____

A

Male heterogamety

84
Q

Two different types of gametes in terms of the sex chromosomes are produced by females which are called as

A

Female heterogamety

85
Q

The sex-determining mechanism in case of humans is

A

XY type

86
Q

The _________ of the sperm determines the sex of the child

A

Genetic makeup

87
Q

An offspring formed from the union of a sperm and an egg develops as a female and an unfertilized egg develops as a male by means of ___

A

Parthenogenesis

88
Q

In honeybees, the females are ____ and have ___chromosomes.

A

Diploid; 32

89
Q

In honeybees, the males are ____ and have ___chromosomes

A

Haploid; 16

90
Q

A phenomenon which results in alteration of DNA sequences and consequently results in changes in the genotype and the phenotype of an organism called

A

Mutation

91
Q

Mutation is a phenomenon that leads to ___ in DNA

A

Variation

92
Q

One DNA helix runs continuously from one end to the other in each chromatid, in a highly _____

A

Supercoiled form

93
Q

Loss (deletions) or gain (insertion/duplication) of a segment of DNA result in

A

Alteration in chromosomes

94
Q

Genes are known to be located on chromosomes, alteration in chromosomes results in

A

Abnormalities or aberrations

95
Q

Chromosomal aberrations are commonly observed in

A

Cancer cells

96
Q

Mutation which arises due to change in a single base pair of DNA is known as

A

Point mutation

97
Q

A classical example of point mutation is ____

A

Sickle cell anemia

98
Q

Deletions and insertions of base pairs of DNA, causes _____

A

Frame-shift mutations

99
Q

There are many chemical and physical factors that induce mutations which are referred to as

A

Mutagens

100
Q

Example of mutagen

A

UV radiations

101
Q

An analysis of traits in several generations of a family is called the ______.

A

pedigree analysis

102
Q

Genetic disorders may be grouped into two categories-

A

Mendelian disorders and Chromosomal disorders

103
Q

Which disorders are mainly determined by alteration or mutation in a single gene?

A

Mendelian disorders

104
Q

Name the six most common and prevalent Mendelian disorders

A

Haemophilia, Cystic fibrosis, Sickle cell anaemia, Colour blindness, Phenylketonuria and Thalassemia

105
Q

Colour Blindness is a ____disorder

A

Sex-linked recessive

106
Q

Colour Blindness occurs in about _____ of males and only about ____ of females-

A

8 per cent, 0.4 per cent

107
Q

With which disease, a single protein that is a part of the cascade of proteins involved in the clotting of blood is affected

A

Haemophilia

108
Q

Sickle-cell anaemia is an ____trait

A

Autosome linked recessive

109
Q

Sickle cell anemia is caused by the substitution of Glutamic acid by ___at the sixth position of the ___ of the hemoglobin molecule

A

Valine, beta globin chain

110
Q

Phenylketonuria affected individual lacks an enzyme that converts the amino acid ___ into ___

A

Phenylalanine into tyrosine

111
Q

In Phenylketonuria, phenylalanine is accumulated and converted into ____

A

Phenylpyruvic acid

112
Q

Thalassemia could be due to either mutation or deletion, which ultimately results in a reduced rate of synthesis of one of the __ that makeup hemoglobin-

A

Globin chains (alpha and beta chains)

113
Q

Alpha thalassemia is controlled by two closely linked genes ___ and ___, on chromosome ___ of each parent

A

HBA1 and HBA2 ; 16

114
Q

Beta Thalassemia is controlled by a single gene ___ on chromosome ___of each parent

A

HBB; 11

115
Q

Failure of segregation of chromatids during cell division cycle results in the gain or loss of a chromosome(s) called

A

Aneuploidy

116
Q

Failure of cytokinesis after telophase stage of cell division results in an increase in a whole set of chromosomes in an organism and, this phenomenon is known as

A

Polyploidy

117
Q

An additional copy of a chromosome may be included in an individual & is known as

A

Trisomy

118
Q

An individual may lack one of any one pair of chromosomes & is known as

A

Monosomy

119
Q

Down’s Syndrome is caused by the presence of an additional copy of chromosome number ___

A

21

120
Q

Down’s Syndrome was first described by ___ in ___

A

Langdon Down in 1866

121
Q

Klinefelter’s Syndrome is caused due to the presence of an additional copy of the X-chromosome, resulting in a ___

A

Karyotype of 47, XXY

122
Q

Development of breasts in males is called.

A

Gynaecomastia

123
Q

Turner’s Syndrome is caused due to the absence of one of the X chromosomes, i-e-, ___

A

45 with X0,

NCERT Kro, NEET Podho (38 decks)

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